Componentes:
Método de ação:
Opção de tratamento:
Medicamente revisado por Kovalenko Svetlana Olegovna, Farmácia Última atualização em 26.06.2023

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20 principais medicamentos com os mesmos componentes:
20 principais medicamentos com os mesmos tratamentos:
PALLADONE é indicado para o tratamento da dor em pacientes tolerantes a opióides, suficientemente grave para exigir tratamento diário, 24 horas por dia, a longo prazo, com opióides e para o qual opções alternativas de tratamento são inadequadas.
Pacientes considerados tolerantes a opióides são aqueles que recebem, por uma semana ou mais, pelo menos 60 mg de morfina oral por dia, 25 mcg de fentanil transdérmico / hora, 30 mg de oxicodona oral / dia, 8 mg de hidromorfona oral / dia, 25 mg de oximorfona oral / dia ou uma dose equianalgésica de outro opióide.
Limitações de uso
- Devido aos riscos de dependência, abuso e uso indevido de opioides, mesmo nas doses recomendadas, e devido aos maiores riscos de overdose e morte com formulações de opióides de liberação prolongada, reserve PALLADONE para uso em pacientes para os quais opções alternativas de tratamento (por exemplo,., analgésicos não opióides ou opióides de liberação imediata) são ineficazes, não são tolerados ou seriam inadequados para fornecer tratamento suficiente da dor.
- PALLADONE não é indicado como analgésico conforme necessário (prn).
Dosagem inicial
PALLADONE deve ser prescrito apenas por profissionais de saúde com conhecimento no uso de opioides potentes para o tratamento da dor crônica.
Devido ao risco de depressão respiratória, PALLADONE é indicado apenas para uso em pacientes que já são tolerantes a opióides. Interrompa ou afunde todos os outros opioides de liberação prolongada ao iniciar a terapia com PALLADONE. Como PALLADONE é apenas para uso em pacientes tolerantes a opióides, não inicie nenhum paciente em PALLADONE como o primeiro opióide.
Os pacientes considerados tolerantes a opióides são aqueles que tomam pelo menos 60 mg de morfina diariamente, ou pelo menos 30 mg de oxicodona oral diariamente, ou pelo menos 8 mg de hidromorfona oral diariamente ou uma dose equianalgésica de outro opióide por uma semana ou mais.
Inicie o regime de dosagem para cada paciente individualmente; levando em consideração a experiência anterior do tratamento analgésico do paciente e os fatores de risco para dependência, abuso e uso indevido. Monitore os pacientes de perto quanto à depressão respiratória, especialmente nas primeiras 24 a 72 horas após o início da terapia com PALLADONE
As cápsulas de liberação prolongada de PALLADONE devem ser tomadas inteiras. Esmagar, mastigar ou dissolver cápsulas de PALLADONE resultará na entrega descontrolada de hidromorfona e pode levar a overdose ou morte.
Conversão de outros opióides orais para PALLADONE
Interrompa todos os outros medicamentos opióides 24 horas quando a terapia com PALLADONE for iniciada.
Embora tabelas úteis de equivalentes opióides estejam prontamente disponíveis, há uma variabilidade interpaciente substancial na potência relativa de diferentes medicamentos e produtos opióides. Como tal, é preferível subestimar os requisitos de hidromorfona oral de 24 horas de um paciente e fornecer medicação de resgate (por exemplo,.opioide de liberação imediata) que superestime os requisitos de hidromorfona oral de 24 horas que podem resultar em reação adversa.
Em um ensaio clínico PALLADONE com um período de titulação de rótulo aberto, os pacientes foram convertidos de seu opioide anterior para PALLADONE usando a Tabela 1 como um guia para a dose inicial de PALLADONE. A dose inicial recomendada de PALLADONE é de 50% da estimativa calculada da necessidade diária de hidromorfona. Calcule o requisito diário estimado de hidromorfona usando a Tabela 1.
Considere o seguinte ao usar as informações na Tabela 1 :
- Isto é não uma tabela de doses equianalgésicas.
- Os fatores de conversão nesta tabela são apenas para a conversão de um dos analgésicos opióides orais listados to PALLADONE .
- A mesa não pode ser usado para converter de PALLADONE para outro opioide. Fazer isso resultará em uma superestimação da dose do novo opioide e poderá resultar em overdose fatal.
Tabela 1: Fatores de conversão para PALLADONE *
Opióide Oral Prévio | Fator aproximado de conversão oral |
Hidromorfona | 1 |
Codeína | 0,04 |
Hidrocodona | 0,22 |
Metadona † | 0,38 |
Morfina | 0,12 |
Oxicodona | 0,25 |
Para calcular a dose estimada de PALLADONE usando a Tabela 1 :
- Para pacientes com um único opioide, some a dose diária total atual do opioide e multiplique a dose diária total pelo fator de conversão para calcular a dose diária aproximada de hidromorfona oral.
- Para pacientes com um regime de mais de um opioide, calcule a dose aproximada de hidromorfona oral para cada opioide e some os totais para obter a dose diária total aproximada de hidromorfona.
