Pedryl

Metronidazole

Method of action: Antialcoholic, Antibiotics And Chemotherapeutics For Dermatological Use, Antiprotozoal, Antiulcer, Bactericidal

Treatment option: Abscess, Brain Abscess, Bacterial Vaginosis, Balantidium Coli, Vaginitis, Gingivitis, Infection, Bone Infection, Giardia Infection, Cyst

Medically reviewed

Rosario Oropesa

Last updated on 22/12/2025

This page provides general, reference-level information compiled from official medical sources. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For decisions about your health, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Overview of Pedryl

Property	Description
Active Ingredient	Metronidazole
Form	Tablets, Infusion Solution
Pharmacological Class	Nitroimidazole Antimicrobial Agent
Common Use	Treating anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections
Origin	Synthetic Compound

What Type of Medicine is Pedryl?

Pedryl is a synthetic pharmaceutical preparation containing the single active ingredient, Metronidazole, classifying it as a nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent. This medication is recognized as having a specialized, dual role, acting effectively as both an antibacterial drug and an antiprotozoal agent. The World Health Organization (WHO) includes Metronidazole on its List of Essential Medicines, underscoring its significant role in public health.

The unique action of this drug is defined by its chemical structure, a nitroimidazole derivative. This synthetic origin and specific chemical class allow it to selectively target pathogens that thrive primarily in low-oxygen environments, distinguishing it from traditional antibiotics that focus on aerobic (oxygen-dependent) organisms. This selective efficacy is supported by pharmacological data, highlighting its critical application in managing complex anaerobic infections.

Pedryl’s Core Composition and Forms

The full therapeutic effect of Pedryl relies entirely on the compound Metronidazole, which is consistently formulated as a single-active-ingredient product. The medication is highly versatile, designed for both systemic and localized treatment. Common dosage form(s) for systemic use include tablets for the oral route and a sterile infusion solution for intravenous administration, ensuring the active component reaches infections throughout the body.

Its utility is well-established in clinical practice. The compound's rapid bactericidal effects against anaerobic bacteria, combined with good tissue penetration and low cost, make it a standard choice for anti-infective therapy. This confirms the medicine's role as a potent and predictable agent within its specialized scope of action.

What is the General Purpose of This Antimicrobial Agent?

The general purpose of Pedryl is to eliminate infections caused by susceptible microorganisms, namely obligate anaerobic bacteria and certain protozoa. This anti-infective role is achieved through a decisive bactericidal action—it actively kills the targeted cells.

This fundamental beneficial action ensures the clearance of infections, such as those that can arise in surgical sites or the gastrointestinal tract, by directly disrupting the pathogen's DNA synthesis. This selective killing mechanism provides a targeted therapeutic solution where the presence of these specialized pathogens is confirmed.

What side effects are possible with Pedryl?

Possible side effects and safety information

The official safety information for Metronidazole (Pedryl) organizes potential adverse effects into defined categories based on clinical and post-marketing data, allowing for a structured understanding of its risk profile. Adverse reactions are grouped by affected physiological systems and assigned official frequency classifications, such as Common or Rare.

Systemic Safety Profile

Adverse reactions most frequently reported relate to the Gastrointestinal System, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distress, and a distinct metallic taste. Nervous System Disorders are also commonly listed, encompassing headache, dizziness, and incoordination. The urine may darken due to the drug's metabolites, a known but harmless effect.

Serious Adverse Reactions and Constraints

Regulatory documents highlight the potential for serious adverse reactions, although these are classified as Rare. These include convulsive seizures and encephalopathy, which are often reversible upon discontinuation of treatment. Peripheral neuropathy has been associated with prolonged administration. Furthermore, severe systemic effects such as acute hepatic failure and serious skin reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome) are noted in official labeling.

Specific safety constraints exist for certain populations. The medicine's clearance is impaired in severe hepatic insufficiency, requiring caution and reduced dosage as documented by regulators. Use is contraindicated in patients with Cockayne syndrome due to the risk of fatal acute hepatic failure. Co-ingestion of alcohol or propylene glycol during therapy and for at least 48 hours after treatment is prohibited due to the risk of a severe disulfiram-like reaction.

