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Medically reviewed

Rosario Oropesa

Last updated on 22/12/2025

This page provides general, reference-level information compiled from official medical sources. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For decisions about your health, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Overview of Select

What is Select? Quick Facts

Property Description
Active Ingredients Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron (Norethindrone)
Form Oral Tablet
Pharmacological Class Combined Hormonal Contraceptive (CHC)
General Purpose Contraception (Birth Control)
Origin Synthetic

What Type of Medicine is Select and Its Composition?

Select is defined as a Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC) Tablet, belonging to the Combined Hormonal Contraceptive (CHC) pharmacological class, a category of synthetic hormone medications. This product is a combination medicine that includes two distinct active ingredients [INN]: the estrogen component, Ethinyl Estradiol, and the progestin component, Norethisteron (also known as norethindrone). Both active compounds are chemically manufactured, with Norethisteron classified as a second-generation progestin. This specific formulation utilizes established synthetic steroids, defining its distinction within the broader class of hormonal contraceptives.

What is the General Purpose of Select?

The fundamental purpose of Select is to provide effective contraception, serving as a method for the prevention of pregnancy in women of reproductive age. The combination of Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron achieves birth control by regulating the female cycle. Combined oral contraceptives play a role in public health and family planning, and this medication is used for the intended purpose of controlling fertility through hormonal means. The medication works by inducing gonadotropin suppression, which prevents the event of inhibition of ovulation, alongside creating an unfavorable uterine environment, making it a choice for women seeking routine, systemic hormonal management of fertility.

Regulatory References

  1. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines

What side effects are possible with Select?

Possible side effects and safety information

The official safety profile for Combined Hormonal Contraceptives like Select (Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron) defines the scope of possible side effects and clinical safety constraints, as documented by governmental regulatory authorities.

Frequency-Classified Adverse Reactions

The regulatory documents classify adverse reactions based on estimated occurrence rates. Reactions officially listed as most common or common typically involve the gastrointestinal, nervous, and reproductive systems. These may include headache, nausea, breast tenderness or pain, abdominal pain, mood changes, and weight gain. Irregular uterine bleeding, such as spotting or breakthrough bleeding, is also documented as a common occurrence, particularly during the initial cycles of use.

Serious Adverse Reactions and Risk Constraints

The safety profile includes regulatory warnings for rare but serious adverse reactions, which are primarily vascular disorders. These encompass the risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), such as Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism (PE), and Arterial Thromboembolism (ATE), including Myocardial Infarction (MI) and Stroke. The risk of these events is officially documented as highest during the first year of treatment.

Safety constraints define the appropriate use of the medicine. Use is strictly contraindicated in women over the age of 35 who smoke, as this combination significantly increases the risk of serious cardiovascular events. The medicine is also restricted for use in individuals with a history of thrombotic disorders, liver tumors, or active liver disease, as documented in official prescribing information.

Overdose and Emergency Response

Overdose and when to seek help

The official regulatory profile for Select (Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron) indicates that acute overdosage is not expected to cause serious ill effects or life-threatening outcomes, reflecting the low intrinsic toxicity risk of its components. The potential clinical manifestations are generally limited and linked to the hormonal composition of the medicine.

Documented Overdose Manifestations

System Presentation
Gastrointestinal Nausea, Vomiting
Reproductive Withdrawal bleeding (vaginal spotting)

In cases of acute overexposure, treatment is generally symptomatic and supportive, as no specific antidote is known for this specific hormonal combination. Regulatory documentation further specifies that withdrawal bleeding is a possible clinical presentation in females of all ages, including prepubertal girls who may have ingested the drug.

Emergency Response

Immediate medical attention is officially required for any suspected overdose event. Patients must seek immediate medical attention or contact a certified Poison Control Center for guidance. This is a mandated action to ensure appropriate management of clinical symptoms, confirm the patient's stability, and provide necessary observation, even though severe systemic toxicity is not anticipated based on current official data.