- Para pacientes em um regime de produtos analgésicos opióides / não opióides de razão fixa, use apenas o componente opióide desses produtos na conversão.
Sempre arredondar a dose para baixo, se necessário, para a (s) força (s) apropriada (s) de PALLADONE disponível (s).
Exemplo de conversão de um único opioide para PALLADONE :
Etapa 1: Resuma a dose diária total do opioide
- 30 mg de oxicodona 2 vezes = dose diária total de 60 mg de oxicodona
Etapa 2: Calcule a dose equivalente aproximada de hidromorfona oral com base na dose diária total do opioide atual usando a Tabela 1
- Dose diária total de 60 mg de oxicodona x fator de conversão de 0,25 = 15 mg de hidromorfona oral diariamente
Etapa 3: Calcule a dose inicial aproximada de PALLADONE a ser administrada a cada 24 horas, o que representa 50% da dose calculada de hidromorfona oral. Arredonde-se, se necessário, com os pontos fortes apropriados da cápsula PALLADONE disponíveis.
- 50% de 15 mg é uma dose inicial de 6 mg de PALLADONE uma vez ao dia
- Ajuste individualmente para cada paciente
Observações estreitas e titulações frequentes são necessárias até que o tratamento da dor seja estável no novo opioide. Monitore os pacientes quanto a sinais e sintomas de abstinência de opióides ou sinais de super sedação / toxicidade após converter pacientes em PALLADONE
Conversão de Fentanil Transdérmico para PALLADONE
Dezoito horas após a remoção do adesivo transdérmico de fentanil, o tratamento com PALLADONE pode ser iniciado. Para calcular a dose de PALLADONE de 24 horas, use um fator de conversão de adesivo transdérmico de fentanil de 25 mcg / h para 12 mg de PALLADONE. Em seguida, reduza a dose de PALLADONE em 50%.
Por exemplo:
Etapa 1: Identifique a dose de fentanil transdérmico.
- 75 mg de fentanil transdérmico
Etapa 2: Use o fator de conversão do adesivo transdérmico de fentanil de 25 mcg / h para 12 mg de PALLADONE
- 75 mg de fentanil transdérmico: dose diária total de 36 mg de PALLADONE
Etapa 3: Calcule a dose inicial aproximada de PALLADONE a ser administrada a cada 24 horas, o que representa 50% da dose convertida. Arredonde-se, se necessário, com os pontos fortes apropriados do comprimido PALLADONE disponíveis.
- 50% de 36 mg resulta em uma dose inicial de 18 mg, que seria arredondada para 16 mg de PALLADONE uma vez ao dia
- Ajuste individualmente para cada paciente
Conversão de Methadone para PALLADONE
O monitoramento rigoroso é de particular importância na conversão da metadona em outros agonistas opióides. A razão entre metadona e outros agonistas opióides pode variar amplamente em função da exposição à dose anterior. A metadona tem uma meia-vida longa e pode se acumular no plasma.
Titulação e manutenção da terapia
Titule individualmente PALLADONE para uma dose que forneça analgesia adequada e minimize as reações adversas. Reavaliar continuamente os pacientes que recebem PALLADONE para avaliar a manutenção do controle da dor e a incidência relativa de reações adversas, bem como monitorar o desenvolvimento de dependência, abuso ou uso indevido. A comunicação frequente é importante entre o médico, outros membros da equipe de saúde, o paciente e o cuidador / família durante períodos de alteração dos requisitos analgésicos, incluindo a titulação inicial. Durante a terapia crônica, reavalie periodicamente a necessidade contínua de analgésicos opióides.
Os níveis plasmáticos de PALLADONE são mantidos por 18 a 24 horas. Os ajustes posológicos de PALLADONE podem ser feitos em incrementos de 4 a 8 mg a cada 3 a 4 dias, conforme necessário para obter analgesia adequada.
Pacientes que sofrem dores inovadoras podem exigir um aumento da dose de PALLADONE ou podem precisar de medicação de resgate com uma dose apropriada de analgésico de liberação imediata. Se o nível de dor aumentar após a estabilização da dose, tente identificar a fonte de aumento da dor antes de aumentar a dose de PALLADONE.
Se forem observadas reações adversas inaceitáveis relacionadas ao opioide, as doses subsequentes podem ser reduzidas. Ajuste a dose para obter um equilíbrio adequado entre o tratamento da dor e as reações adversas relacionadas aos opióides.
Descontinuação de PALLADONE
Quando um paciente não precisa mais de terapia com PALLADONE, afine as doses gradualmente, de 25% a 50% a cada 2 ou 3 dias, até uma dose de 12 mg antes da descontinuação da terapia, para evitar sinais e sintomas de abstinência no paciente tolerante a opióides .
Para descartar o PALLADONE não utilizado, lave todas as cápsulas restantes no vaso sanitário ou envie às autoridades um programa certificado de devolução de medicamentos.