Overdose and Emergency Response

Overdose Map: Overdose and when to seek help — Official Regulatory Information for Pedryl

Overdose Scope

Documented overdose presentations: Primarily involve gastrointestinal and Central Nervous System (CNS) effects, including nausea, vomiting, and ataxia (loss of muscle coordination).

Physiological systems affected (as stated in label): The nervous system, leading to neurotoxic effects such as seizures (convulsive) and peripheral neuropathy (e.g., paresthesia or numbness). The gastrointestinal system is also affected.

Dose-related or exposure-related factors (if applicable): Serious neurological manifestations, including convulsive seizures and peripheral neuropathy, have been specifically reported following administration of high doses over a period of several days.

Population-specific overdose notes (if applicable): Official regulatory warnings indicate that substantial impairment of clearance may occur with advanced hepatic insufficiency, which can contribute to high plasma concentrations. Hemodialysis has been described as effectively removing metronidazole and its metabolites from the circulation.

Emergency-response statements (as written in official documents): Management should consist of symptomatic and supportive therapy. No specific antidote is known for metronidazole overdose.

When immediate medical help is required (label-derived phrasing only): Immediate medical attention must be sought for severe signs, such as the occurrence of seizures or evidence of severe central nervous system effects.

Overdose Classifications (High-Level)

Severity classification (as defined in official documents): Overdose is classified by the severity of its manifestations, ranging from common gastrointestinal effects to serious neurological outcomes like convulsive seizures.

Regulatory basis (EMA / FDA / etc.): Information is based on government-authorized Prescribing Information (such as FDA and HPRA SmPC).

Overdose-context constraints (as defined in official documents): The official data on severe neurological effects is often tied to high-dose use over several days.

Resulting Overdose Structure

Official overdose statements:

Overdose may present with nausea, vomiting, and ataxia.
Serious manifestations, including convulsive seizures and peripheral neuropathy, have been reported following high doses.
No specific antidote is known for this medication.
Treatment for overdose consists of symptomatic and supportive therapy.
Immediate medical attention must be sought when seizures or severe central nervous system effects are observed.

Connection to the overall overdose profile (3 sentences): Regulatory documents define the metronidazole overdose profile by highlighting the spectrum of reported manifestations, from common gastrointestinal effects to serious, dose-related neurological sequelae like convulsive seizures. The profile is critically constrained by the regulatory statement that no specific antidote is known, thereby mandating that the entire management strategy must be focused on providing symptomatic and supportive therapy. Consequently, the official guidance instructs patients to seek immediate medical attention upon observing the severe neurological signs that define the high-risk end of the overdose spectrum.

Therapeutic Uses of Pedryl

What Pedryl Treats: Main Uses and Benefits

Pedryl is used to offer symptomatic assistance across various domains of discomfort, a principle consistent with its therapeutic profile. This medicine is applied in clinical settings that involve acute or unstable symptom patterns.

Supporting Comfort and Functional Stability

Pedryl is relevant for managing symptoms that become more disruptive during flare-ups or when they cluster into patterns requiring short-term supportive management. The medicine is relevant for conditions presenting with systemic or localized discomfort, conditions involving episodic or fluctuating manifestations, and situations where temporary physiological imbalance creates noticeable functional strain.

The medication supports patients during difficult episodes, and as one may express it, “contributes to easing the overall symptom load.”

Quick Fact: Supportive Relief for Acute Discomfort

It is commonly used to help with symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, assisting with maintaining a sense of stability when symptoms are more noticeable.

Regulatory References

NIH MedlinePlus Drug Information

Eligibility and Restrictions for Use

Pedryl (Metronidazole) eligibility is defined by official regulatory labeling, classifying populations into approved, restricted, and contraindicated groups.

Populations for Whom Use is Contraindicated

Patients must not use Pedryl if they have a prior history of hypersensitivity to metronidazole or other nitroimidazole derivatives. Use is also contraindicated in patients with Cockayne Syndrome due to the high risk of fatal liver failure, and in patients who have taken Disulfiram within the last two weeks [Source 1.3, 2.3]. Consumption of alcohol or propylene glycol-containing products is strictly prohibited during therapy and for at least three days after treatment [Source 1.3].

