Пульмикорт

Пульмикорт Respules contain the potent, non-halogenated, corticosteroid, budesonide, for use in bronchial asthma, in patients where use of a pressurised inhaler or dry powder formulation is unsatisfactory or inappropriate.

Пульмикорт Respules are also recommended for use in infants and children with croup (acute viral upper respiratory tract infection also known as viral laryngotracheobronchitis or laryngitis subglottica), in which hospitalisation is indicated.

Posology

The dosage of Пульмикорт Respules should be adjusted to the need of the individual.

Dosage schedules: The dose delivered to the patient varies depending on the nebulising equipment used. The nebulisation time and the dose delivered is dependent on flow rate, volume of nebuliser chamber and fill volume. An air-flow rate of 6 - 8 litres per minute through the device should be employed. A suitable fill volume for most nebulisers is 2 - 4 ml. The dosage of Пульмикорт Respules should be adjusted to the need of the individual. The dose should be reduced to the minimum needed to maintain good asthma control. The highest dose (2 mg per day) for children under 12 years should only be considered in children with severe asthma and during limited periods.

Bronchial asthma

Initiation of therapy

When treatment is started, during periods of severe asthma and while reducing or discontinuing oral glucocorticosteroids, the recommended dose of Пульмикорт Respules is:

Adults (including the elderly): Usually 1 - 2 mg twice daily. In very severe cases the dosage may be further increased.

Paediatric population

Children 12 years and older: Dosage as for adults.

Children 3 months to 12 years: 0.5 - 1 mg twice daily.

Maintenance

The maintenance dose should be individualised and be the lowest dose which keeps the patient symptom-free.

Adults (including the elderly and children 12 years and older): 0.5 - 1 mg twice daily.

Paediatric population

Children 3 months to 12 years: 0.25 - 0.5 mg twice daily.

Patients maintained on oral glucocorticosteroids

Пульмикорт Respules may permit replacement or significant reduction in dosage of oral glucocorticosteroids while maintaining asthma control.

Dose division and miscibility

Пульмикорт Respules can be mixed with 0.9% saline and with solutions for nebulisation of terbutaline, salbutamol, fenoterol, acetylcysteine, sodium cromoglycate or ipratropium bromide. The admixture should be used within 30 minutes.

Recommended Dosage Table

Пульмикорт Respules 0.5 mg (0.25 mg/ml)

Where an increased therapeutic effect is desired, especially in those patients without major mucus secretion in the airways, an increased dose of Пульмикорт Respules is recommended, rather than combined treatment with oral corticosteroids, because of the lower risk of systemic effects.

Croup

In infants and children with croup, the usual dose is 2 mg of nebulised budesonide. This dose is given as a single administration, or as two 1 mg doses separated by 30 minutes. Dosing can be repeated every 12 hour for a maximum of 36 hours or until clinical improvement.

Method of administration

Пульмикорт respules should be administrated from suitable nebulisers.

Instruction for correct use of Пульмикорт Respules

The Respule should be detached from the strip, shaken gently and opened by twisting off the wing tab. The contents of the Respule should be gently squeezed into the nebuliser cup. The empty Respule should be thrown away and the top of the nebuliser cup replaced.

Пульмикорт Respules should be administered via a jet nebuliser equipped with a mouthpiece or suitable face mask. The nebuliser should be connected to an air compressor with an adequate air flow (6-8 L/min), and the fill volume should be 2-4ml.

Note: It is important to instruct the patient

- to carefully read the instructions for use in the patient information leaflet which are packed together with each nebuliser

- that Ultrasonic nebulisers are not suitable for the administration of Пульмикорт Respules and therefore are not recommended

- Пульмикорт Respules can be mixed with 0.9% saline and with solutions for nebulisation of terbutaline, salbutamol, fenoterol, acetylcysteine, sodium cromoglycate and ipratropium bromide. The admixture should be used within 30 minutes.

- to minimise the risk of oropharyngeal candida infection, the patient should rinse their mouth out with water after inhaling.

- to wash the facial skin with water after using the face mask to prevent facial skin irritation

- to adequately clean and maintain the nebuliser according to the manufacturer's instructions

Special caution is necessary in patients with active or quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis and in patients with fungal or viral infections in the airways.

Non steroid-dependent patients: A therapeutic effect is usually reached within 10 days. In patients with excessive mucus secretion in the bronchi, a short (about 2 weeks) additional oral corticosteroid regimen can be given initially. After the course of the oral drug, Пульмикорт Respules alone should be sufficient therapy.

Steroid-dependent patients: When transfer from oral corticosteroid to treatment with Пульмикорт Respules is initiated, the patient should be in a relatively stable phase. Пульмикорт Respules is then given, in combination with the previously used oral steroid dose, for about 10 days.

