Oromone

Menopoz Nedeniyle Orta ila Şiddetli Vazomotor Semptomların Tedavisi

Menopoz Nedeniyle Vulvar ve Vajinal Atrofinin Orta ila Şiddetli Belirtilerinin Tedavisi

Kullanım Sınırlaması

Sadece menopoza bağlı orta ila şiddetli vulvar ve vajinal atrofi semptomlarının tedavisi için reçete edilirken, topikal vajinal ürünler düşünülmelidir.

Hipogonadizm, Kastrasyon veya Primer Yumurtalık Yetmezliğine Bağlı Hipoöstrojenizmin Tedavisi

Postmenopozal Osteoporozun Önlenmesi

Kullanım Sınırlaması

Sadece postmenopozal osteoporozun önlenmesi için reçete yazarken, tedavi sadece önemli osteoporoz riski olan kadınlar için düşünülmeli ve östrojen olmayan ilaçlar dikkatle düşünülmelidir.

Menopoz Nedeniyle Orta ila Şiddetli Vazomotor Semptomların Tedavisi

Genellikle, uterusu olan postmenopozal bir kadın için östrojen reçete edildiğinde, endometriyal kanser riskini azaltmak için bir progestin de düşünülmelidir. Rahimsiz bir kadının progestine ihtiyacı yoktur. Bununla birlikte, bazı durumlarda, endometriozis öyküsü olan histerektomize kadınların progestine ihtiyacı olabilir.

Tek başına veya bir progestin ile kombinasyon halinde östrojen kullanımı, en düşük etkili dozda ve bireysel kadın için tedavi hedefleri ve riskleriyle tutarlı en kısa süre için olmalıdır. Postmenopozal kadınlar, tedavinin hala gerekli olup olmadığını belirlemek için periyodik olarak klinik olarak uygun şekilde yeniden değerlendirilmelidir.

Menopoz Nedeniyle Orta ila Şiddetli Vazomotor Semptomların Tedavisi

Tedaviye haftada bir kez cilde uygulanan günde 0.025 mg ile başlayın. Terapi, tedavi hedefleri ile tutarlı olarak en düşük etkili dozda ve en kısa sürede başlatılmalıdır. İlacı inceltme veya bırakma girişimleri 3 ila 6 aylık aralıklarla yapılmalıdır.

Menopoz Nedeniyle Vulvar ve Vajinal Atrofinin Orta ila Şiddetli Belirtilerinin Tedavisi

Tedaviye haftada bir kez cilde uygulanan günde 0.025 mg ile başlayın. Terapi, tedavi hedefleri ile tutarlı olarak en düşük etkili dozda ve en kısa sürede başlatılmalıdır. İlacı inceltme veya bırakma girişimleri 3 ila 6 aylık aralıklarla yapılmalıdır.

Hipogonadizm, Kastrasyon veya Primer Yumurtalık Yetmezliğine Bağlı Hipoöstrojenizmin Tedavisi

Tedaviye haftada bir kez cilde uygulanan günde 0.025 mg ile başlayın. Semptomları kontrol etmek için doz gerektiği şekilde ayarlanmalıdır. En düşük etkili dozda klinik yanıtlar (semptomların hafifletilmesi), özellikle bozulmamış uterusu olan kadınlarda Oromone transdermal sisteminin uygulanmasını sağlamak için rehber olmalıdır.

Postmenopozal Osteoporozun Önlenmesi

Tedaviye haftada bir kez cilde uygulanan günde 0.025 mg ile başlayın.

Oromon Transdermal Sisteminin Uygulanması

Site Seçimi

• Oromone'un yapışkan tarafı, alt karın veya kalça üst çeyreğinin temiz, kuru bir bölgesine yerleştirilmelidir.
• Oromon göğüslere veya göğüslerin yakınına uygulanmamalıdır.
• Uygulama yerleri, aynı siteye yapılan uygulamalar arasında en az 1 haftalık bir aralıkla döndürülmelidir.
• Seçilen alan yağlı, hasarlı veya tahriş olmamalıdır. Belden kaçınılmalıdır, çünkü sıkı giysiler transdermal sistemi ovalayabilir.
• Oturmanın Oromone'u yerinden edeceği alanlara uygulamadan da kaçınılmalıdır.

Uygulama

• Oromon, keseyi açtıktan ve koruyucu astar çıkarıldıktan hemen sonra uygulanmalıdır.
• Oromon, özellikle kenarların etrafında iyi temas olduğundan emin olarak en az 10 saniye boyunca parmaklarla sıkıca yerine bastırılmalıdır.
• Sistem kalkarsa, yapışmayı sürdürmek için basınç uygulayın.
• Bir sistemin düşmesi durumunda, sistemi farklı bir yere tekrar uygulayın. Sistem yeniden uygulanamazsa, 7 günlük doz aralığının geri kalanı için yeni bir sistem uygulanmalıdır.
• 7 günlük dozlama aralığı boyunca herhangi bir zamanda yalnızca bir sistem takılmalıdır.
• Oromone kullanırken yüzme, banyo yapma veya sauna kullanma araştırılmamıştır ve bu faaliyetler sistemin yapışmasını ve estradiol dağıtımını azaltabilir.

Oromon Transdermal Sisteminin Kaldırılması

• Cildin tahriş olmasını önlemek için Oromonun çıkarılması dikkatli ve yavaş yapılmalıdır.
• Oromon sisteminin çıkarılmasından sonra cilt üzerinde herhangi bir yapıştırıcı kalırsa, alanın 15 dakika kurumasını bekleyin. Daha sonra bölgeyi yağ bazlı bir krem veya losyonla hafifçe ovalamak yapışkan kalıntıyı çıkarmalıdır.
• Kullanılmış yamalar hala bazı aktif hormonlar içerir. Her yama dikkatlice ikiye katlanmalıdır, böylece atmadan önce kendine yapışır.

Genellikle, uterusu olan postmenopozal bir kadın için östrojen reçete edildiğinde, endometriyal kanser riskini azaltmak için bir progestin de düşünülmelidir.

Rahimsiz bir kadının progestine ihtiyacı yoktur. Bununla birlikte, bazı durumlarda, endometriozis öyküsü olan histerektomize kadınların progestine ihtiyacı olabilir.

Tek başına veya bir progestin ile kombinasyon halinde östrojen kullanımı, en düşük etkili dozda ve bireysel kadın için tedavi hedefleri ve riskleriyle tutarlı en kısa süre için olmalıdır. Postmenopozal kadınlar, tedavinin hala gerekli olup olmadığını belirlemek için periyodik olarak klinik olarak uygun şekilde yeniden değerlendirilmelidir.

Menopoz Nedeniyle Orta ila Şiddetli Vazomotor Semptomların Tedavisi

Oromon, sağ veya sol üst uyluğun cildine günde bir kez uygulanmalıdır. Uygulama yüzey alanı yaklaşık 5 x 7 inç olmalıdır (yaklaşık iki avuç içi baskısının boyutu). Birim doz paketinin tüm içeriği her gün uygulanmalıdır. Potansiyel cilt tahrişini önlemek için, Oromone alternatif günlerde sağ veya sol üst uyluğa uygulanmalıdır. Oromon yüze, göğüslere veya tahriş olmuş cilde veya vajinaya veya etrafına uygulanmamalıdır. Uygulamadan sonra, jel giyinmeden önce kurumasına izin verilmelidir. Uygulama yeri Oromone uygulandıktan sonra 1 saat içinde yıkanmamalıdır. Jelin gözlerle temasından kaçınılmalıdır. Uygulamadan sonra eller yıkanmalıdır.

Genellikle kadınlar 0.25 gram dozaj gücünde başlatılmalıdır.

