Manidon

2) For the management and prophylaxis of angina pectoris (including variant angina).

3) The treatment and prophylaxis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and the reduction of the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation/flutter. Manidon should not be used for atrial fibrillation/flutter in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

CALAN tablets are indicated for the treatment of the following:

Angina

1. Angina at rest including:
   • Vasospastic (Prinzmetal’s variant) angina
   • Unstable (crescendo, pre-infarction) angina
2. Chronic stable angina (classic effort-associated angina)

Arrhythmias

1. In association with digitalis for the control of ventricular rate at rest and during stress in patients with chronic atrial flutter and/or atrial fibrillation (see WARNINGS: Accessory bypass tract)
2. Prophylaxis of repetitive paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Essential Hypertension

CALAN is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including this drug.

Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program’s Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).

Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.

Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.

Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.

Manidon is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including this drug.

Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).

Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.

Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.

Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.

Manidon tablets are indicated for the treatment of the following:

Angina

1. Angina at rest including:
   • Vasospastic (Prinzmetal’s variant) angina
   • Unstable (crescendo, pre-infarction) angina
2. Chronic stable angina (classic effort-associated angina)

Arrhythmias

1. In association with digitalis for the control of ventricular rate at rest and during stress in patients with chronic atrial flutter and/or atrial fibrillation (see WARNINGS: Accessory bypass tract)
2. Prophylaxis of repetitive paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Essential Hypertension

Manidon is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including this drug.

Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program’s Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC).

Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly.

Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal.

Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy.

ISOPTIN SR (verapamil HCl) is indicated for the management of essential hypertension.

Posologie

Adultes:

Angine de poitrine: 120 mg trois fois par jour est recommandé. 80 mg trois fois par jour peuvent être entièrement satisfaisants chez certains patients souffrant d'angine de poitrine. Il est peu probable que moins de 120 mg trois fois par jour soient efficaces dans la variante de l'angine de poitrine.

Tachycardies supraventriculaires: 40-120 mg trois fois par jour selon la gravité de la maladie.

Population pédiatrique:

Une augmentation paradoxale du taux d'arythmies chez les enfants a été notée. Par conséquent, Manidon ne doit être utilisé que sous la supervision d'experts.

Jusqu'à 2 ans: 20 mg 2 à 3 fois par jour.

2 ans et plus: 40-120 mg 2-3 fois par jour selon l'âge et l'efficacité.

Personnes âgées: La dose adulte est recommandée, sauf si la fonction hépatique ou rénale est altérée.

Mode d'administration

Pour administration orale.

La dose de vérapamil doit être individualisée par titration. L'utilité et l'innocuité des doses supérieures à 480 mg / jour n'ont pas été établies; par conséquent, cette posologie quotidienne ne doit pas être dépassée. Étant donné que la demi-vie du vérapamil augmente pendant l'administration chronique, la réponse maximale peut être retardée.

Angine de poitrine

Les essais cliniques montrent que la dose habituelle est de 80 mg à 120 mg trois fois par jour. Cependant, 40 mg trois fois par jour peuvent être garantis chez les patients qui peuvent avoir une réponse accrue au vérapamil (par exemple, diminution de la fonction hépatique, personnes âgées, etc.). La titration à la hausse doit être basée sur l'efficacité thérapeutique et l'innocuité évaluées environ huit heures après l'administration. La posologie peut être augmentée quotidiennement (par exemple, les patients souffrant d'angine de poitrine instable) ou à des intervalles hebdomadaires jusqu'à ce qu'une réponse clinique optimale soit obtenue.

Arythmies

La posologie chez les patients numérisés atteints de fibrillation auriculaire chronique (voir PRÉCAUTIONS) varie de 240 à 320 mg / jour en divisé (t.i.d. ou q.i.d.) doses. La posologie de la prophylaxie du PSVT (patients non numérisés) varie de 240 à 480 mg / jour en divisé (t.i.d. ou q.i.d.) doses. En général, des effets maximaux pour une posologie donnée apparaîtront au cours des 48 premières heures de traitement.

Hypertension essentielle

La dose doit être individualisée par titration. La dose initiale habituelle de monothérapie dans les essais cliniques était de 80 mg trois fois par jour (240 mg / jour). Des doses quotidiennes de 360 et 480 mg ont été utilisées, mais rien ne prouve que des doses supérieures à 360 mg aient donné un effet supplémentaire. Il faut envisager de commencer le titrage à 40 mg trois fois par jour chez les patients qui pourraient répondre à des doses plus faibles, tels que les personnes âgées ou les personnes de petite taille. Les effets antihypertenseurs du CALAN sont évidents au cours de la première semaine de thérapie. La titration vers le haut doit être basée sur l'efficacité thérapeutique, évaluée à la fin de l'intervalle posologique.

Hypertension essentielle

La dose de Manidon doit être individualisée par titration et le médicament doit être administré avec de la nourriture. Initier un traitement avec 180 mg de vérapamil HCl à libération prolongée, Manidon, administré le matin. Des doses initiales plus faibles de 120 mg par jour peuvent être justifiées chez les patients qui peuvent avoir une réponse accrue au vérapamil (par exemple, les personnes âgées ou les petites personnes). La titration à la hausse doit être basée sur l'efficacité thérapeutique et l'innocuité évaluées chaque semaine et environ 24 heures après la dose précédente. Les effets antihypertenseurs de Manidon sont évidents au cours de la première semaine de thérapie.

Si une réponse adéquate n'est pas obtenue avec 180 mg de CALAN SR, la dose peut être titrée vers le haut de la manière suivante:

1. 240 mg chaque matin
2. 180 mg chaque matin plus
   180 mg chaque soir; ou
   240 mg chaque matin plus
   120 mg chaque soir
3. 240 mg toutes les 12 heures.

Lors du passage de CALAN à libération immédiate à Manidon, la dose quotidienne totale en milligrammes peut rester la même.

La dose de vérapamil doit être individualisée par titration. L'utilité et l'innocuité des doses supérieures à 480 mg / jour n'ont pas été établies; par conséquent, cette posologie quotidienne ne doit pas être dépassée. Étant donné que la demi-vie du vérapamil augmente pendant l'administration chronique, la réponse maximale peut être retardée.

Angine de poitrine

Les essais cliniques montrent que la dose habituelle est de 80 mg à 120 mg trois fois par jour. Cependant, 40 mg trois fois par jour peuvent être garantis chez les patients qui peuvent avoir une réponse accrue au vérapamil (par exemple, diminution de la fonction hépatique, personnes âgées, etc.). La titration à la hausse doit être basée sur l'efficacité thérapeutique et l'innocuité évaluées environ huit heures après l'administration. La posologie peut être augmentée quotidiennement (par exemple, les patients souffrant d'angine de poitrine instable) ou à des intervalles hebdomadaires jusqu'à ce qu'une réponse clinique optimale soit obtenue.