Therapeutic Uses of Select

What Select Treats: Main Uses and Benefits

The primary purpose of Select (Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron) is to provide hormonal support for fertility management, and it is generally applied across domains where additional symptomatic support is needed. The combination is relevant for easing a range of cyclical and hormone-mediated symptoms.

Management of Cyclical Comfort

This medication is used for managing fertility by supporting pregnancy prevention in women of reproductive age, which is the primary context of use. It is applied in addressing conditions characterized by heightened symptoms, such as severe menstrual cramping, or premenstrual emotional distress (PMDD).

“It is used in areas where short-term symptom management is appropriate and may help patients cope more steadily with symptom fluctuations.”

The supportive relief it offers helps ease the symptom load associated with heavy flow and may contribute to improved day-to-day comfort during symptomatic periods. It also plays a role in managing moderate acne vulgaris, supporting patients who experience these androgen-mediated skin issues.


Quick Fact: Relief for Cyclical Discomfort The medication is considered relevant for easing symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, such as symptoms related to physical discomfort, such as those associated with dysmenorrhea, or emotional distress linked to PMDD.

Regulatory References

  1. NIH MedlinePlus Drug Information

Eligibility and Restrictions for Use

Eligibility Map: Who can and cannot use Select

Eligibility Scope

Classification Population Eligibility / Restriction
Populations Allowed Women of reproductive age for contraception. Use in adolescents is for those who have achieved menarche (onset of menstruation).
Populations Contraindicated Women over 35 years who smoke; current or history of thrombotic disorders (DVT, PE, stroke, heart attack); known thrombophilic conditions; uncontrolled hypertension; diabetes with vascular involvement; and migraine with focal neurological symptoms.
Comorbidity Prohibitions Current or history of hormone-sensitive malignancies (e.g., breast cancer); severe active liver disease or hepatic tumors; or undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding.
Physiological Status Contraindicated during known or suspected pregnancy. Not recommended while breastfeeding/lactating. Not indicated for pre-menarcheal or post-menopausal women.
Eligibility Restriction Use must be temporarily stopped before and after major surgery involving prolonged immobilization.

Connection to the Overall Eligibility Profile

Official regulatory documents define the eligibility for this combined hormonal contraceptive by strictly prohibiting use in populations with specific elevated cardiovascular, thrombotic, and hepatic risks. The medicine is formally contraindicated for several pre-existing conditions and high-risk physiological states to minimize adverse outcomes, thereby limiting its use to women of reproductive age who do not present these documented exclusion factors.

What should I know about interactions with other medicines?

Interactions with other medicines and products

Interaction Scope

Item Description (Based on Regulatory Documents)
Medicinal product categories with documented interactions CYP Enzyme Inducers (e.g., Anticonvulsants), CYP Enzyme Inhibitors, Non-Aspirin NSAIDs, and Hepatitis C Drug Combinations (e.g., Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir).
Specific interacting medicines (if explicitly listed) Rifampin, Tranexamic Acid (Oral), Fezolinetant, Apalutamide, Bosentan, Atorvastatin, and Alprazolam.
Mechanistic basis of interactions (only if stated in label) CYP3A4 induction or inhibition causing altered metabolism of the hormones; CYP1A2 inhibition affecting co-administered drugs; and Pharmacodynamic Synergism.
Timing-based interaction rules (if applicable) No mandatory, specific timing-separation rules for co-administered drugs are explicitly documented in the regulatory labeling.
Population-specific interaction notes (if applicable) Females over 35 years of age who smoke face a formally documented increased risk. Use is restricted in patients with Hepatic Impairment.
Interaction-related restrictions Formal prohibition of co-administration with Hepatitis C Drug Combinations and Oral Tranexamic Acid.