Oromon, aşağıdaki koşullardan herhangi birine sahip kadınlarda kontrendikedir:

• Teşhis edilmemiş anormal genital kanama
• Meme kanseri hakkında bilinen, şüphelenilen veya öyküsü
• Bilinen veya şüphelenilen östrojene bağlı neoplazi
• Aktif DVT, PE veya bu koşulların geçmişi
• Aktif arteriyel tromboembolik hastalık (örneğin, inme ve MI) veya bu koşulların geçmişi
• Oromon ile bilinen anafilaktik reaksiyon veya anjiyoödem
• Bilinen karaciğer yetmezliği veya hastalığı
• Bilinen protein C, protein S veya antitrombin eksikliği veya bilinen diğer trombofilik bozukluklar
• Bilinen veya şüphelenilen hamilelik

Oromon, aşağıdaki koşullardan herhangi birine sahip kadınlarda kullanılmamalıdır:

• Teşhis edilmemiş anormal genital kanama
• Meme kanseri hakkında bilinen, şüphelenilen veya öyküsü
• Bilinen veya şüphelenilen östrojene bağlı neoplazi
• Aktif DVT, PE veya bu koşulların geçmişi
• Aktif arteriyel tromboembolik hastalık (örneğin, inme ve MI) veya bu koşulların geçmişi
• Oromon'a bilinen anafilaktik reaksiyon veya anjiyoödem
• Bilinen karaciğer yetmezliği veya hastalığı
• Bilinen protein C, protein S veya antitrombin eksikliği veya bilinen diğer trombofilik bozukluklar
• Bilinen veya şüphelenilen hamilelik

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Cardiovascular Disorders

An increased risk of stroke and DVT has been reported with estrogen-alone therapy. An increased risk of PE, DVT, stroke and MI has been reported with estrogen plus progestin therapy. Should any of these occur or be suspected, estrogen with or without progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately.

Risk factors for arterial vascular disease (for example, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) and/or venous thromboembolism (VTE) (for example, personal history or family history of VTE, obesity, and systemic lupus erythematosus) should be managed appropriately.

Stroke

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, a statistically significant increased risk of stroke was reported in women 50 to 79 years of age receiving daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone compared to women in the same age group receiving placebo (45 versus 33 per 10,000 women-years). The increase in risk was demonstrated in year 1 and persisted. Should a stroke occur or be suspected, estrogen-alone therapy should be discontinued immediately.

Subgroup analyses of women 50 to 59 years of age suggest no increased risk of stroke for those women receiving CE (0.625 mg)-alone versus those receiving placebo (18 versus 21 per 10,000 women-years).¹

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy, a statistically significant increased risk of stroke was reported in women 50 to 79 years of age receiving daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) compared to women in the same age group receiving placebo (33 versus 25 per 10,000 women years). The increase in risk was demonstrated after the first year and persisted.¹ Should a stroke occur or be suspected, estrogen plus progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately.

Coronary Heart Disease

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, no overall effect on coronary heart disease (CHD) events (defined as nonfatal MI, silent MI, or CHD death) was reported in women receiving estrogen-alone compared to placebo².

Subgroup analyses of women 50 to 59 years of age suggest a statistically non-significant reduction in CHD events (CE [0.625 mg]-alone compared to placebo) in women with less than 10 years since menopause (8 versus 16 per 10,000 women-years).¹

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy, there was a statistically non-significant increased risk of CHD events reported in women receiving daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) compared to women receiving placebo (41 versus 34 per 10,000 women-years).¹ An increase in relative risk was demonstrated in year 1, and a trend toward decreasing relative risk was reported in years 2 through 5.

In postmenopausal women with documented heart disease (n = 2,763), average 66.7 years of age, in a controlled clinical trial of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study [HERS]), treatment with daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) demonstrated no cardiovascular benefit. During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with CE plus MPA did not reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease. There were more CHD events in the CE plus MPA-treated group than in the placebo group in year 1, but not during the subsequent years. A total of 2,321 women from the original HERS trial agreed to participate in an open label extension of HERS, HERS II. Average follow-up in HERS II was an additional 2.7 years, for a total of 6.8 years overall. Rates of CHD events were comparable among women in the CE plus MPA group and the placebo group in HERS, HERS II, and overall.

Venous Thromboembolism

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, the risk of VTE (DVT and PE) was increased for women receiving daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone compared to placebo (30 versus 22 per 10,000 women-years), although only the increased risk of DVT reached statistical significance (23 versus 15 per 10,000 women-years). The increase in VTE risk was demonstrated during the first 2 years³. Should a VTE occur or be suspected, estrogen-alone therapy should be discontinued immediately.

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy, a statistically significant 2-fold greater rate of VTE was reported in women receiving daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) compared to women receiving placebo (35 versus 17 per 10,000 women-years). Statistically significant increases in risk for both DVT (26 versus 13 per 10,000 women-years) and PE (18 versus 8 per 10,000 women-years) were also demonstrated. The increase in VTE risk was demonstrated during the first year and persisted⁴. Should a VTE occur or be suspected, estrogen plus progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately.

If feasible, estrogens should be discontinued at least 4 to 6 weeks before surgery of the type associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, or during periods of prolonged immobilization.

Malignant Neoplasms

Endometrial Cancer

An increased risk of endometrial cancer has been reported with the use of unopposed estrogen therapy in a woman with a uterus. The reported endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2 to 12 times greater than in nonusers, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on estrogen dose. Most studies show no significant increased risk associated with use of estrogens for less than 1 year. The greatest risk appears associated with prolonged use, with increased risks of 15-to 24-fold for 5 to 10 years or more. This risk has been shown to persist for at least 8 to 15 years after estrogen therapy is discontinued.

Clinical surveillance of all women using estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin therapy is important. Adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding.

There is no evidence that the use of natural estrogens results in a different endometrial risk profile than synthetic estrogens of equivalent estrogen dose. Adding a progestin to estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women has been shown to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, which may be a precursor to endometrial cancer.

Breast Cancer

The most important randomized clinical trial providing information about breast cancer in estrogen-alone users is the WHI substudy of daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone. In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, after an average follow-up of 7.1 years, daily CE-alone was not associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer [relative risk (RR) 0.80]⁵.

The most important randomized clinical trial providing information about breast cancer in estrogen plus progestin users is the WHI substudy of daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg). After a mean follow-up of 5.6 years, the estrogen plus progestin substudy reported an increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women who took daily CE plus MPA.

In this substudy, prior use of estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin therapy was reported by 26 percent of the women. The relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.24, and the absolute risk was 41 versus 33 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE plus MPA compared with placebo. Among women who reported prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.86, and the absolute risk was 46 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years for CE plus MPA compared with placebo. Among women who reported no prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.09, and the absolute risk was 40 versus 36 cases per 10,000 women-years for CE plus MPA compared with placebo. In the same substudy, invasive breast cancers were larger, were more likely to be node positive, and were diagnosed at a more advanced stage in the CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) group compared with the placebo group. Metastatic disease was rare, with no apparent difference between the two groups. Other prognostic factors, such as histologic subtype, grade and hormone receptor status did not differ between the groups⁶.

Consistent with the WHI clinical trial, observational studies have also reported an increased risk of breast cancer for estrogen plus progestin therapy, and a smaller increased risk for estrogen-alone therapy, after several years of use. The risk increased with duration of use, and appeared to return to baseline over about 5 years after stopping treatment (only the observational studies have substantial data on risk after stopping). Observational studies also suggest that the risk of breast cancer was greater, and became apparent earlier, with estrogen plus progestin therapy as compared to estrogen-alone therapy. However, these studies have not generally found significant variation in the risk of breast cancer among different estrogen plus progestin combinations, doses, or routes of administration.

The use of estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin has been reported to result in an increase in abnormal mammograms requiring further evaluation.