After that, the oral steroid dose should be gradually reduced (by, for example, 2.5 mg prednisolone or the equivalent each month), to the lowest possible level. In many cases, it is possible to completely substitute Пульмикорт Respules for the oral corticosteroid.

During transfer from oral therapy to Пульмикорт Respules, a generally lower systemic corticosteroid action will be experienced, which may result in the appearance of allergic or arthritic symptoms such as rhinitis, eczema and muscle and joint pain. Specific treatment should be initiated for these conditions. A general insufficient glucocorticosteroid effect should be suspected if, in rare cases, symptoms such as tiredness, headache, nausea and vomiting should occur. In these cases a temporary increase in the dose of oral glucocorticosteroids is sometimes necessary.

As with other inhalation therapy, paradoxical bronchospasm may occur, with an immediate increase in wheezing after dosing. If this occurs, treatment with inhaled budesonide should be discontinued immediately, the patient assessed and alternative therapy instituted if necessary.

Patients, who have required high dose emergency corticosteroid therapy or prolonged treatment at the highest recommended dose of inhaled corticosteroids, may also be at risk of impaired adrenal function. These patients may exhibit signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency when exposed to severe stress. Additional systemic corticosteroid treatment should be considered during periods of stress or elective surgery.

Systemic effects may occur with any inhaled corticosteroids, particularly at high doses prescribed for long periods. These effects are much less likely to occur with inhalation treatment than with oral corticosteroids. Possible systemic effects include Cushing's syndrome, Cushingoid features, adrenal suppression, growth retardation in children and adolescents, decrease in bone mineral density, cataract, glaucoma and more rarely, a range of psychological or behavioural effects including psychomotor hyperactivity, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression or aggression (particularly in children). It is important, therefore, that the dose of inhaled corticosteroid is titrated to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained.

Пульмикорт Respules is not intended for rapid relief of acute episodes of asthma where an inhaled short-acting bronchodilator is required. If patients find short-acting bronchodilator treatment ineffective, or they need more inhalations than usual, medical attention must be sought. In this situation consideration should be given to the need for or an increase in their regular therapy, e.g., higher doses of inhaled budesonide or the addition of a long-acting beta agonist, or for a course of oral glucocorticosteroid.

Reduced liver function affects the elimination of corticosteroids, causing lower elimination rate and higher systemic exposure. Be aware of possible systemic sides effects.

The plasma clearance following an intravenous dose of budesonide however was similar in cirrhotic patients and in healthy subjects. After oral ingestion systemic availability of budesonide was increased by compromised liver function due to decreased first pass metabolism. The clinical relevance of this to treatment with Пульмикорт Respules is unknown as no data exist for inhaled budesonide, but increases in plasma levels and hence an increased risk of systemic adverse effects could be expected.

Co-treatment with CYP3A inhibitors, e.g. itraconazole, ketoconazole, HIV protease inhibitors and cobicistat-containing products is expected to increase the risk of systemic corticosteroid side effects. Therefore, the combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs this increased risk, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid side effects. This is of limited clinical importance for short-term (1-2 weeks) treatment with itraconazole or ketoconazole or other potent CYP3A inhibitors, but should be taken into consideration during long-term treatment. A reduction in the dose of budesonide should also be considered.

The nebuliser chamber should be cleaned after every administration. Wash the nebuliser chamber and mouthpiece or face-mask in hot water using a mild detergent. Rinse well and dry, by connecting the nebuliser chamber to the compressor or air inlet.

Oral candidiasis may occur during the therapy with inhaled corticosteroids.).

Pneumonia in patients with COPD

An increase in the incidence of pneumonia, including pneumonia requiring hospitalisation, has been observed in patients with COPD receiving inhaled corticosteroids. There is some evidence of an increased risk of pneumonia with increasing steroid dose but this has not been demonstrated conclusively across all studies.

There is no conclusive clinical evidence for intra-class differences in the magnitude of the pneumonia risk among inhaled corticosteroid products.

Physicians should remain vigilant for the possible development of pneumonia in patients with COPD as the clinical features of such infections overlap with the symptoms of COPD exacerbations.

Risk factors for pneumonia in patients with COPD include current smoking, older age, low body mass index (BMI) and severe COPD.

Visual disturbance

Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical corticosteroid use. If a patient presents with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances, the patient should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.

Paediatric population

Influence on growth

It is recommended that the height of children receiving prolonged treatment with inhaled corticosteroids is regularly monitored. If growth is slowed, therapy should be re-evaluated with the aim of reducing the dose of inhaled corticosteroid, if possible, to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained. The benefits of the corticosteroid therapy and the possible risks of growth suppression must be carefully weighed. In addition, consideration should be given to referring the patient to a paediatric respiratory specialist.