Arythmies

La posologie chez les patients numérisés atteints de fibrillation auriculaire chronique (voir PRÉCAUTIONS) varie de 240 à 320 mg / jour en divisé (t.i.d. ou q.i.d.) doses. La posologie de la prophylaxie du PSVT (patients non numérisés) varie de 240 à 480 mg / jour en divisé (t.i.d. ou q.i.d.) doses. En général, des effets maximaux pour une posologie donnée apparaîtront au cours des 48 premières heures de traitement.

Hypertension essentielle

La dose doit être individualisée par titration. La dose initiale habituelle de monothérapie dans les essais cliniques était de 80 mg trois fois par jour (240 mg / jour). Des doses quotidiennes de 360 et 480 mg ont été utilisées, mais rien ne prouve que des doses supérieures à 360 mg aient donné un effet supplémentaire. Il faut envisager de commencer le titrage à 40 mg trois fois par jour chez les patients qui pourraient répondre à des doses plus faibles, tels que les personnes âgées ou les personnes de petite taille. Les effets antihypertenseurs de Manidon sont évidents au cours de la première semaine de thérapie. La titration vers le haut doit être basée sur l'efficacité thérapeutique, évaluée à la fin de l'intervalle posologique.

Hypertension essentielle

La dose d'ISOPTIN SR doit être individualisée par titration et le médicament doit être administré avec de la nourriture. Initier un traitement avec 180 mg de vérapamil HCl à libération prolongée, ISOPTIN SR, administré le matin. Des doses initiales plus faibles de 120 mg par jour peuvent être justifiées chez les patients qui peuvent avoir une réponse accrue au vérapamil (par ex., les personnes âgées ou petites, etc.). La titration à la hausse doit être basée sur l'efficacité thérapeutique et l'innocuité évaluées chaque semaine et environ 24 heures après la dose précédente. Les effets antihypertenseurs d'ISOPTIN SR sont évidents au cours de la première semaine de traitement.

Si une réponse adéquate n'est pas obtenue avec 180 mg d'ISOPTIN SR, la dose peut être titrée vers le haut de la manière suivante:

1. 240 mg chaque matin
2. 180 mg chaque matin plus 180 mg chaque soir, ou 240 mg chaque matin plus 120 mg chaque soir
3. 240 mg toutes les douze heures.

Lors du passage d'ISOPTIN à libération immédiate à ISOPTIN SR, la dose quotidienne totale en milligrammes peut rester la même.

Manidon may affect left ventricular contractility as a result of its mode of action. The effect is small and not normally important. However, cardiac failure may be aggravated or precipitated if it exists. In cases with poor ventricular function, Manidon should therefore only be administered after appropriate therapy for cardiac failure such as digitalis, etc.

Manidon may affect impulse conduction and should be administered with caution in patients with first degree atrioventricular block. The effects of Manidon and beta-blockers or other drugs may be additive both in respect of conduction and contraction, therefore care should be exercised when these are administered concurrently or closely together. This is especially true when either drug is administered intravenously.

Caution should be observed in the acute stage of myocardial infarction.

Patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter and an accessory pathway (eg Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) may rarely develop increased conduction across the anomalous pathway and ventricular tachycardia may be precipitated.

Since Manidon is extensively metabolised in the liver, careful dose titration of Manidon is required in patients with liver disease. The disposition of Manidon in patients with renal impairment has not been fully established and therefore careful patient monitoring is recommended. Manidon is not removed during dialysis.

WARNINGS

Heart Failure

Verapamil has a negative inotropic effect, which in most patients is compensated by its afterload reduction (decreased systemic vascular resistance) properties without a net impairment of ventricular performance. In clinical experience with 4,954 patients, 87 (1.8%) developed congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema. Verapamil should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (eg, ejection fraction less than 30%) or moderate to severe symptoms of cardiac failure and in patients with any degree of ventricular dysfunction if they are receiving a beta-adrenergic blocker (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). Patients with milder ventricular dysfunction should, if possible, be controlled with optimum doses of digitalis and/or diuretics before verapamil treatment. (Note interactions with digoxin under PRECAUTIONS)

Hypotension

Occasionally, the pharmacologic action of verapamil may produce a decrease in blood pressure below normal levels, which may result in dizziness or symptomatic hypotension. The incidence of hypotension observed in 4,954 patients enrolled in clinical trials was 2.5%. In hypertensive patients, decreases in blood pressure below normal are unusual. Tilt-table testing (60 degrees) was not able to induce orthostatic hypotension.

Elevated Liver Enzymes

Elevations of transaminases with and without concomitant elevations in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin have been reported. Such elevations have sometimes been transient and may disappear even with continued verapamil treatment. Several cases of hepatocellular injury related to verapamil have been proven by rechallenge; half of these had clinical symptoms (malaise, fever, and/or right upper quadrant pain), in addition to elevation of SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase. Periodic monitoring of liver function in patients receiving verapamil is therefore prudent.

Accessory Bypass Tract (Wolff-Parkinson-White Or Lown-Ganong-Levine)

Some patients with paroxysmal and/or chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and a coexisting accessory AV pathway have developed increased antegrade conduction across the accessory pathway bypassing the AV node, producing a very rapid ventricular response or ventricular fibrillation after receiving intravenous verapamil (or digitalis). Although a risk of this occurring with oral verapamil has not been established, such patients receiving oral verapamil may be at risk and its use in these patients is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Treatment is usually DC-cardioversion. Cardioversion has been used safely and effectively after oral CALAN.

Atrioventricular Block

The effect of verapamil on AV conduction and the SA node may cause asymptomatic first-degree AV block and transient bradycardia, sometimes accompanied by nodal escape rhythms. PR-interval prolongation is correlated with verapamil plasma concentrations especially during the early titration phase of therapy. Higher degrees of AV block, however, were infrequently (0.8%) observed. Marked first-degree block or progressive development to second-or third-degree AV block requires a reduction in dosage or, in rare instances, discontinuation of verapamil HCl and institution of appropriate therapy, depending on the clinical situation.

Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (IHSS)

In 120 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most of them refractory or intolerant to propranolol) who received therapy with verapamil at doses up to 720 mg/day, a variety of serious adverse effects were seen. Three patients died in pulmonary edema; all had severe left ventricular outflow obstruction and a past history of left ventricular dysfunction. Eight other patients had pulmonary edema and/or severe hypotension; abnormally high (greater than 20 mm Hg) pulmonary wedge pressure and a marked left ventricular outflow obstruction were present in most of these patients. Concomitant administration of quinidine (see PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS) preceded the severe hypotension in 3 of the 8 patients (2 of whom developed pulmonary edema). Sinus bradycardia occurred in 11% of the patients, second-degree AV block in 4%, and sinus arrest in 2%. It must be appreciated that this group of patients had a serious disease with a high mortality rate. Most adverse effects responded well to dose reduction, and only rarely did verapamil use have to be discontinued.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Use In Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function

Since verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, it should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic function. Severe liver dysfunction prolongs the elimination half-life of verapamil to about 14 to 16 hours; hence, approximately 30% of the dose given to patients with normal liver function should be administered to these patients. Careful monitoring for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of excessive pharmacologic effects (see OVERDOSE) should be carried out.