Compromisso hepático
Inicie pacientes com insuficiência hepática moderada em 25% da dose de PALLADONE que seria prescrita para pacientes com função hepática normal. Monitore de perto pacientes com insuficiência hepática moderada quanto à depressão do sistema nervoso central e respiratório durante o início da terapia com PALLADONE e durante a titulação da dose. Recomenda-se o uso de analgésicos alternativos em pacientes com insuficiência hepática grave.
Compromisso renal
Inicie pacientes com insuficiência renal moderada em 50% e pacientes com insuficiência renal grave em 25% da dose de PALLADONE que seria prescrita para pacientes com função renal normal. Monitore de perto pacientes com insuficiência renal quanto à depressão do sistema nervoso central e respiratório durante o início da terapia com PALLADONE e durante a titulação da dose. Como PALLADONE destina-se apenas à administração uma vez ao dia, considere o uso de um analgésico alternativo que possa permitir mais flexibilidade com o intervalo de dosagem em pacientes com insuficiência renal grave.
Administração de PALLADONE
Instrua os pacientes a engolir as cápsulas de PALLADONE intactas. As cápsulas não devem ser esmagadas, dissolvidas ou mastigadas devido ao risco de liberação e absorção rápidas de uma dose potencialmente fatal de hidromorfona.
PALLADONE está contra-indicado em :
- Pacientes opióides não tolerantes. Depressão respiratória fatal pode ocorrer em pacientes que não são tolerantes a opióides.
- Pacientes com depressão respiratória significativa
- Pacientes com asma brônquica aguda ou grave em ambiente não monitorado ou na ausência de equipamento ressuscitativo
- Pacientes com íleo paralítico conhecido ou suspeito
- Pacientes que tiveram procedimentos cirúrgicos e / ou doença subjacente, resultando em estreitamento do trato gastrointestinal ou têm "loops cegos" do trato gastrointestinal ou obstrução gastrointestinal.
- Pacientes com hipersensibilidade (por exemplo,.anafilaxia) a medicamentos contendo hidromorfona ou sulfito.
WARNINGS
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
PRECAUTIONS
Addiction, Abuse, And Misuse
PALLADONE contains hydromorphone, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, PALLADONE exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse. As modified-release products such as PALLADONE deliver the opioid over an extended period of time, there is a greater risk for overdose and death due to the larger amount of hydromorphone present.
Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed PALLADONE and in those who obtain the drug illicitly. Addiction can occur at recommended doses and if the drug is misused or abused.
Assess each patient's risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing PALLADONE, and monitor all patients receiving PALLADONE for the development of these behaviors or conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol addiction or abuse) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the prescribing of PALLADONE for the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed modified-release opioid formulations such as PALLADONE, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of PALLADONE along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse.
Abuse or misuse of PALLADONE by crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the dissolved product will result in the uncontrolled delivery of hydromorphone and can result in overdose and death.
Opioid agonists such as PALLADONE are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing PALLADONE. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug. Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.
Life-threatening Respiratory Depression
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of modified-release opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression from opioid use, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient's clinical status. Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of PALLADONE, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dose increase. Closely monitor patients for respiratory depression when initiating therapy with PALLADONE and following dose increases.
To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of PALLADONE are essential. Overestimating the PALLADONE dose when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose.
Accidental ingestion of even one dose of PALLADONE, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of hydromorphone.
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Prolonged use of PALLADONE during pregnancy can result in withdrawal signs in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn.
Interactions With Central Nervous System Depressants
Hypotension, profound sedation, coma, respiratory depression, and death may result if PALLADONE is used concomitantly with alcohol or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants (e.g., sedatives, anxiolytics, hypnotics, neuroleptics, other opioids).
When considering the use of PALLADONE in a patient taking a CNS depressant, assess the duration of use of the CNS depressant and the patient's response, including the degree of tolerance that has developed to CNS depression. Additionally, evaluate the patient's use of alcohol or illicit drugs that cause CNS depression. If the decision to begin PALLADONE is made, start with 1/3 to ½ the calculated starting dose of PALLADONE, monitor patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, and consider using a lower dose of the concomitant CNS depressant.
Use In Ederly, Cachectic, and Debilitated Patients
Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients as they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients. Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating PALLADONE and when PALLADONE is given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration.
Use In Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Disease
Monitor patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and patients having a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression for respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy and titrating with PALLADONE, as in these patients, even usual therapeutic doses of PALLADONE may decrease respiratory drive to the point of apnea. Consider the use of alternative non-opioid analgesics in these patients if possible.
Hypotensive Effect
PALLADONE may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is an increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g. phenothiazines or general anesthetics). Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dose of PALLADONE.
Use In Patients With Head Injury Or Increased Intracranial Pressure
Monitor patients taking PALLADONE who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors) for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with PALLADONE. PALLADONE may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury. Avoid the use of PALLADONE in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.
Use In Patients with Gastrointestinal Conditions
PALLADONE is contraindicated in patients with paralytic ileus. Avoid the use of PALLADONE in patients with other GI obstruction.