All women should receive yearly breast examinations by a healthcare provider and perform monthly breast self-examinations. In addition, mammography examinations should be scheduled based on patient age, risk factors, and prior mammogram results.

Ovarian Cancer

The WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy reported a statistically non-significant increased risk of ovarian cancer. After an average follow-up of 5.6 years, the relative risk for ovarian cancer for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 1.58 (95 percent CI, 0.77-3.24). The absolute risk for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 4 versus 3 cases per 10,000 women-years.⁷ A meta-analysis of 17 prospective and 35 retrospective epidemiology studies found that women who used hormonal therapy for menopausal symptoms had an increased risk for ovarian cancer. The primary analysis, using case-control comparisons, included 12,110 cancer cases from the 17 prospective studies. The relative risks associated with current use of hormonal therapy was 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32 to 1.50); there was no difference in the risk estimates by duration of the exposure (less than 5 years [median of 3 years]vs. greater than 5 years [median of 10 years] of use before the cancer diagnosis). The relative risk associated with combined current and recent use (discontinued use within 5 years before cancer diagnosis) was 1.37 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.48), and the elevated risk was significant for both estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin products. The exact duration of hormone therapy use associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, however, is unknown.

Probable Dementia

In the WHIMS estrogen-alone ancillary study of WHI, a population of 2,947 hysterectomized women 65 to 79 years of age was randomized to daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone or placebo.

After an average follow-up of 5.2 years, 28 women in the estrogen-alone group and 19 women in the placebo group were diagnosed with probable dementia. The relative risk of probable dementia for CE-alone versus placebo was 1.49 (95 percent CI, 0.83-2.66). The absolute risk of probable dementia for CE-alone versus placebo was 37 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years⁸.

In the WHIMS estrogen plus progestin ancillary study, a population of 4,532 postmenopausal women 65 to 79 years of age was randomized to daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) or placebo. After an average follow-up of 4 years, 40 women in the CE plus MPA group and 21 women in the placebo group were diagnosed with probable dementia. The relative risk of probable dementia for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 2.05 (95 percent CI, 1.21-3.48). The absolute risk of probable dementia for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 45 versus 22 cases per 10,000 women-years⁸.

When data from the two populations in the WHIMS estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin ancillary studies were pooled as planned in the WHIMS protocol, the reported overall relative risk for probable dementia was 1.76 (95 percent CI, 1.19-2.60). Since both ancillary studies were conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women⁸.

Gallbladder Disease

A 2-to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens has been reported.

Hypercalcemia

Estrogen administration may lead to severe hypercalcemia in women with breast cancer and bone metastases. If hypercalcemia occurs, use of the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum calcium level.

Visual Abnormalities

Retinal vascular thrombosis has been reported in women receiving estrogens. Discontinue medication pending examination if there is sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia, or migraine. If examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions, estrogens should be permanently discontinued.

Addition Of A Progestin When A Woman Has Not Had A Hysterectomy

Studies of the addition of a progestin for 10 or more days of a cycle of estrogen administration, or daily with estrogen in a continuous regimen, have reported a lowered incidence of endometrial hyperplasia than would be induced by estrogen treatment alone. Endometrial hyperplasia may be a precursor to endometrial cancer.

There are, however, possible risks that may be associated with the use of progestins with estrogens compared to estrogen-alone regimens. These include an increased risk of breast cancer.

Elevated Blood Pressure

In a small number of case reports, substantial increases in blood pressure have been attributed to idiosyncratic reactions to estrogens. In a large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, a generalized effect of estrogens on blood pressure was not seen.

Hypertriglyceridemia

In women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia, estrogen therapy may be associated with elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis. Consider discontinuation of treatment if pancreatitis occurs.

Hepatic Impairment And/Or Past History Of Cholestatic Jaundice

Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in women with impaired liver function. For women with a history of cholestatic jaundice associated with past estrogen use or with pregnancy, caution should be exercised, and in the case of recurrence, medication should be discontinued.

Hypothyroidism

Estrogen administration leads to increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) levels. Women with normal thyroid function can compensate for the increased TBG by making more thyroid hormone, thus maintaining free T4 and T3 serum concentrations in the normal range. Women dependent on thyroid hormone replacement therapy who are also receiving estrogens may require increased doses of their thyroid replacement therapy. These women should have their thyroid function monitored in order to maintain their free thyroid hormone levels in an acceptable range.

Fluid Retention

Estrogens may cause some degree of fluid retention. Women with conditions that might be influenced by this factor, such as a cardiac or renal impairment, warrant careful observation when estrogen-alone is prescribed.

Hypocalcemia

Estrogen therapy should be used with caution in women with hypoparathyroidism as estrogen-induced hypocalcemia may occur.

Exacerbation Of Endometriosis

A few cases of malignant transformation of residual endometrial implants have been reported in women treated post-hysterectomy with estrogen-alone therapy. For women known to have residual endometriosis post-hysterectomy, the addition of progestin should be considered.

Hereditary Angioedema

Exogenous estrogens may exacerbate symptoms of angioedema in women with hereditary angioedema.

Exacerbation Of Other Conditions

Estrogen therapy may cause an exacerbation of asthma, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, migraine, porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic hemangiomas and should be used with caution in women with these conditions.

Laboratory Tests

Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels have not been shown to be useful in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and moderate to severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy.

Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions

Accelerated prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and platelet aggregation time; increased platelet count; increased factors II, VII antigen, VIII antigen, VIII coagulant activity, IX, X, XII, VII-X complex, II-VII-X complex, and beta-thromboglobulin; decreased levels of antifactor Xa and antithrombin III, decreased antithrombin III activity; increased levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen activity; increased plasminogen antigen and activity.

Increased TBG levels leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T4 levels (by column or by radioimmunoassay) or T3 levels by radioimmunoassay. T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered. Women on thyroid replacement therapy may require higher doses of thyroid hormone.

Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, for example, corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), leading to increased total circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free hormone concentrations, such as testosterone and estradiol, may be decreased. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-l-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin).

Increased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL₂ cholesterol subfraction concentrations, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration, and increased triglyceride levels.

Impaired glucose tolerance.

Patient Counseling Information

See FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION and Instructions for Use)

Vaginal Bleeding

Inform postmenopausal women of the importance of reporting vaginal bleeding to their healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Possible Serious Adverse Reactions With Estrogen-Alone Therapy

Inform postmenopausal women of possible serious adverse reactions of estrogen-alone therapy including cardiovascular disorders, malignant neoplasms, and probable dementia.

Possible Less Serious But Common Adverse Reactions With Estrogen-Alone Therapy

Inform postmenopausal women of possible less serious but common adverse reactions of estrogen-alone therapy such as headache, breast pain and tenderness, nausea and vomiting.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Long-term continuous administration of natural and synthetic estrogens in certain animal species increases the frequency of carcinomas of the breast, uterus, cervix, vagina, testis, and liver.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Oromone should not be used during pregnancy. There appears to be little or no increased risk of birth defects in children born to women who have used estrogens and progestins as oral contraceptives inadvertently during early pregnancy.

Nursing Mothers

Oromone should not be used during lactation. Estrogen administration to nursing women has been shown to decrease the quantity and quality of the breast milk. Detectable amounts of estrogens have been identified in the breast milk of women receiving estrogen therapy. Caution should be exercised when the Oromone transdermal system is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Oromone is not indicated in children. Clinical studies have not been conducted in the pediatric population.

Geriatric Use

There have not been sufficient numbers of geriatric women involved in clinical studies utilizing Oromone to determine whether those over 65 years of age differ from younger subjects in their response to Oromone.

The Women’s Health Initiative Studies

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy (daily CE [0.625 mg]-alone versus placebo), there was a higher relative risk of stroke in women greater than 65 years of age.