Use In Patients With Attenuated (Decreased) Neuromuscular Transmission

It has been reported that verapamil decreases neuromuscular transmission in patients with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, prolongs recovery from the neuromuscular blocking agent vecuronium, and causes a worsening of myasthenia gravis. It may be necessary to decrease the dosage of verapamil when it is administered to patients with attenuated neuromuscular transmission.

Use In Patients With Impaired Renal Function

About 70% of an administered dose of verapamil is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Verapamil is not removed by hemodialysis. Until further data are available, verapamil should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired renal function. These patients should be carefully monitored for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of overdosage (see OVERDOSE).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

An 18-month toxicity study in rats, at a low multiple (6-fold) of the maximum recommended human dose, and not the maximum tolerated dose, did not suggest a tumorigenic potential. There was no evidence of a carcinogenic potential of verapamil administered in the diet of rats for two years at doses of 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg/day or approximately 1, 3.5, and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (480 mg/day or 9.6 mg/kg/day).

Verapamil was not mutagenic in the Ames test in 5 test strains at 3 mg per plate with or without metabolic activation.

Studies in female rats at daily dietary doses up to 5.5 times (55 mg/kg/day) the maximum recommended human dose did not show impaired fertility. Effects on male fertility have not been determined.

Pregnancy

Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits and rats at oral doses up to 1.5 (15 mg/kg/day) and 6 (60 mg/kg/day) times the human oral daily dose, respectively, and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. In the rat, however, this multiple of the human dose was embryocidal and retarded fetal growth and development, probably because of adverse maternal effects reflected in reduced weight gains of the dams. This oral dose has also been shown to cause hypotension in rats. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Verapamil crosses the placental barrier and can be detected in umbilical vein blood at delivery.

Labor And Delivery

It is not known whether the use of verapamil during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, or whether it prolongs the duration of labor or increases the need for forceps delivery or other obstetric intervention. Such adverse experiences have not been reported in the literature, despite a long history of use of verapamil in Europe in the treatment of cardiac side effects of beta-adrenergic agonist agents used to treat premature labor.

Nursing Mothers

Verapamil is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from verapamil, nursing should be discontinued while verapamil is administered.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

WARNINGS

Heart Failure

Verapamil has a negative inotropic effect, which in most patients is compensated by its afterload reduction (decreased systemic vascular resistance) properties without a net impairment of ventricular performance. In clinical experience with 4,954 patients, 87 (1.8%) developed congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema. Verapamil should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (eg, ejection fraction less than 30%) or moderate to severe symptoms of cardiac failure and in patients with any degree of ventricular dysfunction if they are receiving a betaadrenergic blocker (see PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS). Patients with milder ventricular dysfunction should, if possible, be controlled with optimum doses of digitalis and/or diuretics before verapamil treatment. (Note interactions with digoxin under PRECAUTIONS)

Hypotension

Occasionally, the pharmacologic action of verapamil may produce a decrease in blood pressure below normal levels, which may result in dizziness or symptomatic hypotension. The incidence of hypotension observed in 4,954 patients enrolled in clinical trials was 2.5%. In hypertensive patients, decreases in blood pressure below normal are unusual. Tilt-table testing (60 degrees) was not able to induce orthostatic hypotension.

Elevated Liver Enzymes

Elevations of transaminases with and without concomitant elevations in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin have been reported. Such elevations have sometimes been transient and may disappear even in the face of continued verapamil treatment. Several cases of hepatocellular injury related to verapamil have been proven by rechallenge; half of these had clinical symptoms (malaise, fever, and/or right upper quadrant pain) in addition to elevation of SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase. Periodic monitoring of liver function in patients receiving verapamil is therefore prudent.

Accessory Bypass Tract (Wolff-Parkinson-White Or Lown-Ganong-Levine)

Some patients with paroxysmal and/or chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and a coexisting accessory AV pathway have developed increased antegrade conduction across the accessory pathway bypassing the AV node, producing a very rapid ventricular response or ventricular fibrillation after receiving intravenous verapamil (or digitalis). Although a risk of this occurring with oral verapamil has not been established, such patients receiving oral verapamil may be at risk and its use in these patients is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Treatment is usually DC-cardioversion. Cardioversion has been used safely and effectively after oral CALAN.

Atrioventricular Block

The effect of verapamil on AV conduction and the SA node may cause asymptomatic first-degree AV block and transient bradycardia, sometimes accompanied by nodal escape rhythms. PR-interval prolongation is correlated with verapamil plasma concentrations, especially during the early titration phase of therapy. Higher degrees of AV block, however, were infrequently (0.8%) observed. Marked firstdegree block or progressive development to second- or third-degree AV block, requires a reduction in dosage or, in rare instances, discontinuation of verapamil HCl and institution of appropriate therapy, depending upon the clinical situation.

Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (IHSS)

In 120 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most of them refractory or intolerant to propranolol) who received therapy with verapamil at doses up to 720 mg/day, a variety of serious adverse effects were seen. Three patients died in pulmonary edema; all had severe left ventricular outflow obstruction and a past history of left ventricular dysfunction. Eight other patients had pulmonary edema and/or severe hypotension; abnormally high (greater than 20 mm Hg) pulmonary wedge pressure and a marked left ventricular outflow obstruction were present in most of these patients. Concomitant administration of quinidine (see PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS) preceded the severe hypotension in 3 of the 8 patients (2 of whom developed pulmonary edema). Sinus bradycardia occurred in 11% of the patients, second-degree AV block in 4%, and sinus arrest in 2%. It must be appreciated that this group of patients had a serious disease with a high mortality rate. Most adverse effects responded well to dose reduction, and only rarely did verapamil use have to be discontinued.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Use In Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function

Since verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, it should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic function. Severe liver dysfunction prolongs the elimination half-life of immediate-release verapamil to about 14 to 16 hours; hence, approximately 30% of the dose given to patients with normal liver function should be administered to these patients. Careful monitoring for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of excessive pharmacologic effects (see OVERDOSAGE) should be carried out.

Use In Patients With Attenuated (Decreased) Neuromuscular Transmission

It has been reported that verapamil decreases neuromuscular transmission in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and that verapamil prolongs recovery from the neuromuscular blocking agent vecuronium. It may be necessary to decrease the dosage of verapamil when it is administered to patients with attenuated neuromuscular transmission.