Because the PALLADONE capsule is nondeformable and does not appreciably change in shape in the GI tract, PALLADONE is contraindicated in patients with preexisting severe gastrointestinal narrowing (pathologic or iatrogenic, for example: esophageal motility disorders, small bowel inflammatory disease, “short gut” syndrome due to adhesions or decreased transit time, past history of peritonitis, cystic fibrosis, chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction, or Meckel's diverticulum). There have been reports of obstructive symptoms in patients with known strictures or risk of strictures, such as previous GI surgery, in association with the ingestion of drugs in nondeformable extended-release formulations.
It is possible that PALLADONE capsules may be visible on abdominal x-rays under certain circumstances, especially when digital enhancing techniques are utilized.
The hydromorphone in PALLADONE may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms.
Sulfites
PALLADONE contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people.
Use In Patients With Convulsive Or Seizure Disorders
The hydromorphone in PALLADONE may aggravate convulsions in patients with convulsive disorders, and may induce or aggravate seizures in some clinical settings. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during PALLADONE therapy.
Avoidance Of Withdrawal
Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist (i.e., pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) or partial agonists (buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who have received or are receiving a course of therapy with a full opioid agonist analgesic, including PALLADONE. In these patients, mixed agonists/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or may precipitate withdrawal symptoms.
When discontinuing PALLADONE, gradually taper the dose. Do not abruptly discontinue PALLADONE.
Driving And Operating Machinery
PALLADONE may impair the mental and/or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of PALLADONE and know how they will react to the medication.
Patient Counseling Information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
Inform patients that the use of PALLADONE, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose or death. Instruct patients not to share PALLADONE with others and to take steps to protect PALLADONE from theft or misuse.
Life-threatening Respiratory Depression
Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening of respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting PALLADONE or when the dose is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended doses. Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.
Accidental Ingestion
Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially in children, may result in respiratory depression or death. Instruct patients to take steps to store PALLADONE securely and to dispose of unused PALLADONE by flushing the capsules down the toilet.
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of PALLADONE during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
Interactions with Alcohol and other CNS Depressants
Inform patients that potentially serious additive effects may occur if PALLADONE is used with alcohol or other CNS depressants, and not to use such drugs unless supervised by a health care provider.
Important Administration Instructions
Instruct patients how to properly take PALLADONE, including the following:
- Swallowing PALLADONE whole
- Not crushing, chewing, splitting or dissolving the capsule
- Using PALLADONE exactly as prescribed to reduce the risk of life-threatening adverse reactions (e.g., respiratory depression)
- Not discontinuing PALLADONE without first discussing the need for a tapering regimen with the prescriber
Gastrointestinal Blockage
Advise patients that people with certain stomach or intestinal problems such as narrowing of the intestines or previous surgery may be at higher risk of developing a blockage. Symptoms include abdominal distension, abdominal pain, severe constipation, or vomiting. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider immediately if they develop these symptoms.
Hypotension
Inform patients that PALLADONE may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position).
Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery
Inform patients that PALLADONE may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication.
Constipation
Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention.
Anaphylaxis
Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in PALLADONE. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention.
Pregnancy
Advise female patients that PALLADONE can cause fetal harm and to inform the prescriber if they are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.
Disposal
Advise patients to flush the unused capsules down the toilet when PALLADONE is no longer needed.
Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
No carcinogenicity studies have been conducted in animals.
Hydromorphone was negative in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Hydromorphone was negative in the mouse lymphoma assay in the absence of metabolic activation, but was positive in the mouse lymphoma assay in the presence of metabolic activation. Morphinone, an impurity, tested as a besylate salt was negative in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and negative in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Morphinone was positive in the Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Chromosomal Aberration test in the absence and presence of metabolic activation.
Hydromorphone did not affect fertility in rats at oral doses up to 5 mg/kg which is equivalent to a 32 mg human daily oral dose on a body surface area basis.
Mutagenesis
Hydromorphone was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames assay). Hydromorphone was not clastogenic in either the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration assay or the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.
Impairment of Fertility
Hydromorphone given orally to rats during the mating period caused a slight but statistically significant reduction in implantations at 6.25 mg/kg/day (~1.2 times the human exposure following to 32 mg/day).
Use In Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/neonatal adverse reactions
Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, such as poor feeding, diarrhea, irritability, tremor, rigidity, and seizures, and manage accordingly.
Teratogenic Effects -Pregnancy Category C
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. PALLADONE should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Hydromorphone was not teratogenic in female rats given oral doses up to 10 mg/kg or female rabbits given oral doses up to 50 mg/kg during the major period of organ development. Estimated exposures in the female rat and rabbit were approximately 3-fold and 6-fold higher than a 32 mg human daily oral dose based on exposure (AUC0-24h).
Hydromorphone administration to pregnant Syrian hamsters and CF-1 mice during major organ development revealed teratogenicity likely the result of maternal toxicity associated with sedation and hypoxia. In Syrian hamsters given single subcutaneous doses from 14 to 278 mg/kg during organogenesis (gestation days 8 to10), doses ≥ 19 mg/kg hydromorphone produced skull malformations (exencephaly and cranioschisis). Continuous infusion of hydromorphone (5 mg/kg, s.c.) via implanted osmotic mini pumps during organogenesis (gestation days 7 to10) produced soft tissue malformations (cryptorchidism, cleft palate, malformed ventricals and retina), and skeletal variations (supraoccipital, checkerboard and split sternebrae, delayed ossification of the paws and ectopic ossification sites). The malformations and variations observed in the hamsters and mice were at doses approximately 3-fold higher and < 1-fold lower, respectively, than a 32 mg human daily oral dose on a body surface area basis.
Nonteratogenic Effect
In a rat pre-and post-natal study, an increase in pup mortality and a decrease in pup body weight which was associated with maternal toxicity was observed at doses of 2 and 5 mg/kg/day. The maternal no effect level for hydromorphone was 0.5 mg/kg/day which is < 1-fold lower than a 32 mg human daily oral dose on a body surface area. Hydromorphone had no effect on pup development or reproduction when given to female rats during the pre-natal and postnatal periods up to a dose of 5 mg/kg which is equivalent to a 32 mg human daily oral dose on a body surface area basis.
Neonates born to mothers who have been taking opioids regularly prior to delivery will be physically dependent. The withdrawal signs include irritability and excessive crying, tremors, hyperactive reflexes, increased respiratory rate, increased stools, sneezing, yawning, vomiting, and fever. The intensity of the syndrome does not always correlate with the duration of maternal opioid use or dose. There is no consensus on the best method of managing withdrawal. Approaches to the treatment of the syndrome have included supportive care and, if indicated, drugs such as paregoric or phenobarbital.
Labor And Delivery
PALLADONE is not for use in women during and immediately prior to labor, where shorter acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Occasionally, opioid analgesics may prolong labor by temporarily reducing the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, these effects are not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation which tends to shorten labor.
Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psychophysiologic effects in neonates. Closely observe neonates whose mothers received opioid analgesics during labor for signs of respiratory depression. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, should be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate in such situations.
Nursing Mothers
Low concentrations of hydromorphone have been detected in human milk in clinical trials. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfeeding infants when maternal administration of an opioid analgesic is stopped. Nursing should not be undertaken while a patient is receiving PALLADONE since hydromorphone is excreted in the milk.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of PALLADONE in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.
Geriatric Use
Hepatic Impairment
PALLADONE was not studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment and are not recommended for use in such patients. Care in initial dose selection and careful observation are recommended in patients with evidence of mild to moderate hepatic impairment.
Renal Impairment
In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, based on calculated creatinine clearance, the concentrations of hydromorphone in plasma were slightly higher than in subjects with normal renal function.
O hidromorfona pode prejudicar a capacidade de dirigir e usar máquinas. Isso é particularmente provável no início do tratamento com hidromorfona, após aumento da dose ou rotação do produto e se a hidromorfona for combinada com álcool ou outras substâncias depressoras do SNC. Pacientes estabilizados em uma dose específica não serão necessariamente restritos. Os pacientes devem, portanto, consultar seu médico se é permitido dirigir ou usar máquinas.
Este medicamento pode prejudicar a função cognitiva e pode afetar a capacidade do paciente de dirigir com segurança. Esta classe de medicamentos está na lista de medicamentos incluídos nos regulamentos sob 5a da Lei de Tráfego Rodoviário de 1988. Ao prescrever este medicamento, os pacientes devem ser informados :
- É provável que o medicamento afete sua capacidade de dirigir.
- Não dirija até saber como o medicamento afeta você.
- É uma ofensa dirigir enquanto você tem este medicamento em seu corpo acima de um limite especificado, a menos que você tenha uma defesa (chamada de 'defesa estatutária'). Esta defesa se aplica quando:
o O medicamento foi prescrito para tratar um problema médico ou odontológico; e
o Você o tomou de acordo com as instruções dadas pelo médico e nas informações fornecidas com o medicamento.
- Observe que ainda é uma ofensa dirigir se você não estiver apto por causa do medicamento (ou seja,. sua capacidade de dirigir está sendo afetada).
Detalhes sobre uma nova infração de direção relacionada à condução após a ingestão de drogas no Reino Unido podem ser encontrados aqui: https://www.gov.uk/drug-driving-law
The following serious adverse reactions are discussed elsewhere in the labeling:
- Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
- Life Threatening Respiratory Depression
- Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
- Interactions with Other CNS Depressants
- Hypotensive Effect
- Gastrointestinal Effects
- Seizures
Clinical Trial Experience
The safety of PALLADONE was evaluated in double-blind clinical trials involving 612 patients with moderate to severe pain. An open-label extension study involving 143 patients with cancer pain was conducted to evaluate the safety of PALLADONE when used for longer periods of time in higher doses than in the controlled trials. Patients were treated with doses averaging 40 to 50 mg of PALLADONE per day (ranging between 12 and 500 mg/day) for several months (range 1 to ≥ 52 weeks).
Serious adverse reactions which may be associated with PALLADONE therapy in clinical use are similar to those of other opioid analgesics, including respiratory depression, apnea, respiratory arrest, and to a lesser degree, circulatory depression, hypotension, shock or cardiac arrest.