The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study

In the WHIMS ancillary studies of postmenopausal women 65 to 79 years of age, there was an increased risk of developing probable dementia in women receiving estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin when compared to placebo.

Since both ancillary studies were conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women⁸.

Renal Impairment

In postmenopausal women with end stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving maintenance hemodialysis, total estradiol serum levels are higher than in normal subjects at baseline and following oral doses of estradiol. Therefore, conventional transdermal estradiol doses used in individuals with normal renal function may be excessive for postmenopausal women with ESRD receiving maintenance hemodialysis.

Hepatic Impairment

Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in patients with impaired liver function and should be administered with caution.

REFERENCES

1. Rossouw JE, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Age and Years Since Menopause. JAMA. 2007;297:1465-1477.

2. Hsia J, et al. Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Int Med. 2006;166:357-365.

3. Curb JD, et al. Venous Thrombosis and Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Women Without a Uterus. Arch Int Med. 2006;166:772-780.

4. Cushman M, et al. Estrogen Plus Progestin and Risk of Venous Thrombosis. JAMA. 2004;292:1573-1580.

5. Stefanick ML, et al. Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006;295:1647-1657.

6. Chlebowski RT, et al. Influence of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Breast Cancer and Mammography in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. JAMA. 2003;289:3234-3253.

7. Anderson GL, et al. Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Gynecologic Cancers and Associated Diagnostic Procedures. JAMA. 2003;290:1739-1748.

8. Shumaker SA, et al. Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Incidence of Probable Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women. JAMA. 2004;291:2947-2958.

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Cardiovascular Disorders

An increased risk of stroke and DVT has been reported with estrogen-alone therapy. An increased risk of PE, DVT, stroke and MI has been reported with estrogen plus progestin therapy.

Should any of these occur or be suspected, estrogen with or without progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately.

Risk factors for arterial vascular disease (for example, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity) and/or venous thromboembolism (VTE) (for example, personal history or family history of VTE, obesity, and systemic lupus erythematosus) should be managed appropriately.

Stroke

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, a statistically significant increased risk of stroke was reported in women 50 to 79 years of age receiving daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone compared to women in the same age group receiving placebo (45 versus 33 per 10,000 women-years). The increase in risk was demonstrated in year 1 and persisted. Should a stroke occur or be suspected, estrogen-alone therapy should be discontinued immediately.

Subgroup analyses of women 50 to 59 years of age suggest no increased risk of stroke for those women receiving CE (0.625 mg)alone versus those receiving placebo (18 versus 21 per 10,000 women-years).¹

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy, a statistically significant increased risk of stroke was reported in women 50 to 79 years of age receiving daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) compared to women in the same age group receiving placebo (33 versus 25 per 10,000 women-years). The increase in risk was demonstrated after the first year and persisted.¹ Should a stroke occur or be suspected, estrogen plus progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately.

Coronary Heart Disease

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, no overall effect on coronary heart disease (CHD) events (defined as nonfatal MI, silent MI, or CHD death) was reported in women receiving estrogen-alone compared to placebo².

Subgroup analyses of women 50 to 59 years of age suggest a statistically non-significant reduction in CHD events (CE [0.625 mg] alone compared to placebo) in women with less than 10 years since menopause (8 versus 16 per 10,000 women-years).¹

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy, there was a statistically non-significant increased risk of CHD events reported in women receiving daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) compared to women receiving placebo (41 versus 34 per 10,000 women-years).¹ An increase in relative risk was demonstrated in year 1, and a trend toward decreasing relative risk was reported in years 2 through 5.

In postmenopausal women with documented heart disease (n=2,763, average 66.7 years of age), in a controlled clinical trial of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study [HERS]), treatment with daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) demonstrated no cardiovascular benefit. During an average follow-up of 4.1 years, treatment with CE plus MPA did not reduce the overall rate of CHD events in postmenopausal women with established coronary heart disease. There were more CHD events in the CE plus MPA-treated group than in the placebo group in year 1, but not during the subsequent years. Two thousand, three hundred and twenty-one (2,321) women from the original HERS trial agreed to participate in an open label extension of HERS, HERS II. Average follow-up in HERS II was an additional 2.7 years, for a total of 6.8 years overall. Rates of CHD events were comparable among women in the CE plus MPA group and the placebo group in HERS, HERS II, and overall.

Venous Thromboembolism

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, the risk of VTE (DVT and PE) was increased for women receiving daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone compared to placebo (30 versus 22 per 10,000 women-years), although only the increased risk of DVT reached statistical significance (23 versus 15 per 10,000 women-years). The increase in VTE risk was demonstrated during the first 2 years³. Should a VTE occur or be suspected, estrogen-alone therapy should be discontinued immediately.

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy, a statistically significant 2-fold greater rate of VTE was reported in women receiving daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) compared to women receiving placebo (35 versus 17 per 10,000 women-years). Statistically significant increases in risk for both DVT (26 versus 13 per 10,000 women-years) and PE (18 versus 8 per 10,000 women-years) were also demonstrated. The increase in VTE risk was demonstrated during the first year and persisted⁴. Should a VTE occur or be suspected, estrogen plus progestin therapy should be discontinued immediately.

If feasible, estrogens should be discontinued at least 4 to 6 weeks before surgery of the type associated with an increased risk of thromboembolism, or during periods of prolonged immobilization.

Malignant Neoplasms

Endometrial Cancer

An increased risk of endometrial cancer has been reported with the use of unopposed estrogen therapy in a woman with a uterus. The reported endometrial cancer risk among unopposed estrogen users is about 2 to 12 times greater than in non-users, and appears dependent on duration of treatment and on estrogen dose. Most studies show no significant increased risk associated with use of estrogens for less than 1 year. The greatest risk appears associated with prolonged use, with increased risk of 15-to 24-fold for 5 to 10 years or more and this risk has been shown to persist for at least 8 to 15 years after estrogen therapy is discontinued.

Clinical surveillance of all women using estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin therapy is important. Adequate diagnostic measures, including directed or random endometrial sampling when indicated, should be undertaken to rule out malignancy in postmenopausal women with undiagnosed persistent or recurring abnormal genital bleeding. There is no evidence that the use of natural estrogens results in a different endometrial risk profile than synthetic estrogens of equivalent estrogen dose. Adding a progestin to postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, which may be a precursor to endometrial cancer.

Breast Cancer

The most important randomized clinical trial providing information about breast cancer in estrogen-alone users is the WHI substudy of daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone. In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy, after an average follow-up of 7.1 years, daily CE-alone was not associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer [relative risk (RR) 0.80]⁵.

The most important randomized clinical trial providing information about breast cancer in estrogen plus progestin users is the WHI substudy of daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg). After a mean follow-up of 5.6 years, the estrogen plus progestin substudy reported an increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women who took daily CE plus MPA. In this substudy, prior use of estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin therapy was reported by 26 percent of the women. The relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.24, and the absolute risk was 41 versus 33 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE plus MPA compared with placebo. Among women who reported prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.86, and the absolute risk was 46 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years, for CE plus MPA compared with placebo. Among women who reported no prior use of hormone therapy, the relative risk of invasive breast cancer was 1.09, and the absolute risk was 40 versus 36 cases per 10,000 women-years for CE plus MPA compared with placebo. In the same substudy, invasive breast cancers were larger, were more likely to be node positive, and were diagnosed at a more advanced stage in the CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) group compared with the placebo group. Metastatic disease was rare, with no apparent difference between the two groups. Other prognostic factors such as histologic subtype, grade and hormone receptor status did not differ between the groups⁶.