Use In Patients With Impaired Renal Function

About 70% of an administered dose of verapamil is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Verapamil is not removed by hemodialysis. Until further data are available, verapamil should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired renal function. These patients should be carefully monitored for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of overdosage (see OVERDOSAGE).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

An 18-month toxicity study in rats, at a low multiple (6-fold) of the maximum recommended human dose, and not the maximum tolerated dose, did not suggest a tumorigenic potential. There was no evidence of a carcinogenic potential of verapamil administered in the diet of rats for two years at doses of 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg/day or approximately 1, 3.5, and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (480 mg/day or 9.6 mg/kg/day).

Verapamil was not mutagenic in the Ames test in 5 test strains at 3 mg per plate with or without metabolic activation.

Studies in female rats at daily dietary doses up to 5.5 times (55 mg/kg/day) the maximum recommended human dose did not show impaired fertility. Effects on male fertility have not been determined.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C

Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits and rats at oral doses up to 1.5 (15 mg/kg/day) and 6 (60 mg/kg/day) times the human oral daily dose, respectively, and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. In the rat, however, this multiple of the human dose was embryocidal and retarded fetal growth and development, probably because of adverse maternal effects reflected in reduced weight gains of the dams. This oral dose has also been shown to cause hypotension in rats. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Verapamil crosses the placental barrier and can be detected in umbilical vein blood at delivery.

Labor And Delivery

It is not known whether the use of verapamil during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, or whether it prolongs the duration of labor or increases the need for forceps delivery or other obstetric intervention. Such adverse experiences have not been reported in the literature, despite a long history of use of verapamil in Europe in the treatment of cardiac side effects of beta-adrenergic agonist agents used to treat premature labor.

Nursing Mothers

Verapamil is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from verapamil, nursing should be discontinued while verapamil is administered.

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of Manidon in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.

WARNINGS

Heart Failure

Verapamil has a negative inotropic effect, which in most patients is compensated by its afterload reduction (decreased systemic vascular resistance) properties without a net impairment of ventricular performance. In clinical experience with 4,954 patients, 87 (1.8%) developed congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema. Verapamil should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (eg, ejection fraction less than 30%) or moderate to severe symptoms of cardiac failure and in patients with any degree of ventricular dysfunction if they are receiving a beta-adrenergic blocker (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). Patients with milder ventricular dysfunction should, if possible, be controlled with optimum doses of digitalis and/or diuretics before verapamil treatment. (Note interactions with digoxin under PRECAUTIONS)

Hypotension

Occasionally, the pharmacologic action of verapamil may produce a decrease in blood pressure below normal levels, which may result in dizziness or symptomatic hypotension. The incidence of hypotension observed in 4,954 patients enrolled in clinical trials was 2.5%. In hypertensive patients, decreases in blood pressure below normal are unusual. Tilt-table testing (60 degrees) was not able to induce orthostatic hypotension.

Elevated Liver Enzymes

Accessory Bypass Tract (Wolff-Parkinson-White Or Lown-Ganong-Levine)

Some patients with paroxysmal and/or chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and a coexisting accessory AV pathway have developed increased antegrade conduction across the accessory pathway bypassing the AV node, producing a very rapid ventricular response or ventricular fibrillation after receiving intravenous verapamil (or digitalis). Although a risk of this occurring with oral verapamil has not been established, such patients receiving oral verapamil may be at risk and its use in these patients is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Treatment is usually DC-cardioversion. Cardioversion has been used safely and effectively after oral Manidon.

Atrioventricular Block

The effect of verapamil on AV conduction and the SA node may cause asymptomatic first-degree AV block and transient bradycardia, sometimes accompanied by nodal escape rhythms. PR-interval prolongation is correlated with verapamil plasma concentrations especially during the early titration phase of therapy. Higher degrees of AV block, however, were infrequently (0.8%) observed. Marked first-degree block or progressive development to second-or third-degree AV block requires a reduction in dosage or, in rare instances, discontinuation of verapamil HCl and institution of appropriate therapy, depending on the clinical situation.

Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (IHSS)

In 120 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most of them refractory or intolerant to propranolol) who received therapy with verapamil at doses up to 720 mg/day, a variety of serious adverse effects were seen. Three patients died in pulmonary edema; all had severe left ventricular outflow obstruction and a past history of left ventricular dysfunction. Eight other patients had pulmonary edema and/or severe hypotension; abnormally high (greater than 20 mm Hg) pulmonary wedge pressure and a marked left ventricular outflow obstruction were present in most of these patients. Concomitant administration of quinidine (see PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS) preceded the severe hypotension in 3 of the 8 patients (2 of whom developed pulmonary edema). Sinus bradycardia occurred in 11% of the patients, second-degree AV block in 4%, and sinus arrest in 2%. It must be appreciated that this group of patients had a serious disease with a high mortality rate. Most adverse effects responded well to dose reduction, and only rarely did verapamil use have to be discontinued.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Use In Patients With Impaired Hepatic Function

Since verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, it should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic function. Severe liver dysfunction prolongs the elimination half-life of verapamil to about 14 to 16 hours; hence, approximately 30% of the dose given to patients with normal liver function should be administered to these patients. Careful monitoring for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of excessive pharmacologic effects (see OVERDOSE) should be carried out.

Use In Patients With Attenuated (Decreased) Neuromuscular Transmission

It has been reported that verapamil decreases neuromuscular transmission in patients with Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, prolongs recovery from the neuromuscular blocking agent vecuronium, and causes a worsening of myasthenia gravis. It may be necessary to decrease the dosage of verapamil when it is administered to patients with attenuated neuromuscular transmission.

Use In Patients With Impaired Renal Function

About 70% of an administered dose of verapamil is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Verapamil is not removed by hemodialysis. Until further data are available, verapamil should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired renal function. These patients should be carefully monitored for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of overdosage (see OVERDOSE).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

An 18-month toxicity study in rats, at a low multiple (6-fold) of the maximum recommended human dose, and not the maximum tolerated dose, did not suggest a tumorigenic potential. There was no evidence of a carcinogenic potential of verapamil administered in the diet of rats for two years at doses of 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg/day or approximately 1, 3.5, and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (480 mg/day or 9.6 mg/kg/day).

Verapamil was not mutagenic in the Ames test in 5 test strains at 3 mg per plate with or without metabolic activation.

Studies in female rats at daily dietary doses up to 5.5 times (55 mg/kg/day) the maximum recommended human dose did not show impaired fertility. Effects on male fertility have not been determined.

Pregnancy

Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits and rats at oral doses up to 1.5 (15 mg/kg/day) and 6 (60 mg/kg/day) times the human oral daily dose, respectively, and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. In the rat, however, this multiple of the human dose was embryocidal and retarded fetal growth and development, probably because of adverse maternal effects reflected in reduced weight gains of the dams. This oral dose has also been shown to cause hypotension in rats. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Verapamil crosses the placental barrier and can be detected in umbilical vein blood at delivery.