Interaction Classifications (High-Level)

Classification Description (Based on Official Documents)
Interaction severity classification (as defined in official documents) Interactions are classified as leading to Contraindication (e.g., Hepatitis C drugs), Decreased Effectiveness (e.g., CYP inducers), or Increased Exposure (e.g., CYP inhibitors).
Regulatory basis (EMA / FDA / etc.) Based on the FDA Prescribing Information and relevant national drug agency regulatory summaries.
Interaction-context constraints (as defined in official documents) Includes restrictions based on a specific disease state (Hepatic Impairment) and lifestyle substance use combined with age (Smoking and Age > 35).

Resulting Interaction Structure

Official Interaction Statements:

  • The co-administration with certain Hepatitis C drug combinations is formally prohibited due to the risk of significant liver enzyme elevations.
  • Co-administration with CYP enzyme-inducing agents, such as Rifampin, is documented to reduce the systemic exposure of both hormonal components.
  • The use by females over 35 years of age who smoke is a regulatory restriction based on the increased risk of serious cardiovascular events.
  • Ethinyl Estradiol is documented to inhibit CYP1A2, which results in the increased exposure of co-administered drugs metabolized by that pathway.
  • Oral Tranexamic Acid is prohibited for co-administration due to the official finding of pharmacodynamic synergism that heightens the documented thrombotic risk.
  • The herbal supplement St. John's Wort is documented to reduce the contraceptive effectiveness due to accelerated metabolism.

Connection to the overall interaction profile

The official interaction profile for Select is structured around the two primary constraints of decreased contraceptive effectiveness from metabolic enzyme inducers and the risk of increased adverse event rates from specific pharmacodynamic synergisms. These constraints establish the formal prohibition of specific drug combinations and mandate population-based restrictions documented in the prescribing information.

Mechanism of Action

How Select Works

Inhibition of Cholesterol Production

Select acts as an inhibitor of the key enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in liver cells, resulting in decreased endogenous cholesterol synthesis within the hepatocyte. This molecular interaction modulates the activity of the mevalonate pathway, which initiates a cascade affecting circulating lipoprotein concentrations.

Enhanced Lipoprotein Clearance

The resulting intracellular cholesterol deficit causes liver cells to upregulate (increase the expression of) the number of LDL receptors on their surface. These receptors actively capture and remove low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles from the bloodstream. This mechanism facilitates the removal of lipoprotein particles from the circulation via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Modulation of Biological Signaling

Beyond its effects on lipid metabolism, Select engages mechanisms that modulate certain signaling pathways involved in the systemic biological response. This secondary action modifies the expression of specific inflammatory messengers, which is associated with a change in localized biological signaling within targeted systems.

Dosage and Administration Information

The administration of Select (Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron) follows standardized cyclic instructions, primarily serving as an oral contraceptive. The standard regimen is one tablet taken daily at the same time every day, and may be administered without regard to meals. The daily dosing must adhere to the sequence indicated on the blister pack to ensure the correct progression of active hormones and inactive components.

The full course of use is structured into a 28-day cycle, which typically includes 21 to 24 days of active tablets followed by 4 to 7 days of hormone-free (placebo) tablets. This schedule is continued long-term for as long as contraception is required. This combined oral contraceptive is indicated for the treatment of moderate acne in females 15 years and older who have reached menarche.

For initiation of treatment, specific protocols exist, and non-hormonal backup contraception is required for the first seven days if administration does not commence on the first day of the menstrual cycle. Detailed instructions are provided regarding the procedural steps for managing missed active tablets, which may require the omission of the hormone-free interval or the use of backup methods.

Recent Clinical Evidence

Research evidence / Overview of Studies for Select

Understanding the research conducted on this medication helps provide context for its intended uses. The research evidence for this medicine was evaluated in studies focusing on Combined Hormonal Contraceptives (CHCs) as a pharmacological class, along with studies that specifically examined its secondary applications. The findings describe group patterns, not personal outcomes, and research does not determine whether an individual will respond similarly.


Evidence for Use in Preventing Pregnancy (Contraception)

Research for Prevention of Pregnancy (Contraception) was studied for in large-scale Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and long-term Epidemiologic Observational Studies. These studies focus on healthy women of reproductive age who desire contraception.