Consistent with the WHI clinical trial, observational studies have also reported an increased risk of breast cancer for estrogen plus progestin therapy, and a smaller increased risk for estrogen-alone therapy, after several years of use. The risk increased with duration of use, and appeared to return to baseline over about 5 years after stopping treatment (only the observational studies have substantial data on risk after stopping). Observational studies also suggest that the risk of breast cancer was greater, and became apparent earlier, with estrogen plus progestin therapy as compared to estrogen-alone therapy. However, these studies have not generally found significant variation in the risk of breast cancer among different estrogen plus progestin combinations, doses, or routes of administration.

The use of estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin has been reported to result in an increase in abnormal mammograms requiring further evaluation.

All women should receive yearly breast examinations by a healthcare provider and perform monthly breast self-examinations. In addition, mammography examinations should be scheduled based on patient age, risk factors, and prior mammogram results.

Ovarian Cancer

The WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy reported a statistically non-significant increased risk of ovarian cancer. After an average follow-up of 5.6 years, the relative risk for ovarian cancer for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 1.58 [95 percent CI, 0.77–3.24]. The absolute risk for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 4 versus 3 cases per 10,000 women-years.⁷

A meta-analysis of 17 prospective and 35 retrospective epidemiology studies found that women who used hormonal therapy for menopausal symptoms had an increased risk for ovarian cancer. The primary analysis, using case-control comparisons, included 12,110 cancer cases from the 17 prospective studies. The relative risks associated with current use of hormonal therapy was 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32 to 1.50); there was no difference in the risk estimates by duration of the exposure (less than 5 years [median of 3 years] vs. greater than 5 years [median of 10 years] of use before the cancer diagnosis). The relative risk associated with combined current and recent use (discontinued use within 5 years before cancer diagnosis) was 1.37 (95% CI 1.271.48), and the elevated risk was significant for both estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin products. The exact duration of hormone therapy use associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, however, is unknown.

Probable Dementia

In the WHIMS estrogen-alone ancillary study of WHI, a population of 2,947 hysterectomized women 65 to 79 years of age was randomized to daily CE (0.625 mg)-alone or placebo.

After an average follow-up of 5.2 years, 28 women in the estrogen-alone group and 19 women in the placebo group were diagnosed with probable dementia. The relative risk of probable dementia for CE-alone versus placebo was 1.49 (95 percent CI, 0.83–2.66). The absolute risk of probable dementia for CE-alone versus placebo was 37 versus 25 cases per 10,000 women-years⁸.

In the WHIMS estrogen plus progestin ancillary study, a population of 4,532 postmenopausal women 65 to 79 years of age was randomized to daily CE (0.625 mg) plus MPA (2.5 mg) or placebo. After an average follow-up of 4 years, 40 women in the CE plus MPA group and 21 women in the placebo group were diagnosed with probable dementia. The relative risk of probable dementia for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 2.05 (95 percent CI, 1.21–3.48). The absolute risk of probable dementia for CE plus MPA versus placebo was 45 versus 22 cases per 10,000 women-years⁸.

When data from the two populations in the WHIMS estrogen-alone and estrogen plus progestin ancillary studies were pooled as planned in the WHIMS protocol, the reported overall relative risk for probable dementia was 1.76 (95 percent CI, 1.19–2.60). Since both ancillary studies were conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women⁸.

Gallbladder Disease

A 2-to 4-fold increase in the risk of gallbladder disease requiring surgery in postmenopausal women receiving estrogens has been reported.

Hypercalcemia

Estrogen administration may lead to severe hypercalcemia in women with breast cancer and bone metastases. If hypercalcemia occurs, use of the drug should be stopped and appropriate measures taken to reduce the serum calcium level.

Visual Abnormalities

Retinal vascular thrombosis has been reported in patients receiving estrogens. Discontinue medication pending examination if there is sudden partial or complete loss of vision, or a sudden onset of proptosis, diplopia, or migraine. If examination reveals papilledema or retinal vascular lesions, estrogens should be permanently discontinued.

Addition Of A Progestin When A Woman Has Not Had A Hysterectomy

Studies of the addition of a progestin for 10 or more days of a cycle of estrogen administration, or daily with estrogen in a continuous regimen, have reported a lowered incidence of endometrial hyperplasia than would be induced by estrogen treatment alone. Endometrial hyperplasia may be a precursor to endometrial cancer.

There are, however, possible risks that may be associated with the use of progestins with estrogens compared to estrogen-alone regimens. These include an increased risk of breast cancer.

Elevated Blood Pressure

In a small number of case reports, substantial increases in blood pressure have been attributed to idiosyncratic reactions to estrogens. In a large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, a generalized effect of estrogens on blood pressure was not seen.

Hypertriglyceridemia

In women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia, estrogen therapy may be associated with elevations of plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis. Consider discontinuation of treatment if pancreatitis occurs.

Hepatic Impairment And/Or Past History Of Cholestatic Jaundice

Estrogens may be poorly metabolized in patients with impaired liver function. For women with a history of cholestatic jaundice associated with past estrogen use or with pregnancy, caution should be exercised, and in the case of recurrence, medication should be discontinued.

Hypothyroidism

Estrogen administration leads to increased thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) levels. Women with normal thyroid function can compensate for the increased TBG bymaking more thyroid hormone, thus maintaining free T4 and T3 serum concentrations in the normal range. Women dependent on thyroid hormone replacement therapy who are also receiving estrogens may require increased doses of their thyroid replacement therapy. These women should have their thyroid function monitored to maintain their free thyroid hormone levels in an acceptable range.

Fluid Retention

Estrogens may cause some degree of fluid retention. Women with conditions that might be influenced by this factor, such as a cardiac or renal impairment, warrant careful observation when estrogen-alone is prescribed.

Hypocalcemia

Estrogen therapy should be used with caution in women with hypoparathyroidism as estrogen-induced hypocalcemia may occur.

Exacerbation Of Endometriosis

A few cases of malignant transformation of residual endometrial implants have been reported in women treated post-hysterectomy with estrogen-alone therapy. For women known to have residual endometriosis post-hysterectomy, the addition of progestin should be considered.

Hereditary Angioedema

Exogenous estrogens may exacerbate symptoms of angioedema in women with hereditary angioedema.

Exacerbation Of Other Conditions

Estrogen therapy may cause an exacerbation of asthma, diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, migraine, porphyria, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic hemangiomas and should be used with caution in women with these conditions.

Photosensitivity/Photoallergy

The effects of direct sun exposure to Oromone application sites have not been evaluated in clinical trials.

Application Of Sunscreen And Topical Solutions

Studies conducted using other approved topical estrogen gel products have shown that sunscreens have the potential for changing the systemic exposure of topically applied estrogen gels.

The effect of sunscreens and other topical lotions on the systemic exposure of Oromone has not been evaluated in clinical trials.

Flammability Of Alcohol-Based Gels

Alcohol based gels are flammable. Avoid fire, flame, or smoking until the gel has dried. Occlusion of the area where the topical drug product is applied with clothing or other barriers is not recommended until the gel is completely dried.

Potential For Estradiol Transfer And Effects Of Washing

There is a potential for drug transfer from one individual to the other following physical contact of Oromone application sites. In a study to evaluate transferability to males from their female contacts, there was some elevation of estradiol levels over baseline in the male subjects; however, the degree of transferability in this study was inconclusive. Patients are advised to avoid skin contact with other subjects until the gel is completely dried. The site of application should be covered (clothed) after drying.

Washing the application site with soap and water 1 hour after application resulted in a 30 to 38 percent decrease in the mean total 24-hour exposure to estradiol. Therefore, patients should refrain from washing the application site for at least one hour after application.

Laboratory Tests

Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels have not been shown to be useful in the management of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms.

Drug -Laboratory Test Interactions

Increased thyroid binding globulin (TBG) levels leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone levels, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI),T4 levels (by column or by radioimmunoassay) or T3 levels by radioimmunoassay. T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered. Women on thyroid replacement therapy may require higher doses of thyroid hormone.

Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, for example, corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), leading to increased total circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free hormone concentrations, such as testosterone and estradiol, may be decreased. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-lantitrypsin, ceruloplasmin).

Increased plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and HDL2 cholesterol subfraction concentrations, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration, increased triglyceride levels.

Impaired glucose tolerance.

Patient Counseling Information

See FDA-Approved Patient Labeling.

Vaginal Bleeding

Inform postmenopausal women of the importance of reporting vaginal bleeding to their healthcare provider as soon as possible.

Possible Serious Adverse Reactions With Estrogen-Alone Therapy

Inform postmenopausal women of possible serious adverse reactions of estrogen-alone therapy including Cardiovascular Disorders, Malignant Neoplasms, and Probable Dementia.

Possible Less Serious But More Common Adverse Reactions With Estrogen-Alone Therapy

Inform postmenopausal women of possible less serious but common adverse reactions of estrogen-alone therapy such as headaches, breast pain and tenderness, nausea and vomiting.

Instructions For Use

• Oromone should be applied once a day, around the same time each day
• Apply Oromone to clean, dry, and unbroken (without cuts or scrapes) skin. If you take a bath or shower, be sure to apply your Oromone after your skin is dry. The application site should be completely dry before dressing or swimming
• Apply Oromone to either your left or right upper thigh. Change between your left and right upper thigh each day to help prevent skin irritation

TO APPLY:

Step 1: Wash and dry your hands thoroughly.

Step 2: Sit in a comfortable position.

Step 3: Cut or tear the Oromone packet as shown in Figure A.

Figure A

Step 4: Using your thumb and index finger, squeeze the entire contents of the packet onto the skin of the upper thigh as shown in Figure B.

Figure B

Step 5: Gently spread the gel in a thin layer on your upper thigh over an area of about 5 by 7 inches, or two palm prints as shown in Figure C. It is not necessary to massage or rub in Oromone.

Figure C

Step 6: Allow the gel to dry completely before dressing.

Step 7: Dispose of the empty Oromone packet in the trash.

Step 8: Wash your hands with soap and water immediately after applying Oromone to remove any remaining gel and reduce the chance of transferring Oromone to other people.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Long-term continuous administration of natural and synthetic estrogens in certain animal species increases the frequency of carcinomas of the breast, uterus, cervix, vagina, testis and liver.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Oromone should not be used during pregnancy. There appears to be little or no increased risk of birth defects in children born to women who have used estrogens and progestins as an oral contraceptive inadvertently during early pregnancy.

Nursing Mothers

Oromone should not be used during lactation. Estrogen administration to nursing women has been shown to decrease the quantity and quality of the breast milk. Detectable amounts of estrogens have been identified in the breast milk of women receiving estrogen therapy. Caution should be exercised when Oromone is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Oromone is not indicated in children. Clinical studies have not been conducted in the pediatric population.

Geriatric Use

There have not been sufficient numbers of geriatric women involved in studies utilizing Oromone to determine whether those over 65 years of age differ from younger subjects in their response to Oromone.

The Women's Health Initiative Studies

In the WHI estrogen-alone substudy (daily CE [0.625 mg]-alone versus placebo), there was a higher relative risk of stroke in women greater than 65 years of age.

In the WHI estrogen plus progestin substudy (daily CE [0.625 mg] plus MPA [2.5 mg] versus placebo), there was a higher relative risk of nonfatal stroke and invasive breast cancer in women greater than 65 years of age.

The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study

In the WHIMS ancillary studies of postmenopausal women 65 to 79 years of age, there was an increased risk of developing probable dementia in women receiving estrogen-alone or estrogen plus progestin when compared to placebo.

Since both ancillary studies were conducted in women 65 to 79 years of age, it is unknown whether these findings apply to younger postmenopausal women⁸.

Renal Impairment

The effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of Oromone has not been studied.

Hepatic Impairment

The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of Oromone has not been studied.

REFERENCES

1. Rossouw JE, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease by Age and Years Since Menopause. JAMA.2007;297:1465–1477.

2. Hsia J, et al. Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Coronary Heart Disease. Arch Int Med. 2006;166:357–365.

3. Curb JD, et al. Venous Thrombosis and Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Women Without a Uterus.Arch Int Med. 2006;166:772–780.

4. Cushman M, et al. Estrogen Plus Progestin and Risk of Venous Thrombosis. JAMA. 2004;292:1573–1580.

5. Stefanick ML, et al. Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogens on Breast Cancer and Mammography Screening in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006;295:1647–1657.

6. Chlebowski RT, et al. Influence of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Breast Cancer and Mammography in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. JAMA. 2003;289:3234–3253.

7. Anderson GL, et al. Effects of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Gynecologic Cancers and Associated Diagnostic Procedures. JAMA. 2003;290:1739–1748.

8. Shumaker SA, et al. Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Incidence of Probable Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women. JAMA. 2004;291:2947–2958.

Aşağıdaki ciddi advers reaksiyonlar etiketlemenin başka bir yerinde tartışılmaktadır:

• Kardiyovasküler Bozukluklar
• Malign Neoplazmlar

Klinik Araştırmalar Deneyimi

Klinik araştırmalar çok çeşitli koşullar altında yapıldığından, bir ilacın klinik çalışmalarında gözlenen advers reaksiyon oranları, başka bir ilacın klinik çalışmalarındaki oranlarla doğrudan karşılaştırılamaz ve uygulamada gözlemlenen oranları yansıtmayabilir.

Aşağıda açıklanan veriler, Oromone'un 5 klinik çalışmasından toplanan verileri yansıtmaktadır. Toplam 614 kadın, plaseboya karşı randomize, çift kör klinik çalışmalarda 3 ay boyunca Oromone'a (günde 0.025 mg'da 193 kadın, günde 0.05 mg'da 201 kadın, günde 0.1 mg'da 194 kadın) maruz bırakıldı. ve aktif karşılaştırıcıya karşı. Tüm kadınlar postmenopozaldi, serum estradiol seviyesi 20 pg / mL'den az ve haftada en az beş orta ila şiddetli sıcak basması veya başlangıçta herhangi bir şiddette haftada en az 15 sıcak basması vardı. Bu tabloya, 6 ila 24 ay boyunca günde 0.025 mg Oromone maruz kalan 25 postmenopozal histerektomize kadın (24 ayda N = 16), oromonun önlenmesi için randomize, çift kör, plasebo kontrollü bir çalışma dahil edilmiştir. osteoporoz.

Tablo 1: Oromon Alan Kadınlarda ≥ Yüzde 5 ve Daha Sık Sık Bildirilen Tedaviye Bağlı Olumsuz Reaksiyonlar

Pazarlama Sonrası Deneyim

Oromone transdermal sisteminin onay sonrası kullanımı sırasında aşağıdaki advers reaksiyonlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu reaksiyonlar, belirsiz büyüklükteki bir popülasyondan gönüllü olarak bildirildiğinden, sıklıklarını güvenilir bir şekilde tahmin etmek veya ilaca maruz kalma ile nedensel bir ilişki kurmak her zaman mümkün değildir.

Genitoüriner Sistem

Kanama paternindeki değişiklikler, pelvik ağrı

Meme

Meme kanseri, meme ağrısı, meme hassasiyeti

Kardiyovasküler

Kan basıncındaki değişiklikler, çarpıntı, sıcak basması

Gastrointestinal

Kusma, karın ağrısı, karın şişliği, bulantı

Cilt

Alopesi, hiperhidroz, gece terlemeleri, ürtiker, döküntü

Gözler

Görme bozuklukları, kontakt lens intoleransı,

Merkezi Sinir Sistemi

Depresyon, migren, parestezi, baş dönmesi, anksiyete, sinirlilik, ruh hali değişimleri, sinirlilik, uykusuzluk, baş ağrısı

Çeşitli

Yorgunluk, menopoz semptomları, kilo artışı, uygulama bölgesi reaksiyonu, anafilaktik reaksiyonlar

Aşağıdaki ciddi advers reaksiyonlar etiketlemenin başka bir yerinde tartışılmaktadır:

• Kardiyovasküler Bozukluklar.
• Malign Neoplazmlar.

Klinik Araştırmalar Deneyimi

Klinik araştırmalar çok çeşitli koşullar altında yapıldığından, bir ilacın klinik çalışmalarında gözlenen advers reaksiyon oranları, başka bir ilacın klinik çalışmalarındaki oranlarla doğrudan karşılaştırılamaz ve uygulamada gözlemlenen oranları yansıtmayabilir.

Oromon, toplam 495 postmenopozal kadını (yüzde 86.5 Kafkas) içeren 12 haftalık, çift kör, plasebo kontrollü bir çalışmada günde 0.25, 0.5 ve 1.0 gramlık dozlarda incelenmiştir. Herhangi bir tedavi grubunda yüzde 5'in üzerinde bir oranda meydana gelen advers olaylar Tablo 1'de özetlenmiştir.

Tablo 1: 12 Haftalık Plasebo Kontrollü Oromon Çalışmasında Yaygın Yan Etkileri Olan Konuların Nuber (%)

12 haftalık plasebo kontrollü bir Oromone çalışmasında, deneklerin <yüzde 1'inde uygulama bölgesi reaksiyonları görülmüştür.

Pazarlama Sonrası Deneyim

Oromone'un onay sonrası kullanımı sırasında aşağıdaki advers reaksiyonlar tespit edilmiştir. Bu reaksiyonlar, belirsiz büyüklükteki bir popülasyondan gönüllü olarak bildirildiğinden, sıklıklarını güvenilir bir şekilde tahmin etmek veya ilaca maruz kalma ile nedensel bir ilişki kurmak her zaman mümkün değildir.

Genitoüriner Sistem

Amenore, dismenore, yumurtalık kisti, vajinal akıntı

Göğüsler

Jinekomasti

Kardiyovasküler

Çarpıntı, ventriküler ekstrasistoller

Gastrointestinal

Şişkinlik

Cilt

Kaşıntı döküntüsü, ürtiker

Gözler

Retinal ven oklüzyonu

Merkezi Sinir Sistemi

Titreme

Çeşitli

Artralji, uygulama bölgesi döküntüsü, asteni, göğüs rahatsızlığı, yorgunluk, anormal hissetme, kalp atış hızı arttı, uykusuzluk, halsizlik, kas spazmları, ekstremitede ağrı, kilo arttı

Diğer hormon tedavisi formları alan hastalarda pazarlama sonrası ek advers reaksiyonlar bildirilmiştir.

Östrojenin aşırı dozlanması bulantı, kusma, meme hassasiyeti, karın ağrısı, uyuşukluk ve yorgunluk ve kadınlarda kanama çekilmesine neden olabilir. Doz aşımı tedavisi, uygun semptomatik bakım kurumu ile Oromon tedavisinin kesilmesinden oluşur.

Östrojenin aşırı dozlanması bulantı ve kusmaya, meme hassasiyetine, karın ağrısına, uyuşukluğa ve yorgunluğa neden olabilir ve kadınlarda geri çekilme kanaması oluşabilir. Doz aşımı tedavisi, uygun semptomatik bakım kurumu ile Oromon tedavisinin kesilmesinden oluşur.

Oromone için farmakodinamik veri yoktur.

Şu anda, Oromone için bilinen farmakodinamik veri yoktur.

Emilim

Oromonun transdermal uygulaması, yumurtlama döngüsünün erken foliküler fazında premenopozal kadınlar tarafından üretilenlerle karşılaştırılabilir ortalama serum estradiol konsantrasyonları üretir. Oromone transdermal sisteminin uygulanmasını takiben estradiolün farmakokinetiği, altı çalışmada 197 sağlıklı postmenopozal kadında araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaların beşinde, Oromone transdermal sistemi karına uygulandı ve altıncı bir çalışmada kalça ve karına uygulama karşılaştırıldı.

Oromone transdermal iletim sistemi, 7 günlük bir tedavi süresi boyunca sürekli dolaşımdaki estradiol seviyelerine yol açan bozulmamış cilt boyunca taşınan estradiolü sürekli olarak serbest bırakır. Transdermal uygulamadan sonra estradiolün sistemik mevcudiyeti, oral uygulamadan sonra yaklaşık 20 kat daha yüksektir. Bu fark, östradiol transdermal yolla verildiğinde ilk geçiş metabolizmasının olmamasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Biyoyararlanım çalışmasında, Oromone 6.5 cm², referans olarak Oromone 12.5 cm² ile incelenmiştir. İki boyuttan serumdaki ortalama estradiol seviyeleri Şekil 1'de gösterilmektedir.

Şekil 1: 6,5 cm² Transdermal Sistemin Uygulanması ve 12,5 cm² Oromon Transdermal Sistemin Uygulanmasının ardından Zaman Profiline Karşı Ortalama Serum 17β-Estradiol Konsantrasyonları

Menopoz sonrası 24 kadında iki transdermal sistem arasında 1 haftalık bir yıkama süresi olan 2 haftalık bir geçiş çalışmasında Oromone 6.5 cm² transdermal sistem için Oromone 12.5 cm² transdermal sistem ile karşılaştırıldığında doz orantılılığı gösterilmiştir.

Menopoz sonrası 54 kadında yapılan 1 haftalık bir çalışmada Oromone transdermal sistemi (12.5 cm² ve 25 cm²) için doz orantılılığı da gösterilmiştir. Karına 25 cm² ve 12.5 cm² Oromone uygulaması sırasında östradiolün ortalama kararlı durum seviyeleri (Cavg) sırasıyla yaklaşık 80 ve 40 pg / mL idi.

Menopoz sonrası 24 kadında yapılan 3 haftalık çoklu uygulama çalışmasında, 25 cm² Oromone transdermal sistemi ortalama pik estradiol konsantrasyonları üretti (Cmax) yaklaşık 100 pg / mL. Her aşınma aralığının sonunda oluk değerleri (Cmin) yaklaşık 35 pg / mL idi. Her hafta neredeyse aynı serum eğrileri görülmüştür, vücutta östradiol birikiminin çok az olduğunu veya hiç olmadığını gösterir. Serum estron zirvesi ve oluk seviyeleri sırasıyla 60 ve 40 pg / mL idi.

Uygulama alanının etkisini karşılaştırmak için yapılan randomize, çapraz çalışma, tek bir dozda, menopoz sonrası 38 kadın, karın ve kalçalarda 1 hafta boyunca tek bir Oromone 25 cm² transdermal sistem giydi. Estradiol serum konsantrasyon profilleri Şekil 2'de gösterilmektedir. Cmax ve Cavg değerleri, kalça uygulaması ile karın uygulamasına göre sırasıyla yüzde 25 ve yüzde 17 daha yüksekti.

Şekil 2: Oromon Transdermal Sisteminin (25 cm²) 38 Postmenopozal Kadının Karın ve Kalçalarına Bir Haftalık Uygulanması İçin Gözlemlenen Ortalama (± SE) Estradiol Serum Konsantrasyonları

Tablo 2, Oromon transdermal sisteminin değerlendirilmesi sırasında belirlenen estradiol farmakokinetik parametrelerinin bir özetini sunmaktadır.

Tablo 2: Farmakokinetik Özet (Ortalama Estradiol Değerleri)

Karına uygulandıktan sonra her farmakokinetik parametrenin göreceli standart sapması ortalama yüzde 50 idi, bu da transdermal ilaç dağıtımı ile ilişkili önemli denekler arası değişkenliği gösterir. Kalçaya uygulandıktan sonra her farmakokinetik parametrenin göreceli standart sapması, karına uygulandıktan sonra daha düşüktü (örneğin, yüzde 62'ye karşı Cmax 39 ve yüzde 48'e karşı Cavg yüzde 35 için).

Dağıtım

Ekzojen östrojenlerin dağılımı, endojen östrojenlerin dağılımına benzer. Östrojenler vücutta yaygın olarak dağılır ve genellikle cinsiyet hormonu hedef organlarında daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunur. Östrojenler büyük ölçüde SHBG ve albümine bağlı kanda dolaşır.

Metabolizma

Ekzojen östrojenler, endojen östrojenlerle aynı şekilde metabolize edilir. Dolaşımdaki östrojenler, metabolik dönüşümlerin dinamik dengesinde bulunur. Bu dönüşümler esas olarak karaciğerde gerçekleşir. Estradiol geri dönüşümlü olarak estrona dönüştürülür ve her ikisi de büyük bir idrar metaboliti olan estriol'e dönüştürülebilir. Östrojenler ayrıca karaciğerde sülfat ve glukuronid konjugasyonu, konjügatların bağırsağa biliyer sekresyonu ve bağırsakta hidroliz ve ardından yeniden emilim yoluyla enterohepatik resirkülasyona tabi tutulur. Postmenopozal kadınlarda, dolaşımdaki östrojenlerin önemli bir kısmı, daha aktif östrojenlerin oluşumu için dolaşan bir rezervuar görevi gören sülfat konjugatları, özellikle estron sülfat olarak bulunur.

Boşaltım

Estradiol, estron ve estriol, glukuronid ve sülfat konjugatları ile birlikte idrarla atılır.

Yapışma

45 ila 75 yaş arası 112 sağlıklı kadında 6.5 cm² ve 12.5 cm² boyutlarında Oromone'a karşılık gelen plasebo transdermal sistemlerin yapışma potansiyellerinin açık etiketli bir çalışması yapılmıştır. Her kadın, üst üste 3 hafta boyunca her iki transdermal sistemi haftalık olarak üst dış karın üzerine uyguladı. Kalçanın alt karnı ve üst çeyreğinin Oromone için onaylanmış uygulama bölgeleri olduğu belirtilmelidir.

Yapışma değerlendirmesi, transdermal sistem aşınmasının her haftasının 2, 4, 5, 6, 7. Günlerinde görsel olarak yapıldı. Her büyüklükteki 333 transdermal sistem için toplam 1.654 yapışma gözlemi yapılmıştır.

Bu gözlemlerin yaklaşık yüzde 90'ı hem 6.5 cm² hem de 12.5 cm² transdermal sistemler için hiçbir artış göstermedi. Uygulanan toplam transdermal sistem sayısının yaklaşık yüzde 5'i her boyut için tam bir kopma gösterdi. 18.75 cm² ve 25 cm² boyutlarında transdermal sistemlerin (günde 0.075 mg ve günde 0.1 mg) yapışma potansiyelleri araştırılmamıştır.

Emilim

Estradiol, bozulmamış cilt boyunca ve pasif bir emilim süreci ile sistemik dolaşıma yayılır, stratum corneum boyunca difüzyon hız sınırlayıcı faktördür.

14 günlük Faz 1, çok dozlu bir çalışmada, Oromone, sağ veya sol üst uyluğun cildine günde bir kez dozlandıktan sonra hem AUC0-24 hem de Cmax için kararlı durumda doğrusal ve yaklaşık doz orantılı estradiol farmakokinetiği gösterdi ( Tablo 2).

Tablo 2: Çoklu Günlük Oromon Dozlarının ardından% 0.1'de 14. günde Estradiol için ortalama (% CV) Farmakokinetik Parametreler (taban çizgisi için düzeltilmemiş)

Estradiolün kararlı durum serum konsantrasyonu, günlük Oromone'un üst uyluğun derisine uygulanmasını takiben 12. güne kadar elde edilir. 14. günde günde bir kez dozlamayı takiben ortalama (SD) serum estradiol seviyeleri Şekil 1'de gösterilmektedir.

Şekil 1: 14. Günde Ortalama (SD) Serum Estradiol Konsantrasyonları (Taban Çizgisi için Düzeltilmemiş Değerler) Oromonun Çoklu Günlük Dozlarını takiben% 0.1

Güneş kremlerinin ve diğer topikal losyonların Oromone'un sistemik maruziyeti üzerindeki etkisi değerlendirilmemiştir. Topikal östrojen jel onaylı ürünler kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalar, güneş kremlerinin topikal olarak uygulanan östrojen jellerinin sistemik maruziyetini değiştirme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Dağıtım

Ekzojen östrojenlerin dağılımı, endojen östrojenlerin dağılımına benzer. Östrojenler vücutta yaygın olarak dağılır ve genellikle cinsiyet hormonu hedef organlarında daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bulunur. Östrojenler büyük ölçüde SHBG ve albümine bağlı kanda dolaşır.

Metabolizma

Ekzojen östrojenler, endojen östrojenlerle aynı şekilde metabolize edilir. Dolaşımdaki östrojenler, metabolik dönüşümlerin dinamik dengesinde bulunur. Bu dönüşümler esas olarak karaciğerde gerçekleşir. Estradiol geri dönüşümlü olarak estrona dönüştürülür ve her ikisi de büyük bir idrar metaboliti olan estriol'e dönüştürülebilir. Östrojenler ayrıca karaciğerde sülfat ve glukuronid konjugasyonu, konjügatların bağırsağa biliyer sekresyonu ve bağırsakta hidroliz ve ardından yeniden emilim yoluyla enterohepatik resirkülasyona tabi tutulur. Postmenopozal kadınlarda, dolaşımdaki östrojenlerin önemli bir kısmı, daha aktif östrojenlerin oluşumu için dolaşan bir rezervuar görevi gören sülfat konjugatları, özellikle estron sülfat olarak bulunur.

Oromon'dan Estradiol, ilk geçiş metabolizmasını önler ve 0.42 ila 0.65 aralığında sabit durumda estradiol ila estron oranları sağlar.

Boşaltım

Estradiol, estron ve estriol, glukuronid ve sülfat konjugatları ile birlikte idrarla atılır. Estradiol için görünen terminal yarılanma ömrü, Oromone uygulamasını takiben yaklaşık 10 saatti.

Belirli Popülasyonlarda Kullanın

Böbrek veya karaciğer yetmezliği olan hastalar da dahil olmak üzere spesifik popülasyonlarda farmakokinetik çalışma yapılmamıştır.

Estradiol Transferi Potansiyeli

Estradiol transferinin etkisi, bir uyluk üzerine topikal olarak 1.0 g Oromon (tek doz) uygulayan sağlıklı postmenopozal kadınlarda değerlendirildi. Jel uygulamasından bir ve 8 saat sonra, bir partnerle 15 dakika boyunca doğrudan uyluktan kolla temas kurdular. Erkek deneklerde östradiol seviyelerinin taban çizgisine göre bir miktar yükselmesi görülürken, bu çalışmada aktarılabilirlik derecesi kesin değildir.

Yıkamanın Etkileri

Uygulama yeri yıkamasının cilt yüzey seviyeleri ve estradiol serum konsantrasyonları üzerindeki etkisi, uyluktaki 200 cm²'lik bir alana 1.0 g Oromon uygulandıktan sonra 16 sağlıklı postmenopozal kadında belirlenmiştir. Uygulama alanının sabun ve su ile yıkanması, uygulamadan 1 saat sonra cildin yüzeyinden tespit edilebilir tüm östradiol miktarlarını çıkardı ve ortalama toplam 24 saatlik östradiole maruz kalmada yüzde 30 ila 38 oranında bir azalmaya neden oldu.