Labor And Delivery

It is not known whether the use of verapamil during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, or whether it prolongs the duration of labor or increases the need for forceps delivery or other obstetric intervention. Such adverse experiences have not been reported in the literature, despite a long history of use of verapamil in Europe in the treatment of cardiac side effects of beta-adrenergic agonist agents used to treat premature labor.

Nursing Mothers

Verapamil is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from verapamil, nursing should be discontinued while verapamil is administered.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

WARNINGS

Heart Failure

Verapamil has a negative inotropic effect which, in most patients, is compensated by its afterload reduction (decreased systemic vascular resistance) properties without a net impairment of ventricular performance. In clinical experience with 4,954 patients, 87 (1.8%) developed congestive heart failure or pulmonary edema. Verapamil should be avoided in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (e.g., ejection fraction less than 30%, or moderate to severe symptoms of cardiac failure) and in patients with any degree of ventricular dysfunction if they are receiving a beta adrenergic blocker (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). Patients with milder ventricular dysfunction should, if possible, be controlled with optimum doses of digitalis and/or diuretics before verapamil treatment (Note interactions with digoxin under: PRECAUTIONS).

Hypotension

Occasionally, the pharmacologic action of verapamil may produce a decrease in blood pressure below normal levels which may result in dizziness or symptomatic hypotension. The incidence of hypotension observed in 4,954 patients enrolled in clinical trials was 2.5%. In hypertensive patients, decreases in blood pressure below normal are unusual. Tilt table testing (60 degrees) was not able to induce orthostatic hypotension.

Elevated Liver Enzymes

Elevations of transaminases with and without concomitant elevations in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin have been reported. Such elevations have sometimes been transient and may disappear even in the face of continued verapamil treatment. Several cases of hepatocellular injury related to verapamil have been proven by rechallenge; half of these had clinical symptoms (malaise, fever, and/or right upper quadrant pain) in addition to elevations of SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatase. Periodic monitoring of liver function in patients receiving verapamil is therefore prudent.

Accessory Bypass Tract (Wolff-Parkinson-White or Lown-Ganong-Levine)

Some patients with paroxysmal and/or chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter and a coexisting accessory AV pathway have developed increased antegrade conduction across the accessory pathway bypassing the AV node, producing a very rapid ventricular response or ventricular fibrillation after receiving intravenous verapamil (or digitalis). Although a risk of this occurring with oral verapamil has not been established, such patients receiving oral verapamil may be at risk and its use in these patients is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Treatment is usually DC-cardioversion. Cardioversion has been used safely and effectively after oral ISOPTIN.

Atrioventricular Block

The effect of verapamil on AV conduction and the SA node may cause asymptomatic first-degree AV block and transient bradycardia, sometimes accompanied by nodal escape rhythms. PR interval prolongation is correlated with verapamil plasma concentrations, especially during the early titration phases of therapy. Higher degrees of AV block, however, were infrequently (0.8%) observed. Marked first-degree block or progressive development to second- or third-degree AV block requires a reduction in dosage or, in rare instances, discontinuation of verapamil HCI and institution of appropriate therapy depending upon the clinical situation.

Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (IHSS)

In 120 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most of them refractory or intolerant to propranolol) who received therapy with verapamil at doses up to 720 mg/day, a variety of serious adverse effects were seen. Three patients died in pulmonary edema; all had severe left ventricular outflow obstruction and a past history of left ventricular dysfunction. Eight other patients had pulmonary edema and/or severe hypotension; abnormally high (greater than 20 mmHg) pulmonary wedge pressure and a marked left ventricular outflow obstruction were present in most of these patients. Concomitant administration of quinidine (see DRUG INTERACTIONS) preceded the severe hypotension in 3 of the 8 patients (2 of whom developed pulmonary edema). Sinus bradycardia occurred in 11% of the patients, second- degree AV block in 4% and sinus arrest in 2%. It must be appreciated that this group of patients had a serious disease with a high mortality rate. Most adverse effects responded well to dose reduction and only rarely did verapamil have to be discontinued.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Use in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Functions

Since verapamil is highly metabolized by the liver, it should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired hepatic function. Severe liver dysfunction prolongs the elimination half-life of immediate release verapamil to about 14 to 16 hours; hence, approximately 30% of the dose given to patients with normal liver function should be administered to these patients. Careful monitoring for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of excessive pharmacologic effects (see OVERDOSAGE) should be carried out.

Use in Patients with Attenuated (Decreased) Neuromuscular Transmission

It has been reported that verapamil decreases neuromuscular transmission in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, prolongs recovery from the neuromuscular blocking agent vecuronium, and causes a worsening of myasthenia gravis. It may be necessary to decrease the dosage of verapamil when it is administered to patients with attenuated neuromuscular transmission.

Use in Patients with Impaired Renal Function

About 70% of an administered dose of verapamil is excreted as metabolites in the urine. Verapamil is not removed by hemodialysis. Until further data are available, verapamil should be administered cautiously to patients with impaired renal function. These patients should be carefully monitored for abnormal prolongation of the PR interval or other signs of overdosage (see OVERDOSAGE).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

An 18-month toxicity study in rats, at a low multiple (6 fold) of the maximum recommended human dose, and not the maximum tolerated dose, did not suggest a tumorigenic potential. There was no evidence of a carcinogenic potential of verapamil administered in the diet of rats for two years at doses of 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg per day or approximately 1x, 3.5x, and 12x, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (480 mg per day or 9.6 mg/kg/day).

Verapamil was not mutagenic in the Ames test in 5 test strains at 3 mg per plate, with or without metabolic activation.

Studies in female rats at daily dietary doses up to 5.5 times (55 mg/kg/day) the maximum recommended human dose did not show impaired fertility. Effects on male fertility have not been determined.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C. Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits and rats at oral doses up to 1.5 (15 mg/kg/day) and 6 (60 mg/kg/day) times the human oral daily dose, respectively, and have revealed no evidence of teratogenicity. In the rat, however, this multiple of the human dose was embryocidal and retarded fetal growth and development, probably because of adverse maternal effects reflected in the reduced weight gains of the dams. This oral dose has also been shown to cause hypotension in rats. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Verapamil crosses the placental barrier and can be detected in umbilical vein blood at delivery.

Labor and Delivery

It is not known whether the use of verapamil during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, or whether it prolongs the duration of labor or increases the need for forceps delivery or other obstetric intervention. Such adverse experiences have not been reported in the literature, despite a long history of use of verapamil in Europe in the treatment of cardiac side effects of beta-adrenergic agonist agents used to treat premature labor.

Nursing Mothers

Verapamil is excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from verapamil, nursing should be discontinued while verapamil is administered.

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of ISOPTIN tablets in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established.

Immune system disorders: allergic reactions (e.g. erythema, pruritus, urticaria) are very rarely seen.

Nervous system disorders: headaches occur rarely, dizziness, paraesthesia, tremor, extrapyramidal syndrome (e.g. parkinsonism), dystonia.