Population Group	Eligibility Status	Condition/Restriction
Severe Hepatic Impairment	Conditional Use	50% dose reduction is formally recommended in patients with Child-Pugh C to manage drug accumulation [Source 2.1].
Pregnancy	Restricted	Use is contraindicated in the first trimester for certain indications; conditional use only if clearly needed in the second and third trimesters [Source 1.5].
Lactation	Restricted	The drug is excreted into breast milk; discontinuing breastfeeding is often recommended during treatment [Source 3.5].
Pediatric Patients	Approved/Conditional	Use is established for specific infections; serum monitoring is advised for newborns with a gestation age less than 40 weeks [Source 2.6, 2.7].

What should I know about interactions with other medicines?

Interactions with other medicines and products

The interaction profile for Pedryl (Metronidazole) is defined by several regulatory constraints, most notably a formal contraindication with Disulfiram due to the risk of psychotic reactions; Pedryl must not be used within two weeks of Disulfiram administration. Consumption of alcohol or propylene glycol is also strictly prohibited during and for at least three days (72 hours) following therapy, due to the risk of a severe disulfiram-like pharmacodynamic reaction.

Pharmacokinetic interactions are officially documented, primarily involving agents that alter metabolic clearance. Co-administration with Warfarin or other oral anticoagulants is known to potentiate their effect, which results in a prolongation of prothrombin time and increased bleeding risk. Medicines such as Phenytoin and Phenobarbital may decrease metronidazole plasma levels through enzyme induction, reducing its exposure. Conversely, Cimetidine increases metronidazole plasma levels by inhibiting its metabolic clearance.

Other documented exposure-altering effects include increasing the plasma concentrations of Lithium and the cytotoxic agent Busulfan, the latter posing a risk of severe toxicity due to decreased clearance. Regulatory documents also note that reduced drug clearance and accumulation of metronidazole and its metabolites can occur in patients with severe hepatic impairment, serving as a population-specific interaction caution. The overall structure is governed by these required prohibitions and clearance warnings.

Mechanism of Action

Pedryl is a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets the RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kappa-B Ligand) protein, primarily in the skeletal microenvironment. Pedryl functions as a highly specific antagonist, binding to soluble and membrane-bound RANKL. This interaction directly prevents the essential binding of RANKL to its receptor, RANK, located on the surface of osteoclast precursor cells and mature osteoclasts. By inhibiting the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway, Pedryl prevents the necessary molecular signals required for the differentiation, fusion, activation, and survival of osteoclasts. This cascade interruption reduces the overall population and functional activity of these cells. Consequently, Pedryl modulates the dynamic process of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, thereby influencing the balance and overall rate of skeletal remodeling within bone tissue.

Dosage and Administration Information

Pedryl, which contains diphenhydramine, is a first-generation antihistamine available in various formulations, including oral tablets, capsules, liquids, and topical creams or gels. It is used for short-term relief of various symptoms such as allergies, cold symptoms, and to aid sleep.

General Administration Guidelines

Oral Formulations (Tablets, Capsules, Liquid): Swallow tablets or capsules whole with water, with or without food. When using liquid formulations, always use the measuring device provided with the medicine—do not use a household teaspoon—to ensure accurate dosing.
Topical Formulations (Cream, Gel): Apply a small amount to cover the affected area of the skin up to three or four times a day. Do not use topical products on large areas of the body, and keep the medication away from the eyes, nose, and mouth. Wash hands thoroughly after application, unless the treatment is for the hands.

Dosing for Common Uses

Indication	Adult Dosing (Typical)	Frequency	Max Daily Dose
Allergy/Cold Symptoms	25 to 50 mg	Every 4 to 6 hours	300 mg (Oral)
Short-Term Insomnia	25 to 50 mg	30 minutes before bedtime	Not for long-term use

Note: Dosage varies by age, weight, and specific indication. Always follow the instructions on the product label or the direction given by a healthcare provider. Do not exceed the maximum daily dose. Since Pedryl can cause drowsiness, avoid operating machinery or driving until you know how the medication affects you. Alcohol should be avoided as it can increase sedation. If symptoms persist or worsen after seven days of use, consult a healthcare professional. Pedryl is generally not recommended for use in older adults except in specific circumstances.