Researchers monitored Contraceptive outcomes, measured primarily using the Pearl Index (a rate of pregnancy per 100 woman-years of use). Trials also examined physiological markers and patterns of cycle control.

Research findings describe a difference between the measured pregnancy rates observed when the regimen was followed consistently (perfect use) and the rates found in real-world settings (typical use) that account for adherence challenges.


Research exploring outcomes related to Cyclical Symptoms

The medicine was evaluated in studies examining symptoms associated with conditions characterized by fluctuating or episodic manifestations, such as severe menstrual cramps and certain symptoms of PMDD/PMS. These trials generally observed responses over defined time intervals, focusing on research exploring short-term symptom changes.

Research exploring outcomes related to Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is another condition where this combination was evaluated in women also seeking contraception. The research examined lesion counts and assessed the overall severity of acne using global rating scales. Studies monitored this effect often required intermediate follow-up durations (typically six months) to capture dermatological changes.


What Remains Uncertain and Current Research Gaps

Despite the existing research landscape for combined hormonal contraceptives, there are still areas where certainty remains low and where research is ongoing.

One key research limitation is that many supportive symptomatic findings rely on comparisons between different active drug formulations rather than direct comparison to a placebo. The comparative evidence is lacking in some areas, making it difficult to differentiate findings solely attributable to this specific formulation. The follow-up durations were limited for many symptomatic trials, and subgroup findings are uncertain when extrapolating results to populations that were not well-represented in the original clinical trials.

Key Studies & References Label: NORETHINDRONE ACETATE AND ETHINYL ESTRADIOL, AND FERROUS FUMARATE kit - DailyMed

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Common questions about Select (FAQ)

Q: Is Select the same kind of medicine as [Similar Drug Name]?

A: Select is classified by official sources as a Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC). This means it contains both an estrogen (Ethinyl Estradiol) and a progestin (Norethisteron). Medicines with the exact same hormonal combination are considered similar in composition, but other brands and types of hormonal contraception use different active ingredients.

Q: Can I take Select with common pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen?

A: Official drug labeling indicates that certain common pain relievers may interact with Select. Specifically, Acetaminophen (paracetamol) and the drug class Non-Aspirin NSAIDs are mentioned in regulatory documents regarding potential interactions. Regulatory documents are the official source for detailed guidance on taking this medicine with common pain relievers.

Q: Is it normal to feel slightly nauseous when first starting Select?

A: Nausea is one of the common side effects listed in the official safety profile for Select. Regulatory information notes that certain adverse effects, such as irregular bleeding or spotting, are common especially during the initial cycles of use, as noted in the official product information.

Q: Are there any specific foods or drinks I need to avoid while on Select?

A: According to official product information, the medication may be administered without regard to meals. However, regulatory documents specifically note a potential interaction with Grapefruit juice.

Q: Is Select safe to use if I have kidney issues?

A: Official guidance advises that the use of this medicine in individuals with kidney issues (renal impairment) requires caution. The labeling notes that the drug may need to be discontinued by the prescriber if blood pressure rises significantly during use.

Q: Does taking Select cause weight gain or loss?

A: Official safety documents list weight gain as a common adverse reaction for this medication. Weight decrease (loss) has also been reported through post-marketing experience, although its exact frequency is not classified.

Q: Is there a risk of withdrawal symptoms if I stop taking Select suddenly?

A: Regulatory documents focus on the expected bleeding pattern when the active tablets are stopped. The expected withdrawal bleeding, similar to a menstrual period, typically occurs during the hormone-free interval of the cycle.

Q: What happens if I take more Select than recommended?

A: The official product information describes the symptoms that may occur if more than the recommended amount is taken. These may include severe and sudden effects like severe nausea and vomiting or unusual vaginal bleeding.

Q: Is Select available as a generic medicine?

A: Select contains the active compounds Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethindrone, which are the generic names for these hormones. Many FDA-approved combined hormonal contraceptives contain this combination of active components, and generic versions are available.

Q: Can older adults (over 65) use Select safely?

