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Revisión médica por Militian Inessa Mesropovna Última actualización de farmacia el 27.03.2022
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Isobar (triamtereno) está indicado en el tratamiento del edema asociado con insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, cirrosis hepática y síndrome nefrótico; edema inducido por esteroides, edema idiopático y edema debido al hiperaldosteronismo secundario.
Isobar puede usarse solo o con otros diuréticos, ya sea por su efecto diurético agregado o por su potencial de ahorro de potasio. También promueve una mayor diuresis cuando los pacientes se muestran resistentes o solo parcialmente sensibles a las tiazidas u otros diuréticos debido al hiperaldosteronismo secundario.
Uso en el embarazo
El uso rutinario de diuréticos en una mujer sana es inapropiado y expone a la madre y al feto a riesgos innecesarios. Los diuréticos no previenen el desarrollo de toxemia del embarazo, y no hay evidencia satisfactoria de que sean útiles en el tratamiento de la toxemia desarrollada.
El edema durante el embarazo puede surgir por causas patológicas o por las consecuencias fisiológicas y mecánicas del embarazo. Los diuréticos están indicados en el embarazo (sin embargo, ver PRECAUCIONES a continuación) cuando el edema se debe a causas patológicas, tal como lo son en ausencia de embarazo. El edema dependiente en el embarazo, como resultado de la restricción del retorno venoso por el útero expandido, se trata adecuadamente a través de la elevación de las extremidades inferiores y el uso de manguera de soporte; El uso de diuréticos para reducir el volumen intravascular en este caso es ilógico e innecesario. Hay hipervolemia durante el embarazo normal que no es perjudicial para el feto ni para la madre (en ausencia de enfermedad cardiovascular), pero que está asociada con edema, incluido el edema generalizado, en la mayoría de las mujeres embarazadas. Si este edema produce molestias, una mayor reclinación a menudo proporcionará alivio. En casos raros, este edema puede causar molestias extremas que no se alivian con el descanso. En estos casos, un curso corto de diuréticos puede proporcionar alivio y puede ser apropiado.
Adult Dosage
Dosage should be titrated to the needs of the individual patient. When used alone, the usual starting dose is 100 mg twice daily after meals. When combined with another diuretic or antihypertensive agent, the total daily dosage of each agent should usually be lowered initially and then adjusted to the patient's needs. The total daily dosage should not exceed 300 mg. Please refer to PRECAUTIONS-General.
When Isobar (triamterene) is added to other diuretic therapy or when patients are switched to Isobar from other diuretics, all potassium supplementation should be discontinued.
Anuria. Severe or progressive kidney disease or dysfunction, with the possible exception of nephrosis. Severe hepatic disease. Hypersensitivity to the drug or any of its components.
Isobar (triamterene) should not be used in patients with pre-existing elevated serum potassium, as is sometimes seen in patients with impaired renal function or azotemia, or in patients who develop hyperkalemia while on the drug. Patients should not be placed on dietary potassium supplements, potassium salts or potassium-containing salt substitutes in conjunction with Isobar.
Isobar should not be given to patients receiving other potassium-sparing agents, such as spironolactone, amiloride hydrochloride, or other formulations containing triamterene. Two deaths have been reported in patients receiving concomitant spironolactone and Isobar or Dyazide®.
Although dosage recommendations were exceeded in one case and in the other serum electrolytes were not properly monitored, these two drugs should not be given concomitantly.
WARNINGS
Abnormal elevation of serum potassium levels (greater than or equal to 5.5 mEq/liter) can occur with all potassium-sparing agents, including Isobar. Hyperkalemia is more likely to occur in patients with renal impairment and diabetes (even without evidence of renal impairment), and in the elderly or severely ill. Since uncorrected hyperkalemia may be fatal, serum potassium levels must be monitored at frequent intervals especially in patients receiving Isobar, when dosages are changed or with any illness that may influence renal function.
There have been isolated reports of hypersensitivity reactions; therefore, patients should be observed regularly for the possible occurrence of blood dyscrasias, liver damage or other idiosyncratic reactions.
Periodic BUN and serum potassium determinations should be made to check kidney function, especially in patients with suspected or confirmed renal insufficiency. It is particularly important to make serum potassium determinations in elderly or diabetic patients receiving the drug; these patients should be observed carefully for possible serum potassium increases.
If hyperkalemia is present or suspected, an electrocardiogram should be obtained. If the ECG shows no widening of the QRS or arrhythmia in the presence of hyperkalemia, it is usually sufficient to discontinue Isobar (triamterene) and any potassium supplementation, and substitute a thiazide alone. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®, Sanofi Synthelabo) may be administered to enhance the excretion of excess potassium. The presence of a widened QRS complex or arrhythmia in association with hyperkalemia requires prompt additional therapy. For tachyarrhythmia, infuse 44 mEq of sodium bicarbonate or 10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate or calcium chloride over several minutes. For asystole, bradycardia or A-V block transvenous pacing is also recommended.
The effect of calcium and sodium bicarbonate is transient and repeated administration may be required. When indicated by the clinical situation, excess K+ may be removed by dialysis or oral or rectal administration of Kayexalate®. Infusion of glucose and insulin has also been used to treat hyperkalemia.
PRECAUTIONS
General
Isobar (triamterene) tends to conserve potassium rather than to promote the excretion as do many diuretics and, occasionally, can cause increases in serum potassium which, in some instances, can result in hyperkalemia. In rare instances, hyperkalemia has been associated with cardiac irregularities.
Electrolyte imbalance often encountered in such diseases as congestive heart failure, renal disease or cirrhosis may be aggravated or caused independently by any effective diuretic agent includingIsobar. The use of full doses of a diuretic when salt intake is restricted can result in a lowsalt syndrome.
Triamterene can cause mild nitrogen retention, which is reversible upon withdrawal of the drug, and is seldom observed with intermittent (every-other-day) therapy.
Triamterene may cause a decreasing alkali reserve, with the possibility of metabolic acidosis.
By the very nature of their illness, cirrhotics with splenomegaly sometimes have marked variations in their blood. Since triamterene is a weak folic acid antagonist, it may contribute to the appearance of megaloblastosis in cases where folic acid stores have been depleted. Therefore, periodic blood studies in these patients are recommended. They should also be observed for exacerbations of underlying liver disease.
Triamterene has elevated uric acid, especially in persons predisposed to gouty arthritis.
Triamterene has been reported in renal stones in association with other calculus components. Isobar should be used with caution in patients with histories of renal stones.
Laboratory Tests
Hyperkalemia will rarely occur in patients with adequate urinary output, but it is a possibility if large doses are used for considerable periods of time. If hyperkalemia is observed, Isobar (triamterene) should be withdrawn. The normal adult range of serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.0 mEq per liter, with 4.5 mEq often being used for a reference point. Potassium levels persistently above 6 mEq per liter require careful observation and treatment. Normal potassium levels tend to be higher in neonates (7.7 mEq per liter) than in adults. Serum potassium levels do not necessarily indicate true body potassium concentration. A rise in plasma pH may cause a decrease in plasma potassium concentration and an increase in the intracellular potassium concentration. Because Isobar conserves potassium, it has been theorized that in patients who have received intensive therapy or been given the drug for prolonged periods, a rebound kaliuresis could occur upon abrupt withdrawal. In such patients, withdrawal of Isobar should be gradual.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
In studies conducted under the auspices of the National Toxicology Program, groups of rats were fed diets containing 0, 150, 300 or 600 ppm of triamterene, and groups of mice were fed diets containing 0, 100, 200 or 400 ppm triamterene. Male and female rats exposed to the highest tested concentration received triamterene at about 25 and 30 mg/kg/day, respectively. Male and female mice exposed to the highest tested concentration received triamterene at about 45 and 60 mg/kg/day, respectively.
There was an increased incidence of hepatocellular neoplasia (primarily adenomas) in male and female mice at the highest dosage level. These doses represent 7.5X and 10X the Maximum Recommended Human Dose (MRHD) of 300 mg/kg/day (or 6 mg/kg/day based on a 50 kg patient) for male and female mice, respectively, when based on body weight and 0.7X and 0.9X the MRHD when based on bodysurface area.
Although hepatocellular neoplasia (exclusively adenomas) in the rat study was limited to triamtereneexposed males, incidence was not dose dependent and there was no statistically significant difference from control incidence at any dose level.
Mutagenesis
Triamterene was not mutagenic in bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 or TA1537) with or without metabolic activation. It did not induce chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in vitro with or without metabolic activation, but it did induce sister chromatid exchanges in CHO cells in vitro with and without metabolic activation.
Impairment Of Fertility
Studies of the effects of triamterene on animal reproductive function have not been conducted.
Pregnancy
Category C
Teratogenic Effects
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at doses as high as 20 times the Maximum Recommended Human Dose (MRHD) on the basis of body weight, and 6 times the MRHD on the basis of body-surface area, without evidence of harm to the fetus due to triamterene. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nonteratogenic Effects
Triamterene has been shown to cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood. The use of triamterene in pregnant women requires that the anticipated benefits be weighed against possible hazards to the fetus. These possible hazards include adverse reactions which have occurred in the adult.
Nursing Mothers
Triamterene has not been studied in nursing mothers. Triamterene appears in animal milk and is likely present in human milk. If use of the drug product is deemed essential, the patient should stop nursing.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Adverse effects are listed in decreasing order of frequency; however, the most serious adverse effects are listed first, regardless of frequency. All adverse effects occur rarely (that is, 1 in 1000, or less).
Hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis, rash, photosensitivity.
Metabolic: hyperkalemia, hypokalemia.
Renal: azotemia, elevated BUN and creatinine, renal stones, acute interstitial nephritis (rare), acute renal failure (one case of irreversible renal failure has been reported).
Gastrointestinal: jaundice and/or liver enzyme abnormalities, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea.
Hematologic: thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia.
Central Nervous System: weakness, fatigue, dizziness, headache, dry mouth.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact WellSpring Pharmaceutical Corporation at 1-866-337-4500 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
En caso de sobredosis, se puede teorizar que el desequilibrio electrolítico sería la principal preocupación, con especial atención a la posible hipercalemia. Otros síntomas que podrían verse serían náuseas y vómitos, otros G.I. trastornos y debilidad. Es concebible que ocurra alguna hipotensión. Al igual que con una sobredosis de cualquier medicamento, la evacuación inmediata del estómago debe inducirse a través de la emesis y el lavado gástrico. Se debe realizar una evaluación cuidadosa del patrón de electrolitos y el equilibrio de fluidos. No hay antídoto específico.
Se ha informado insuficiencia renal aguda reversible después de la ingestión de 50 tabletas de un producto que contiene una combinación de 50 mg de triamtereno y 25 mg de hidroclorotiazida.
La DL50 oral en ratones es de 380 mg / kg. Se desconoce la cantidad de medicamento en una dosis única normalmente asociada con síntomas de sobredosis o que puedan poner en peligro la vida.
Aunque el triamtereno está unido al 67% en proteínas, puede haber algún beneficio en la diálisis en casos de sobredosis.
However, we will provide data for each active ingredient