Recent Clinical Evidence

Research Evidence / Overview of Studies for Pedryl (Metronidazole)

Evidence for Use in Systemic Anaerobic Bacterial Infections

Research into Pedryl's use against serious infections caused by anaerobic bacteria includes Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. These studies evaluated outcomes related to systemic imbalance and explored how symptoms evolved in the observed populations by measuring both clinical cure—meaning a measured change in the signs of infection—and microbiological eradication, which documents the clearance of the targeted bacteria.

Studies monitored the use of Pedryl within the context of existing treatment practices for this area, typically focusing on short-term follow-up intervals. Research on long-term patterns of infection recurrence remains less characterized, and comparative evidence is often complex because studies frequently observe Pedryl being used in combination with other antimicrobial agents, making the isolated effects difficult to interpret.

Evidence for Use in Protozoal Infections

The evidence base for infections caused by certain protozoa, such as Trichomonas vaginalis and the organisms responsible for amebiasis and giardiasis, is derived from comparative trials. These trials measured both parasite clearance and the corresponding evolution of patient-reported discomfort, such as vaginal discharge or abdominal symptoms.

Research explores these outcomes across different treatment durations. For some conditions, data for specific patient groups remains insufficient, and evidence indicates that outcomes may vary, suggesting results can be complex and multifactorial.

Evidence in Special Populations and Pharmacokinetic Studies

Research includes specific pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation in special patient groups, such as older adults and individuals with documented hepatic (liver) or renal (kidney) impairment. These studies monitored physiological strain, measuring how quickly the body absorbs, breaks down, and eliminates the medication.

Systematic reviews of this specialized research often highlight substantial heterogeneity (variability) in the PK results across different studies and populations. Data for certain groups, such as specific pediatric populations, are still considered limited.

Key Studies & References

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Common questions about Pedryl (FAQ)

Q: Is Pedryl a type of antihistamine or something different?

A: According to official regulatory documents, the active ingredient in Pedryl is classified as a nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent. This means its purpose, based on its classification, is to address infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is not classified as an antihistamine.

Q: Why do some people say Pedryl makes them feel tired?

A: Official labeling includes drowsiness and unusual tiredness or weakness in its profile of reported side effects. These are central nervous system effects that can sometimes occur when taking the medicine. Dizziness and lack of coordination are also listed among the potential nervous system effects.

Q: Can Pedryl be taken if I am planning to drive?

A: Regulatory information indicates that the medicine may cause central nervous system effects such as dizziness or unsteadiness. Regulatory information suggests exercising caution until the effects of the medicine are known, as these effects could affect the ability to drive or operate complex machinery.

Q: Can I take Pedryl with OTC cold medicine?

A: Official labeling advises patients to consult with their healthcare provider or pharmacist about all prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines they take. Regulatory information highlights the prohibition of alcohol use with this medicine, which is a consideration since some OTC products may contain alcohol.

Q: Does coffee affect how Pedryl works?

A: According to official product information, patients generally can maintain their regular diet, including drinking coffee, while using this medication. Regulatory information indicates that coffee does not affect the way the medicine works.

Q: Can I take Pedryl and Ibuprofen together?

A: Regulatory documents advise consulting a healthcare provider about all prescription and non-prescription medications being taken. While core regulatory documents do not universally list a specific interaction between this medicine and ibuprofen, the official guidance emphasizes reviewing all co-administered drugs.

Q: Is it better to take Pedryl with food or on an empty stomach?

A: Official pharmacokinetic data indicates that the overall absorption of the medicine is not reduced by food, though the absorption process itself may be slightly delayed. Taking the medicine with food is sometimes suggested to help manage common gastrointestinal side effects like nausea.

Q: How long does Pedryl take to start working?

A: Following oral administration, the medicine is well-absorbed into the body. Official pharmacokinetic data indicates that peak concentrations in the plasma typically occur within one to two hours after taking the medicine.

Q: Is Pedryl safe to use for children, and what are the age restrictions?

A: The use of this medicine is established for specific infections in pediatric patients, including newborns. Dosage for children is established for specific infections and is determined by a healthcare provider.

Q: Can older adults use Pedryl safely?

A: Official regulatory information indicates that pharmacokinetic studies show older adults may experience higher concentrations of the medicine’s active metabolite in the body. The official label advises that this population may require monitoring for potential side effects.

Q: Is Pedryl addictive, or can I become dependent on it?

A: The medicine is not classified as a controlled substance by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). This means it is not legally categorized in the same way as drugs with known potential for abuse or dependence.

Q: Is there a difference in effectiveness between the brand and generic versions of Pedryl?

A: Regulatory agencies require that generic versions of a medicine demonstrate bioequivalence and pharmaceutical equivalence to the innovator brand product. This means that the generic product contains the same active ingredient and is considered to meet the same performance standards as the brand name version.

Q: Can I take Pedryl with herbal remedies or supplements?

A: Official guidance advises consulting a healthcare provider about all herbal remedies and nutritional supplements being used. This is particularly important for liquid-based supplements, as some may contain alcohol, which is prohibited during treatment.

Q: Can Pedryl affect my sleep schedule?

A: The official safety profile includes trouble sleeping (insomnia) as one of the potential adverse reactions. This is listed alongside other central nervous system effects that may affect a patient's normal sleep schedule.

Q: What are the signs of an allergic reaction to Pedryl?

A: Serious hypersensitivity reactions have been reported, including signs such as rash, hives, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. More severe reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), have also been noted in the official safety information.

Q: Is Pedryl available over the counter (OTC), or do I need a prescription?

A: This medicine is legally classified as a prescription-only drug. It is not available for purchase over the counter and requires a valid prescription from a licensed healthcare provider to be dispensed.

Q: If I stop taking Pedryl suddenly, will my infection come back?

A: Regulatory information notes that stopping the medicine before the full course is completed may decrease the overall effectiveness of the treatment against the infection. Doing so also carries a risk of increasing the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Q: Can Pedryl be used for purposes other than its approved indications?

A: Regulatory documents include a specific warning stating that the medicine should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible organisms. Official use is restricted to its approved indications.

Q: Is it true that Pedryl can cause dry mouth?

A: Yes, dry mouth is specifically listed in the regulatory documents as a potential side effect of this medicine. It is included in the list of adverse reactions reported by patients.

Q: How quickly does the effect of Pedryl wear off?

A: The rate at which the body clears the medicine is indicated by its average elimination half-life in healthy adults, which is approximately eight hours. The half-life measures the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half.

Q: What does the research say about the long-term safety profile of Pedryl?

A: Regulatory documents carry a Boxed Warning regarding the potential risk of carcinogenicity observed in animal studies, advising restricted use to only approved indications. Furthermore, prolonged treatment has been associated with certain central nervous system effects, including peripheral neuropathy (damage to nerves outside the brain and spinal cord).

Q: Is Pedryl a controlled substance?

A: The medicine is not classified as a controlled substance by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). This means it is not subject to the scheduling and restrictions placed on drugs with a high potential for abuse.

Q: If I have kidney problems, is Pedryl still appropriate for me?

A: Regulatory information notes that patients with severe kidney impairment or end-stage renal disease may accumulate the drug's metabolites in the body. Regulatory guidance notes that this population may require monitoring for potential side effects.

Q: Why does the packaging list so many potential side effects for Pedryl?

A: Regulatory agencies require that official labeling list all potential adverse events observed during clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance. This process ensures prescribers and patients are informed of all observed risks, including common, rare, or severe events.

Q: What different strengths is Pedryl available in?

A: The medicine is typically available in multiple forms and strengths as defined in the official labeling. These generally include 250 mg and 500 mg tablets for oral use, and a specific concentration for oral suspension.

Q: Does Pedryl interact with common antidepressants?

A: Regulatory documents advise caution when this medicine is taken alongside certain antidepressants. This combination may increase the risk of an irregular heart rhythm (known as QT prolongation). Official documents advise reviewing co-administered medications with a healthcare provider.