Adverse Events Reported in Controlled Trials
Table 2 lists treatment emergent signs and symptoms that were reported in at least 2% of patients in the placebo-controlled trials for which the rate of occurrence was greater for those treated with PALLADONE 12 mg capsules than those treated with placebo.
Table 2: Adverse Events Reported in the Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials with Incidence ≥ 2% in Patients Receiving PALLADONE Capsules for Nonmalignant Pain
Body System / Adverse Event (COSTART Terminology) | Placebo* (N=191) Double-blind % | PALLADONE* (N=190) Double-blind % |
Total percentage of patients with AEs | 35.10% | 49.50% |
Body as a Whole | 15.70% | 18.40% |
Headache | 2.10% | 4.70% |
Asthenia | 0.50% | 3.20% |
Infection | 5.80% | 5.30% |
Digestive System | 13.10% | 27.90% |
Constipation | 1.00% | 15.80% |
Nausea | 6.30% | 10.50% |
Vomiting | 1.60% | 3.20% |
Nervous System | 13.10% | 11.60% |
Somnolence | 1.60% | 4.70% |
Skin | 5.20% | 4.70% |
Pruritus | 1.00% | 2.60% |
* Average exposure was 21 days for PALLADONE and 15 days for placebo. |
Adverse Events Observed in Clinical Trials
PALLADONE has been administered to 785 individuals during completed clinical trials. The conditions and duration of exposure to PALLADONE varied greatly, and included open-label and double-blind studies, uncontrolled and controlled studies, inpatient and outpatient studies, fixed dose and titration studies. Untoward events associated with this exposure were recorded by clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing.
These categories are used in the listing below. The frequencies represent the proportion of 785 patients from these trials who experienced that event while receiving PALLADONE. All adverse events included in this tabulation occurred in at least one patient. Events are classified by body system and listed using the following definitions: frequent adverse events -those occurring in at least 1/100 patients; adverse events occurring with an incidence less than 1% are considered infrequent. These adverse events are not necessarily related to PALLADONE treatment and in most cases were observed at a similar frequency in placebo-treated patients in the controlled studies.
Frequent Adverse Events
Body as a Whole: headache, asthenia, pain, abdominal pain, fever, chest pain, infection, chills, malaise, neck pain, carcinoma, accidental injury
Cardiovascular System: vasodilatation, tachycardia, migraine
Digestive System: nausea, constipation, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, anorexia, dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, flatulence
Hemic and Lymphatic System: anemia, leukopenia
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: peripheral edema, dehydration, edema, generalized edema, hypokalemia, weight loss
Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, bone pain, leg cramps, myalgia
Nervous System: somnolence, dizziness, nervousness, confusion, insomnia, anxiety, depression, hypertonia, hypesthesia, paresthesia, tremor, thinking abnormal, hallucinations, speech disorder, agitation, amnesia, tinnitus, abnormal gait
Respiratory System: dyspnea, cough increased, rhinitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, epistaxis, hiccup, hypoxia, pleural effusion
Skin and Appendages: pruritus, sweating, rash
Special Senses: amblyopia, taste perversion
Urogenital System: dysuria, urinary incontinence
Infrequent Adverse Events
Body as a Whole: face edema, ascites, allergic reaction, cellulitis, overdose, hypothermia, neoplasm, photosensitivity reaction, sepsis, flank pain
Cardiovascular System: hypertension, hypotension, syncope, deep thrombophlebitis, arrhythmia, postural hypotension, atrial fibrillation, pallor, bradycardia, electrocardiogram abnormal, myocardial infarction, palpitation, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, QT interval prolonged, supraventricular tachycardia, thrombosis, cardiomegaly, hemorrhage
Digestive System: fecal impaction, intestinal obstruction, abnormal stools, fecal incontinence, hepatic failure, increased appetite, cholangitis, cholecystitis, colitis, enterocolitis, hepatomegaly, jaundice, liver function tests abnormal, biliary spasm, ileus, eructation, rectal hemorrhage, esophagitis, glossitis, melena, mouth ulceration, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, tongue edema
Endocrine: adrenal cortex insufficiency
Hemic and Lymphatic System: ecchymosis, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, lymphadenopathy, agranulocytosis, lymphoma like reaction, pancytopenia, petechia
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, cachexia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, cyanosis, diabetes mellitus, gout, respiratory acidosis, elevated liver enzymes, thirst
Musculoskeletal: myasthenia
Nervous System: abnormal dreams, emotional lability, paranoid reaction, sleep disorder euphoria, incoordination, stupor, ataxia, convulsion, hallucination, hostility, myoclonus, psychosis, vertigo, withdrawal syndrome, apathy, delirium, dementia, drug dependence, nystagmus, twitching, depersonalization, aphasia, cerebrovascular accident, circumoral parasthesia, seizure, hyperkinesia, hypotonia, increased salivation, neuralgia
Respiratory System: hypoventilation, apnea, atelectasis, hemoptysis, asthma, hyperventilation, pulmonary embolus, laryngismus
Skin and Appendages: urticaria, maculopapular rash, alopecia
Special Senses: abnormal vision, diplopia, dry eyes, lacrimation disorder, hyperacusis
Urogenital: urinary retention, hematuria, impotence, urinary frequency, urination impaired, dysmenorrhea, creatinine increased, urinary urgency
Additional Adverse Events From Non-U.S. Experience
Addiction, blurred vision, drowsiness, dysphoria, sedation, seizure, physical dependence, biliary spasm, and ileus
Clinical Presentation
Acute overdosage with opioids can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and sometimes pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to severe hypoxia in overdose situations.
Treatment of Overdose
In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen, vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life support techniques.
The opioid antagonists, such as naloxone and naltrexone, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to hydromorphone overdose. Such agents should be administered cautiously to patients who are known, or suspected to be, physically dependent on PALLADONE. In such cases, an abrupt or complete reversal of opioid effects may precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome.
Because the duration of reversal would be expected to be less than the duration of action of hydromorphone in PALLADONE, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re-established. PALLADONE will continue to release hydromorphone adding to the hydromorphone load for up to 24 hours after administration, necessitating prolonged monitoring for at least 24 to 48 hours beyond the overdose. If the response to opioid antagonists is suboptimal or not sustained, additional antagonist should be given as directed in the product's prescribing information.
In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of an opioid receptor antagonist may precipitate an acute withdrawal. The severity of the withdrawal syndrome produced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.
Interação de Depressor / Álcool do CNS
Efeitos farmacodinâmicos aditivos podem ser esperados quando PALLADONE é usado em conjunto com álcool, outros opióides, drogas legais ou ilícitas que causam depressão no sistema nervoso central.
Efeitos no sistema nervoso central
A hidromorfona produz depressão respiratória relacionada à dose por ação direta em centros respiratórios do tronco cerebral. A depressão respiratória envolve uma redução na capacidade de resposta dos centros respiratórios do tronco cerebral ao aumento da tensão do dióxido de carbono e à estimulação elétrica.
O hidromorfona deprime o reflexo da tosse por efeito direto no centro da tosse na medula.
Hidromorfona causa miose, mesmo na escuridão total. Alunos pontuais são um sinal de overdose de opióides, mas não são patognômicos. A midríase marcada, em vez de miose, pode ser observada devido à hipóxia grave em situações de overdose.
Efeitos no trato gastrointestinal e outros músculos lisos
As secreções gástricas, biliares e pancreáticas são diminuídas pela hidromorfona. A hidromorfona causa uma redução na motilidade associada a um aumento no tom no antro do estômago e do duodeno. A digestão dos alimentos no intestino delgado é retardada e as contrações propulsivas são diminuídas. As ondas peristálticas propulsivas no cólon são diminuídas, enquanto o tom pode ser aumentado até o ponto do espasmo. O resultado final é constipação. A hidromorfona também pode causar um aumento na pressão do trato biliar como resultado do espasmo do esfíncter de Oddi.
Efeitos no sistema cardiovascular
A hidromorfona produz vasodilatação periférica que pode resultar em hipotensão ou síncope ortostática. A liberação de histamina pode ser induzida por hidromorfona e pode contribuir para a hipotensão induzida por opióides.
Manifestações de liberação de histamina ou vasodilatação periférica podem incluir prurido, rubor, olhos vermelhos e sudorese.
Efeitos no sistema endócrino
Os opióides inibem a secreção de ACTH, cortisol e hormônio luteinizante (LH) em humanos. Eles também estimulam prolactina, secreção de hormônio do crescimento (GH) e secreção pancreática de insulina e glucagon.
Efeitos no sistema imunológico
Foi demonstrado que os opióides têm uma variedade de efeitos nos componentes do sistema imunológico in vitro e modelos animais. O significado clínico desses achados é desconhecido. No geral, os efeitos dos opioides parecem ser modestamente imunossupressores.
Absorção
PALLADONE é uma formulação de liberação prolongada de hidromorfona. A administração de uma dose única de PALLADONE é caracterizada pela absorção bifásica, um aumento relativamente rápido para uma concentração inicial de pico, seguida por um segundo pico mais amplo com concentrações plasmáticas terapêuticas mantidas durante o intervalo de dosagem de 24 horas. A biodisponibilidade absoluta da hidromorfona da PALLADONE não foi determinada. Sob condições de dosagem múltipla, a biodisponibilidade de uma dose diária de PALLADONE é equivalente à mesma dose diária total de hidromorfona de liberação imediata administrada em doses divididas a cada 6 horas. A proporcionalidade da dose foi estabelecida em termos de Cmax e AUC para as doses de 12 mg e 24 mg. A proporcionalidade da forma de dosagem com base na dose ajustada foi demonstrada em três cápsulas de 12 mg a uma cápsula de 32 mg.
Em um estudo comparando 12 mg de PALLADONE dosado a cada 24 horas a 3 mg de hidromorfona de liberação imediata dosada a cada 6 horas em indivíduos humanos saudáveis, os dois tratamentos foram equivalentes em termos de extensão de absorção (AUC) (veja a Figura 1) . As características de liberação prolongada do PALLADONE resultaram em níveis mais baixos de pico no estado estacionário (Cmax), níveis mais altos de calha (Cmin) e uma redução de aproximadamente duas a três vezes na flutuação observada nos comprimidos de hidromorfona de liberação imediata.
Figura 1: Curvas de tempo de concentração de hidromorfona no estado estacionário
As concentrações plasmáticas no estado estacionário com PALLADONE foram atingidas dentro de 2 a 3 dias após o início da administração. Isso é consistente com a meia-vida média aparente de eliminação terminal para PALLADONE de aproximadamente 18,6 horas. O hidromorfona não se acumulou significativamente após doses múltiplas com administração uma vez ao dia.
Os alimentos não tiveram efeito significativo no pico (Cmax), na AUC ou na eliminação da hidromorfona do PALLADONE (veja a Figura 2).
Figura 2: Perfis farmacocinéticos de dose única de Palladone ™
Efeito alimentar
A farmacocinética do PALLADONE não é afetada pelos alimentos, conforme indicado pela bioequivalência quando administrada em condições de alimentação e jejum. Portanto, PALLADONE pode ser administrado sem levar em consideração as refeições.
Distribuição
Após administração intravenosa de hidromorfona, o volume de distribuição relatado é de 295 L (4 L / kg). A hidromorfona está aproximadamente 20% ligada às proteínas plasmáticas humanas.
Metabolismo
A hidromorfona é metabolizada por conjugação direta ou por redução de 6 quilos seguida por conjugação. Após a absorção, a hidromorfona é metabolizada nos principais metabólitos hidromorfona-3glucuronídeo, hidromorfona-3-glucosídeo e di-hidroisomorfina-6-glucuronídeo. Também foram observados os metabólitos menos prevalentes, di-hidroisomorfina-6-glucosídeo, di-hidromorfina e di-hidroisomorfina.
Metabólitos hidromorfônicos foram encontrados no plasma, urina e em sistemas de teste de hepatócitos humanos. No entanto, não se sabe se a hidromorfona é metabolizada pelo sistema enzimático do citocromo P450. A hidromorfona é um inibidor ruim das isoformas CYP recombinantes humanas, incluindo CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C8, 2D6 e 3A4 com um IC50> 50 μM. Portanto, não se espera que a hidromorfona iniba o metabolismo de outros medicamentos metabolizados por essas isoformas do CYP.
Cyclizine lactate was found to precipitate in the presence of Palladone injection unless the solution is sufficiently diluted with water for injection. It is recommended that water for injection be used as a diluent as cyclizine was found to precipitate in the presence of 0.9 % saline.
Cyclizine lactate was found to precipitate in the presence of Jurnista injection unless the solution is sufficiently diluted with water for injection. It is recommended that water for injection be used as a diluent as cyclizine was found to precipitate in the presence of 0.9 % saline.
No evidence of incompatibility was observed between Palladone injection and representative brands of injectable forms of the following drugs, when stored in high and low dose combinations in polypropylene syringes over a 24 hour period at ambient temperature (25°C).
Hyoscine butylbromide
Hyoscine hydrobromide
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate
Haloperidol
Midazolam hydrochloride
Metoclopramide hydrochloride
Levomepromazine hydrochloride
Glycopyrronium bromide
Ketamine hydrochloride
No evidence of incompatibility was observed between Palladone injection, undiluted or diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for infusion, glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for infusion or water for injections, and representative brands of polypropylene syringes, polyethylene and PVC tubing and PVC or EVA infusion bags.
Incompatibilities were observed with diluted solutions of 50 mg/ml when stored in polycarbonate syringes beyond 24 hours at 25°C. Whereas no evidence of incompatibility was found when the same preparations were stored at 4°C up to 7 days.
Inappropriate handling of the undiluted solution after opening of the original ampoule, or of the diluted solutions may compromise the sterility of the product.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
No evidence of incompatibility was observed between Jurnista injection and representative brands of injectable forms of the following drugs, when stored in high and low dose combinations in polypropylene syringes over a 24 hour period at ambient temperature (25°C).
Hyoscine butylbromide
Hyoscine hydrobromide
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate
Haloperidol
Midazolam hydrochloride
Metoclopramide hydrochloride
Levomepromazine hydrochloride
Glycopyrronium bromide
Ketamine hydrochloride
No evidence of incompatibility was observed between Jurnista injection, undiluted or diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for infusion, glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for infusion or water for injections, and representative brands of polypropylene syringes, polyethylene and PVC tubing and PVC or EVA infusion bags.
Incompatibilities were observed with diluted solutions of 50 mg/ml when stored in polycarbonate syringes beyond 24 hours at 25°C. Whereas no evidence of incompatibility was found when the same preparations were stored at 4°C up to 7 days.
Inappropriate handling of the undiluted solution after opening of the original ampoule, or of the diluted solutions may compromise the sterility of the product.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.