Ear and labyrinth disorders: vertigo, tinnitus.

Cardiac disorders: bradycardic arrhythmias such as sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest with asystole, 2nd and 3rd degree AV block, bradyarrhythmia in atrial fibrillation, palpitations, tachycardia, development or aggravation of heart failure, hypotension.

Vascular disorders: flushing, peripheral oedema.

Gastrointestinal disorders: nausea, vomiting, constipation is not uncommon, ileus and abdominal pain/discomfort. Gingival hyperplasia may very rarely occur when the drug is administered over prolonged periods. This is fully reversible when the drug is discontinued.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: alopecia, ankle oedema, Quincke's oedema, Steven-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, erythromelalgia, purpura.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: muscular weakness, myalgia and arthralgia.

Reproductive system and breast disorders: impotence (erectile dysfunction) has been rarely reported and isolated cases of galactorrhoea. Gynaecomastia was observed on very rare occasions in elderly male patients under longer term Manidon treatment which was fully reversible in all cases when the drug was discontinued.

General disorders and administration site conditions: fatigue.

Investigations: On very rare occasions, a reversible impairment of liver function characterised by an increase in transaminases and/or alkaline phosphatase, may occur during Manidon treatment and is most probably a hypersensitivity reaction.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme; website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard

Serious adverse reactions are uncommon when CALAN therapy is initiated with upward dose titration within the recommended single and total daily dose. See WARNINGS for discussion of heart failure, hypotension, elevated liver enzymes, AV block, and rapid ventricular response. Reversible (upon discontinuation of verapamil) non-obstructive, paralytic ileus has been infrequently reported in association with the use of verapamil. The following reactions to orally administered verapamil occurred at rates greater than 1.0% or occurred at lower rates but appeared clearly drug-related in clinical trials in 4,954 patients:

In clinical trials related to the control of ventricular response in digitalized patients who had atrial fibrillation or flutter, ventricular rates below 50 at rest occurred in 15% of patients and asymptomatic hypotension occurred in 5% of patients.

The following reactions, reported in 1.0% or less of patients, occurred under conditions (open trials, marketing experience) where a causal relationship is uncertain; they are listed to alert the physician to a possible relationship:

Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, atrioventricular dissociation, chest pain, claudication, myocardial infarction, palpitations, purpura (vasculitis), syncope.

Digestive system: diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, gingival hyperplasia.

Hemic and lymphatic: ecchymosis or bruising.

Nervous system: cerebrovascular accident, confusion, equilibrium disorders, insomnia, muscle cramps, paresthesia, psychotic symptoms, shakiness, somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms.

Skin: arthralgia and rash, exanthema, hair loss, hyperkeratosis, macules, sweating, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.

Special senses: blurred vision, tinnitus.

Urogenital: gynecomastia, galactorrhea/hyperprolactinemia, increased urination, spotty menstruation, impotence.

Treatment Of Acute Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions

The frequency of cardiovascular adverse reactions that require therapy is rare; hence, experience with their treatment is limited. Whenever severe hypotension or complete AV block occurs following oral administration of verapamil, the appropriate emergency measures should be applied immediately; eg, intravenously administered norepinephrine bitartrate, atropine sulfate, isoproterenol HCl (all in the usual doses), or calcium gluconate (10% solution). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (IHSS), alpha-adrenergic agents (phenylephrine HCl, metaraminol bitartrate, or methoxamine HCl) should be used to maintain blood pressure, and isoproterenol and norepinephrine should be avoided. If further support is necessary, dopamine HCl or dobutamine HCl may be administered. Actual treatment and dosage should depend on the severity of the clinical situation and the judgment and experience of the treating physician.

Serious adverse reactions are uncommon when verapamil therapy is initiated with upward dose titration within the recommended single and total daily dose. See WARNINGS for discussion of heart failure, hypotension, elevated liver enzymes, AV block, and rapid ventricular response. Reversible (upon discontinuation of verapamil) non-obstructive, paralytic ileus has been infrequently reported in association with the use of verapamil. The following reactions to orally administered verapamil occurred at rates greater than 1.0% or occurred at lower rates but appeared clearly drug-related in clinical trials in 4,954 patients:

In clinical trials related to the control of ventricular response in digitalized patients who had atrial fibrillation or flutter, ventricular rates below 50/min at rest occurred in 15% of patients and asymptomatic hypotension occurred in 5% of patients.

The following reactions, reported in 1% or less of patients, occurred under conditions (open trials, marketing experience) where a causal relationship is uncertain; they are listed to alert the physician to a possible relationship:

Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, atrioventricular dissociation, chest pain, claudication, myocardial infarction, palpitations, purpura (vasculitis), syncope.

Digestive system: diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, gingival hyperplasia.

Hemic and lymphatic: ecchymosis or bruising.

Nervous system: cerebrovascular accident, confusion, equilibrium disorders, insomnia, muscle cramps, paresthesia, psychotic symptoms, shakiness, somnolence.

Skin: arthralgia and rash, exanthema, hair loss, hyperkeratosis, macules, sweating, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.

Special senses: blurred vision, tinnitus.

Urogenital: gynecomastia, galactorrhea/hyperprolactinemia, increased urination, spotty menstruation, impotence.

Treatment Of Acute Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions

The frequency of cardiovascular adverse reactions that require therapy is rare; hence, experience with their treatment is limited. Whenever severe hypotension or complete AV block occurs following oral administration of verapamil, the appropriate emergency measures should be applied immediately; eg, intravenously administered norepinephrine bitartrate, atropine sulfate, isoproterenol HCl (all in the usual doses), or calcium gluconate (10% solution). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (IHSS), alpha-adrenergic agents (phenylephrine HCl, metaraminol bitartrate, or methoxamine HCl) should be used to maintain blood pressure, and isoproterenol and norepinephrine should be avoided. If further support is necessary, dopamine HCl or dobutamine HCl may be administered. Actual treatment and dosage should depend on the severity of the clinical situation and the judgment and experience of the treating physician.

Serious adverse reactions are uncommon when Manidon therapy is initiated with upward dose titration within the recommended single and total daily dose. See WARNINGS for discussion of heart failure, hypotension, elevated liver enzymes, AV block, and rapid ventricular response. Reversible (upon discontinuation of verapamil) non-obstructive, paralytic ileus has been infrequently reported in association with the use of verapamil. The following reactions to orally administered verapamil occurred at rates greater than 1.0% or occurred at lower rates but appeared clearly drug-related in clinical trials in 4,954 patients:

In clinical trials related to the control of ventricular response in digitalized patients who had atrial fibrillation or flutter, ventricular rates below 50 at rest occurred in 15% of patients and asymptomatic hypotension occurred in 5% of patients.

The following reactions, reported in 1.0% or less of patients, occurred under conditions (open trials, marketing experience) where a causal relationship is uncertain; they are listed to alert the physician to a possible relationship:

Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, atrioventricular dissociation, chest pain, claudication, myocardial infarction, palpitations, purpura (vasculitis), syncope.