A: The official guidance states that the medicine is not indicated for use in postmenopausal women. Use is also subject to restrictions for women over the age of 35 who smoke, due to a documented increase in cardiovascular risk.

Q: Does Select change the results of any common lab tests?

A: According to the official regulatory label, the medicine may interfere with the results of certain laboratory tests. This interference can potentially cause false results when testing things like blood clotting factors or thyroid function.

Q: Does Select have an effect on sleep patterns?

A: Official adverse reaction reports list effects on sleep patterns. Regulatory documents classify trouble sleeping (insomnia) or tiredness as reported side effects of the medication.

Q: Why are there different strengths or formulations of Select?

A: Different strengths and specific regimens are made available by the manufacturer, according to official information. This allows the product to suit the intended clinical purpose, such as contraception or acne treatment, and the desired active hormonal duration.

Q: What does 'contraindication' mean in the context of Select?

A: According to the official regulatory text, a contraindication is defined as a condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a medical treatment. The term is used in the label to identify situations where the potential for harm or increased risk outweighs the benefit.

Q: Is it true that Select can only be prescribed by a specialist?

A: Regulatory guidance for this medicine is directed at clinicians but does not explicitly restrict prescribing to specialists. However, official information mandates a physical examination and medical history review by a healthcare professional prior to initiating use.

Q: What information is available about the long-term safety of Select?

A: Regulatory documents indicate that the risk of serious adverse events, such as Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), is highest during the first year of treatment. The contraindications section outlines the long-term risks that are documented for established users.

Q: Can Select be taken at any time of day, or is a specific time better?

A: The official regulatory instruction states that the tablet should be taken daily at the same time every day to maintain efficacy. No specific time of day (such as morning versus evening) is mandated, only that the time is consistent.

Q: Is it possible to be allergic to Select, and what are the signs?

A: Allergic reactions are possible with any medication, and regulatory documents outline the signs of a serious allergic reaction. These may include hives, difficult breathing, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Q: Do I need to change my diet while taking Select?

A: Official regulatory information states that the drug may be administered without regard to meals. However, an interaction with Grapefruit juice is specifically noted in the product information.

Q: How does the body process and get rid of Select (metabolism/elimination)?

A: According to the official clinical pharmacology information, the components of Select are subject to first-pass metabolism. This means the hormones are primarily processed and broken down by CYP450 enzymes in the liver.

Q: What kind of monitoring is typically required while taking Select?

A: Official follow-up guidelines state that periodic physical examinations are appropriate for all users. This monitoring typically includes special reference to blood pressure and relevant laboratory tests.

Q: What should I do if I experience a side effect not listed in the patient information?

A: Regulatory documents define the process for reporting any side effects experienced. This reporting should be done to a healthcare provider or directly to the relevant national drug authority, such as the FDA or EMA.

Q: What are the general rules for stopping Select therapy?

A: The regimen is designed for long-term use for the purpose of contraception. Regulatory text mentions the need for temporary cessation before and after major surgery involving prolonged immobilization.

Q: Does Select interact with common vitamins or mineral supplements?

A: Official drug labeling lists Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) as an interacting medicine. The full prescribing information should be referenced for detailed guidance on other vitamins and mineral supplements.

How should Select be stored and disposed of?

How to Store and Dispose of Select (Ethinyl Estradiol and Norethisteron Tablets)

Official regulatory documents establish strict requirements for storing and disposing of Select to maintain its stability.


Storage Conditions

Select must be stored at a temperature below 25°C (77°F). The medicine must remain in its original package to ensure protection from light and moisture. This is critical for maintaining the product's stability and shelf-life, which is typically 5 years. Always keep the product out of the sight and reach of children.


Handling and Disposal

There are no special handling requirements beyond general care. Unused or expired tablets must be disposed of according to local regulations or via a recognized pharmaceutical waste return program. Do not dispose of this medicine in wastewater or household trash unless specifically authorized by local waste management instructions.

Attention! Always consult to a doctor or pharmacist before using pills or medicines.

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