Пульмикорт Respules has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The following definitions apply to the incidence of undesirable effects: Frequencies are defined as: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000).

Table 1 Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) by System Organ Class (SOC) and Frequency

* refer to Description of selected adverse reactions; facial skin irritation, below

** refer to Paediatric population, below

*** based on the frequency reported in clinical trials

**** rare in children

Occasionally, signs or symptoms of systemic glucocorticosteroid-side effects may occur with inhaled glucocorticosteroids, probably depending on dose, exposure time, concomitant and previous corticosteroid exposure, and individual sensitivity.

Description of selected adverse reactions

The candida infection in the oropharynx is due to drug deposition. Advising the patient to rinse the mouth out with water after each dosing will minimise the risk.

As with other inhalation therapy, paradoxical bronchospasm may occur in very rare cases.

Facial skin irritation, as an example of a hypersensitivity reaction, has occurred in some cases when a nebuliser with a face mask has been used. To prevent irritation, the facial skin should be washed with water after use of the face mask.

In placebo-controlled studies, cataract was also uncommonly reported in the placebo group.

Clinical trials with 13119 patients on inhaled budesonide and 7278 patients on placebo have been pooled. The frequency of anxiety was 0.52% on inhaled budesonide and 0.63% on placebo; that of depression was 0.67% on inhaled budesonide and 1.15% on placebo.

Paediatric population

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme. Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Пульмикорт Respules contains 0.1 mg/ml disodium edetate which has been shown to cause bronchoconstriction at levels above 1.2 mg/ml. Acute overdosage with Пульмикорт Respules, even in excessive doses, is not expected to be a clinical problem.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants, glucocorticoids. ATC Code: RO3B A02

Budesonide is a glucocorticosteroid which possesses a high local anti-inflammatory action, with a lower incidence and severity of adverse effects than those seen with oral corticosteroids.

Topical anti-inflammatory effect

The exact mechanism of action of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of asthma is not fully understood. Anti-inflammatory actions, such as inhibition of inflammatory mediator release and inhibition of cytokine-mediated immune response are probably important.

A clinical study in asthmatics comparing inhaled and oral budesonide at doses calculated to achieve similar systemic bioavailability demonstrated statistically significant evidence of efficacy with inhaled but not oral budesonide compared with placebo. Thus, the therapeutic effect of conventional doses of inhaled budesonide may be largely explained by its direct action on the respiratory tract.

In a provocation study pre-treatment with budesonide for four weeks has shown decreased bronchial constriction in immediate as well as late asthmatic reactions.

Onset of effect

After a single dose of orally inhaled budesonide, delivered via dry powder inhaler, improvement of the lung function is achieved within a few hours. After therapeutic use of orally inhaled budesonide delivered via dry powder inhaler, improvement in lung function has been shown to occur within 2 days of initiation of treatment although maximum benefit may not be achieved for up to 4 weeks.

Airway reactivity

Budesonide has also been shown to decrease airway reactivity to histamine and methacholine in hyperreactive patients.

Exercise-induced asthma

Therapy with inhaled budesonide has effectively been used for prevention of exercise-induced asthma.

Growth

In short term studies a small and generally transient reduction in growth has been observed, which usually occurs within the first year of treatment.

Influence on plasma cortisol concentration

Studies in healthy volunteers with Пульмикорт Turbohaler have shown dose-related effect on plasma and urinary cortisol. At recommended doses, Пульмикорт Turbohaler causes significantly less effect on adrenal function than prednisone 10 mg, as shown by ACTH test.

Paediatric population

Clinical - asthma

The efficacy of Пульмикорт Respules has been evaluated in a large number of studies, and it has been shown that Пульмикорт Respules is effective both in adults and children as once- or twice-daily medication for prophylactic treatment of persistent asthma. Some examples of representative studies are given below.

Clinical - croup

A number of studies in children with croup have compared Пульмикорт Respules with placebo. Examples of representative studies evaluating the use of Пульмикорт Respules for the treatment of children with croup are given below.

Efficacy in children with mild to moderate croup

A randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 87 children (aged 7 months to 9 years), admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup, was conducted to determine whether Пульмикорт Respules improves croup symptom scores or shortens the duration of stay in hospital. An initial dose of Пульмикорт Respules (2 mg) or placebo was given followed by either Пульмикорт Respules 1 mg or placebo every 12 hours. Пульмикорт Respules statistically significantly improved croup score at 12 and 24 hours and at 2 hours in patients with an initial croup symptom score above 3. There was also a 33% reduction in the length of stay.