Digestive system: diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, gingival hyperplasia.

Hemic and lymphatic: ecchymosis or bruising.

Nervous system: cerebrovascular accident, confusion, equilibrium disorders, insomnia, muscle cramps, paresthesia, psychotic symptoms, shakiness, somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms.

Skin: arthralgia and rash, exanthema, hair loss, hyperkeratosis, macules, sweating, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.

Special senses: blurred vision, tinnitus.

Urogenital: gynecomastia, galactorrhea/hyperprolactinemia, increased urination, spotty menstruation, impotence.

Treatment Of Acute Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions

The frequency of cardiovascular adverse reactions that require therapy is rare; hence, experience with their treatment is limited. Whenever severe hypotension or complete AV block occurs following oral administration of verapamil, the appropriate emergency measures should be applied immediately; eg, intravenously administered norepinephrine bitartrate, atropine sulfate, isoproterenol HCl (all in the usual doses), or calcium gluconate (10% solution). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (IHSS), alpha-adrenergic agents (phenylephrine HCl, metaraminol bitartrate, or methoxamine HCl) should be used to maintain blood pressure, and isoproterenol and norepinephrine should be avoided. If further support is necessary, dopamine HCl or dobutamine HCl may be administered. Actual treatment and dosage should depend on the severity of the clinical situation and the judgment and experience of the treating physician.

Serious adverse reactions are uncommon when verapamil therapy is initiated with upward dose titration within the recommended single and total daily dose. See WARNINGS for discussion of heart failure, hypotension, elevated liver enzymes, AV block, and rapid ventricular response. Reversible (upon discontinuation of verapamil) non-obstructive, paralytic ileus has been infrequently reported in association with the use of verapamil. The following reactions to orally administered verapamil occurred at rates greater than 1.0% or occurred at lower rates but appeared clearly drug-related in clinical trials in 4,954 patients.

Elevated Liver Enzymes

(see WARNINGS)

In clinical trials related to the control of ventricular response in digitalized patients who had atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, ventricular rates below 50/min at rest occurred in 15% of patients and asymptomatic hypotension occurred in 5% of patients.

The following reactions, reported in 1.0% or less of patients, occurred under conditions (open trials, marketing experience) where a causal relationship is uncertain; they are listed to alert the physician to a possible relationship.

Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, atrioventricular dissociation, chest pain, claudication, myocardial infarction, palpitations, purpura (vasculitis), syncope.

Digestive System: diarrhea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, gingival hyperplasia.

Hemic and Lymphatic: ecchymosis or bruising.

Nervous System: cerebrovascular accident, confusion, equilibrium disorders, insomnia, muscle cramps, parasthesia, psychotic symptoms, shakiness, somnolence, extrapyramidal symptoms.

Skin: arthralgia and rash, exanthema, hair loss hyperkeratosis, maculae, sweating, urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme.

Special Senses: blurred vision, tinnitus.

Urogenital: gynecomastia, impotence, galactorrhea/ hyperprolactinemia, increased urination, spotty menstruation.

Treatment of Acute Cardiovascular Adverse Reactions

The frequency of cardiovascular adverse reactions that require therapy is rare, hence, experience with their treatment is limited. Whenever severe hypotension or complete AV block occurs following oral administration of verapamil, the appropriate emergency measures should be applied immediately, e.g., intravenously administered isoproterenol HCl, norepinephrine bitartrate, atropine sulfate (all in the usual doses), or calcium gluconate (10% solution). In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (IHSS), alpha-adrenergic agents (phenylephrine HCl, metaraminol bitartrate or methoxamine HCl) should be used to maintain blood pressure, and isoproterenol and norepinephrine should be avoided. If further support is necessary, (dopamine HCl or dobutamine HCl) may be administered. Actual treatment and dosage should depend on the severity of the clinical situation and the judgment and experience of the treating physician.

L'évolution des symptômes de l'intoxication à Manidon dépend de la quantité prise, du moment où les mesures de détoxication sont prises et de la contractilité myocardique (liée à l'âge). Les principaux symptômes sont les suivants: chute de la pression artérielle (parfois à des valeurs non détectables) symptômes de choc, perte de conscience, Bloc AV du 1er et du 2e degré (souvent comme le phénomène de Wenckebach avec ou sans rythmes d'évasion) bloc AV total avec dissociation AV totale, échapper au rythme, asystole, bradycardie jusqu'au bloc AV à haut degré et, arrestation de sinus, hyperglycémie, stupeur et acidose métabolique. Des décès sont survenus à la suite d'un surdosage.

Les mesures thérapeutiques à prendre dépendent du moment où Manidon a été pris et du type et de la gravité des symptômes d'intoxication. Dans les intoxications avec de grandes quantités de préparations à libération lente, il convient de noter que la libération du médicament actif et l'absorption dans l'intestin peuvent prendre plus de 48 heures. Le chlorhydrate de manidon ne peut pas être éliminé par hémodialyse. En fonction du moment de l'ingestion, il convient de tenir compte du fait qu'il peut y avoir des morceaux de comprimés incomplètement dissous sur toute la longueur du tractus gastro-intestinal, qui fonctionnent comme des dépôts de médicaments actifs.

Mesures générales à prendre: Lavage gastrique avec les précautions habituelles, même plus tard que 12 heures après l'ingestion, si aucune motilité gastro-intestinale (sons péristaltiques) n'est détectable. Lorsqu'une intoxication par une préparation à libération modifiée est suspectée, des mesures d'élimination étendues sont indiquées, telles que des vomissements induits, l'élimination du contenu de l'estomac et de l'intestin grêle sous endoscopie, lavage intestinal, laxatif, hauts lavements. Les mesures de réanimation intensives habituelles s'appliquent, telles que le massage cardiaque extrathoracique, la respiration, la défibrillation et / ou la thérapie de stimulateur cardiaque.

Mesures spécifiques à prendre: élimination des effets cardiodépressifs, hypotension ou bradycardie. L'antidote spécifique est le calcium, par ex. 10 20 ml d'une solution de gluconate de calcium à 10% administrée par voie intraveineuse (2,25 - 4,5 mmol), répétée si nécessaire ou administrée en perfusion goutte à goutte continue (par ex. 5mmol / heure).

Les mesures suivantes peuvent également être nécessaires: en cas de bloc AV du 2e ou 3e degré, de bradycardie sinusale, d'asystole - atropine, d'isoprénaline, d'orciprénaline ou de stimulateur cardiaque. En cas d'hypotension - dopamine, dobutamine, noradrénaline (noradrénaline). S'il y a des signes de défaillance myocardique continue - dopamine, dobutamine, si nécessaire, injections répétées de calcium.