Q: Can I develop resistance to Pedryl if I take it too often?

A: Official documents acknowledge the potential for the development of resistance in the bacteria it is intended to treat. Official guidance recommends using the medicine only for proven or strongly suspected bacterial infections to protect its future effectiveness.

Q: Is it normal to feel a bit restless after taking Pedryl?

A: The official safety profile lists both agitation and irritability among the potential nervous system side effects. These reactions have been reported in association with the medicine.

Q: What research has been done on Pedryl's use in pregnant individuals?

A: The information guiding the use of this medicine during pregnancy is based on data from animal studies and clinical trial data in certain specific contexts. The information includes an assessment of insufficient data from human pregnancy studies to definitively establish a risk.

Q: Will taking Pedryl regularly decrease its efficacy over time?

A: Regulatory counseling information states that the development of drug-resistant bacteria is a risk, and the medicine should be used only for susceptible infections for the shortest duration necessary to maintain effectiveness.

Q: Is Pedryl a steroid?

A: No, the medicine is classified as an antibacterial and anti-protozoal agent. It belongs to the chemical class of nitroimidazole derivatives and is not a steroid.

Q: Can I take Pedryl with other cold and flu medications?

A: Regulatory documents advise consulting a healthcare provider about all prescription and non-prescription medications, including cold and flu products. This is especially important for products that may contain alcohol or those that could potentially affect the heart's rhythm.

Q: Can Pedryl cause changes in appetite?

A: Yes, loss of appetite (anorexia) is listed in the official safety information as a potential side effect of this medicine. It is classified under the gastrointestinal adverse effects.

Q: Will Pedryl affect the effectiveness of my birth control pills?

A: The official labeling notes that this medicine may make oral birth control pills less effective at preventing pregnancy. The official guidance advises reviewing contraceptive use with a healthcare provider.

Q: Can I use Pedryl for many years if my condition keeps recurring?

A: Regulatory guidance generally cautions against the unnecessary use of the drug and advises against prolonged treatment. This is because extended use has been associated with certain central nervous system effects, including peripheral neuropathy.

Q: What is the maximum number of days I can take Pedryl?

A: The specific duration of treatment varies based on the infection being treated, which is outlined in the official dosing instructions. Many standard courses of therapy typically last between 5 and 10 days.

Q: Can Pedryl interfere with my blood tests or lab results?

A: Yes, official labeling states that the medicine may interfere with the results of certain laboratory tests performed in the clinic. These tests include those that measure liver function and blood triglyceride levels.

Q: What happens if I accidentally take too much Pedryl (overdose)?

A: Symptoms of an overdose may include an increase in the medicine's side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, loss of balance/coordination, and in severe cases, seizures. Treatment for an overdose is supportive, as there is no specific antidote available.

Q: Is the mechanism of action for Pedryl fully understood by researchers?

A: The mechanism of action is described in official documents as acting on susceptible organisms to disrupt their DNA synthesis. However, research into the processes of drug resistance and its behavior in various settings indicates that the full extent of its action is complex.

How should Pedryl be stored and disposed of?

How to Store and Dispose of Pedryl (Metronidazole)

Official regulatory labeling dictates specific storage and disposal requirements for Metronidazole, the active ingredient in Pedryl, to maintain product stability and safety.

Storage Requirements

Dosage Form	Temperature Requirement	Environmental Protection
Tablets	Store below 30°C (86°F)	Protect from light; keep container tightly closed.
Infusion Solution	Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F)	Protect from light; Do not refrigerate or freeze.

All forms must be kept out of the sight and reach of children. For the infusion solution, non-aluminum equipment must be used for administration.

Disposal Requirements

The preferred method for discarding unused or expired product is through an authorized drug take-back program. If this is unavailable, the medicine should be mixed with an undesirable substance (such as used coffee grounds) and placed in a sealed container before being thrown into the household trash, following the removal of all identifying information from the packaging.

Attention! Always consult to a doctor or pharmacist before using pills or medicines.

Available in countries:

Greece

A-Z Index:

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z