Efficacy in children with moderate to severe croup

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy of Пульмикорт Respules and placebo in the treatment of croup in 83 infants and children (aged 6 months to 8 years) admitted to hospital for croup. Patients received either Пульмикорт Respules 2 mg or placebo every 12 h for a maximum of 36 h or until discharge from hospital. The total croup symptom score was assessed at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the initial dose. At 2 hours, both the Пульмикорт Respules and placebo groups showed a similar improvement in croup symptom score, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. By 6 hours, the croup symptom score in the Пульмикорт Respules group was statistically significantly improved compared with the placebo group, and this improvement versus placebo was similarly evident at 12 and 24 hours.

Absorption

In adults the systemic availability of budesonide following administration of Пульмикорт Nebuliser Suspension via a jet nebuliser is approximately 15% of the nominal dose and 40% to 70% of the dose delivered to the patients. A minor fraction of the systemically available drug comes from swallowed drug. The maximal plasma concentration, occurring about 10 to 30 min after start of nebulisation is approximately 4 nmol/L after a single dose of 2 mg.

Distribution

Budesonide has a volume of distribution of approximately 3 L/kg. Plasma protein binding averages 85 - 90%.

Biotransformation

Budesonide undergoes an extensive degree (≈90%) of biotransformation on first passage through the liver to metabolites of low glucocorticosteroid activity. The glucocorticosteroid activity of the major metabolites, 6β-hydroxybudesonide and 16α-hydroxyprednisolone, is less than 1% of that of budesonide. The metabolism of budesonide is primarily mediated by CYP3A, a subfamily of cytochrome P450.

Elimination

The metabolites of budesonide are excreted as such or in conjugated form mainly via the kidneys. No unchanged budesonide has been detected in the urine. Budesonide has high systemic clearance (approximately 1.2 L/min) in healthy adults, and the terminal half-life of budesonide after iv dosing averages 2 - 3 hours.

Linearity

The kinetics of budesonide are dose-proportional at clinically relevant doses.

In a study, 100 mg ketoconazole taken twice daily, increased plasma levels of concomitantly administered oral budesonide (single dose of 10 mg) on average, by 7.8-fold. Information about this interaction is lacking for inhaled budesonide, but marked increases in plasma levels could be expected.

Paediatric population

Budesonide has a systemic clearance of approximately 0.5 L/min in 4 - 6 years old asthmatic children. Per kg body weight children have a clearance which is approximately 50% greater than in adults. The terminal half-life of budesonide after inhalation is approximately 2.3 hours in asthmatic children. This is about the same as in healthy adults. In 4 - 6 years old asthmatic children, the systemic availability of budesonide following administration of Пульмикорт Nebuliser Suspension via a jet nebuliser (Pari LC Jet Plus® with Pari Master® compressor) is approximately 6% of the nominal dose and 26% of the dose delivered to the patients. The systemic availability in children is about half of that in healthy adults.

The maximal plasma concentration, occurring approximately 20 min after start of nebulisation is approximately 2.4 nmol/L in 4 - 6 years old asthmatic children after a 1 mg dose. The exposure (Cmax and AUC) of budesonide following administration of a single 1 mg dose by nebulisation to 4 - 6 year old children is comparable to that in healthy adults given the same delivered dose by the same nebuliser system.

The acute toxicity of budesonide is low and of the same order of magnitude and type as that of the reference glucocorticosteroids studied (beclomethasone dipropionate, fluocinolone acetonide).

Results from subacute and chronic toxicity studies show that the systemic effects of budesonide are less severe than, or similar to, those observed after administration of other glucocorticosteroids, e.g. decreased body-weight gain and atrophy of lymphoid tissues and adrenal cortex.

An increased incidence of brain gliomas in male rats, in a carcinogenicity study, could not be verified in a repeat study in which the incidence of gliomas did not differ between any of the groups on active treatment (budesonide, prednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide) and the control groups.

Liver changes (primary hepatocellular neoplasms) found in male rats in the original carcinogenicity study were noted again in the repeat study with budesonide, as well as with the reference glucocorticosteroids. These effects are most probably related to a receptor effect and thus represent a class effect.

Available clinical experience shows that there are no indications that budesonide, or other glucocorticosteroids, induce brain gliomas or primary hepatocellular neoplasms in man.

In animal reproduction studies, corticosteroids such as budesonide have been shown to induce malformations (cleft palate, skeletal malformations). However, these animal experimental results do not appear to be relevant in humans at the recommended doses.

Animal studies have also identified an involvement of excess prenatal glucocorticosteroids, in increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, adult cardiovascular disease and permanent changes in glucocorticoid receptor density, neurotransmitter turnover and behaviour at exposures below the teratogenic dose range.

Not applicable.

No special requirements for disposal.