Traiter toutes les surdoses de vérapamil comme graves et maintenir l'observation pendant au moins 48 heures (en particulier CALAN SR), de préférence sous soins hospitaliers continus. Des conséquences pharmacodynamiques retardées peuvent survenir avec la formulation à libération prolongée. Le vérapamil est connu pour diminuer le temps de transit gastro-intestinal.

Le traitement d'un surdosage doit être favorable. La stimulation bêta-adrénergique ou l'administration parentérale de solutions calciques peut augmenter le flux d'ions calcium à travers le canal lent et ont été utilisées efficacement dans le traitement d'un surdosage délibéré avec du vérapamil. Dans quelques cas signalés, un surdosage avec des inhibiteurs calciques a été associé à une hypotension et une bradycardie, initialement réfractaires à l'atropine mais devenant plus sensibles à ce traitement lorsque les patients ont reçu de fortes doses (proches à 1 gramme / heure pendant plus de 24 heures) de chlorure de calcium. Le vérapamil ne peut pas être éliminé par hémodialyse. Les réactions hypotenseurs cliniquement significatives ou le bloc AV à haut degré doivent être traités avec des agents vasopresseurs ou un rythme cardiaque, respectivement. L'asystole doit être manipulé par les mesures habituelles, y compris la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire.

Un surdosage avec du vérapamil peut entraîner une hypotension prononcée, une bradycardie et des anomalies du système de conduction (par exemple, rythme de jonction avec dissociation AV et bloc AV à haut degré, y compris l'asystole). D'autres symptômes secondaires à l'hypoperfusion (par exemple, acidose métabolique, hyperglycémie, hyperkaliémie, dysfonction rénale et convulsions) peuvent être évidents.

Traitez toutes les surdoses de vérapamil comme graves et maintenez l'observation pendant au moins 48 heures (en particulier Manidon), de préférence sous soins hospitaliers continus. Des conséquences pharmacodynamiques retardées peuvent survenir avec la formulation à libération prolongée. Le vérapamil est connu pour diminuer le temps de transit gastro-intestinal.

En cas de surdosage, des caplets de Manidon ont parfois été signalés comme formant des concrétions dans l'estomac ou les intestins. Ces concrétions n'ont pas été visibles sur les radiographies simples de l'abdomen, et aucun moyen médical de vidange gastro-intestinale n'est d'une efficacité prouvée pour les éliminer. L'endoscopie peut raisonnablement être envisagée en cas de surdosage massif lorsque les symptômes sont exceptionnellement prolongés.

Le traitement d'un surdosage doit être favorable. La stimulation bêta-adrénergique ou l'administration parentérale de solutions calciques peut augmenter le flux d'ions calcium à travers le canal lent et ont été utilisées efficacement dans le traitement d'un surdosage délibéré avec du vérapamil. Un traitement continu avec de fortes doses de calcium peut produire une réponse. Dans quelques cas signalés, un surdosage avec des inhibiteurs calciques initialement réfractaires à l'atropine est devenu plus réactif à ce traitement lorsque les patients ont reçu de fortes doses (proches de 1 g / h pendant plus de 24 heures) de chlorure de calcium. Le vérapamil ne peut pas être éliminé par hémodialyse. Les réactions hypotenseurs cliniquement significatives ou le bloc AV à haut degré doivent être traités avec des agents vasopresseurs ou un rythme cardiaque, respectivement. L'asystole doit être manipulé par les mesures habituelles, y compris la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire.

Traitez toutes les surdoses de vérapamil comme graves et maintenez l'observation pendant au moins 48 heures (en particulier Manidon SR), de préférence sous soins hospitaliers continus. Des conséquences pharmacodynamiques retardées peuvent survenir avec la formulation à libération prolongée. Le vérapamil est connu pour diminuer le temps de transit gastro-intestinal.

Le traitement d'un surdosage doit être favorable. La stimulation bêta-adrénergique ou l'administration parentérale de solutions calciques peut augmenter le flux d'ions calcium à travers le canal lent et ont été utilisées efficacement dans le traitement d'un surdosage délibéré avec du vérapamil. Dans quelques cas signalés, un surdosage avec des inhibiteurs calciques a été associé à une hypotension et une bradycardie, initialement réfractaires à l'atropine mais devenant plus sensibles à ce traitement lorsque les patients ont reçu de fortes doses (proches à 1 gramme / heure pendant plus de 24 heures) de chlorure de calcium. Le vérapamil ne peut pas être éliminé par hémodialyse. Les réactions hypotenseurs cliniquement significatives ou le bloc AV à haut degré doivent être traités avec des agents vasopresseurs ou un rythme cardiaque, respectivement. L'asystole doit être manipulé par les mesures habituelles, y compris la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire.

Un surdosage avec du vérapamil peut entraîner une hypotension prononcée, une bradycardie et des anomalies du système de conduction (par ex., rythme de jonction avec dissociation AV et bloc AV à haut degré, y compris asystole). Autres symptômes secondaires à une hypoperfusion (par ex., l'acidose métabolique, l'hyperglycémie, l'hyperkaliémie, la dysfonction rénale et les convulsions) peuvent être évidentes.

Traiter toutes les surdoses de vérapamil comme graves et maintenir l'observation pendant au moins 48 heures [en particulier ISOPTIN® SR (chlorhydrate de vérapamil)] de préférence sous soins hospitaliers continus. Des conséquences pharmacodynamiques retardées peuvent survenir avec la formulation à libération prolongée. Le vérapamil est connu pour diminuer le temps de transit gastro-intestinal.

En cas de surdosage, des comprimés d'ISOPTIN SR ont parfois été signalés comme des concrétions dans l'estomac ou les intestins. Ces concrétions n'ont pas été visibles sur les radiographies simples de l'abdomen, et aucun moyen médical de vidange gastro-intestinale n'est d'une efficacité prouvée pour les éliminer. L'endoscopie peut raisonnablement être envisagée en cas de surdosage massif lorsque les symptômes sont exceptionnellement prolongés.

Le traitement d'un surdosage doit être favorable. La stimulation adrénergique bêta ou l'administration parentérale de solutions calciques peut augmenter le flux d'ions calcium à travers le canal lent et ont été utilisées efficacement dans le traitement du surdosage délibéré avec le vérapamil. Un traitement continu avec de fortes doses de calcium peut produire une réponse. Dans quelques cas signalés, un surdosage avec des inhibiteurs calciques initialement réfractaires à l'atropine est devenu plus sensible à ce traitement lorsque les patients ont reçu de fortes doses (proches à 1 gramme / heure pendant plus de 24 heures) de chlorure de calcium. Le vérapamil ne peut pas être éliminé par hémodialyse. Les réactions hypotenseurs cliniquement significatives ou le bloc AV à haut degré doivent être traités avec des agents vasopresseurs ou un rythme cardiaque, respectivement. L'asystole doit être manipulé par les mesures habituelles, y compris la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire.