Qternmet XR

QTERNMET XR (dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin hydrochloride) extended-release tablets is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Limitations Of Use

QTERNMET XR is not indicated for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus or diabetic ketoacidosis. QTERNMET XR initiation is intended only for patients currently taking metformin.

Prior To Initiation Of QTERNMET XR

Assess renal function before initiating QTERNMET XR therapy and periodically thereafter .

In patients with volume depletion, correct this condition prior to initiation of QTERNMET XR .

Dosage

Individualize the starting total daily dose of QTERNMET XR based on the patient’s current regimen, effectiveness, and tolerability .

Take QTERNMET XR orally, once daily in the morning with food.

For patients not currently taking dapagliflozin, the recommended starting total daily dose of QTERNMET XR is a 5 mg dapagliflozin/5 mg saxagliptin/1000 mg or 2000 mg metformin hydrochloride (HCl) extended-release once daily.

The maximum recommended daily dose is10 mg dapagliflozin, 5 mg saxagliptin, and 2000 mg metformin HCl extended-release.

Swallow whole. Do not crush, cut or chew the QTERNMET XR tablet. Occasionally, the inactive ingredients of QTERNMET XR will be eliminated in the feces as a soft, hydrated mass that may resemble the original tablet.

If a daily dose is missed and it is greater than or equal to 12 hours until the next dose, the dose should be taken. If a daily dose is missed and it is less than 12 hours until the next dose, the missed dose should be skipped and the next dose taken at the usual time.

Patients With Renal Impairment

No dose adjustment is needed in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) greater than or equal to 45 mL/min/1.73 m².

QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m² .

Use With Strong CYP3A4/5 Inhibitors

Do not coadminister QTERNMET XR with strong cytochrome P450 3A4/5 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, atazanavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and telithromycin) .

Discontinuation For Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures

Discontinue QTERNMET XR at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism or heart failure, or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart QTERNMET XR if renal function is stable .

QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with:

• History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, or metformin, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, or exfoliative skin conditions .
• Moderate to severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m²), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or patients on dialysis .
• Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma. Diabetic ketoacidosis should be treated with insulin .

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Lactic Acidosis

There have been post-marketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, including fatal cases. These cases had a subtle onset and were accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, abdominal pain, respiratory distress or increased somnolence; however, hypothermia, hypotension and resistant bradyarrhythmias have occurred with severe acidosis.

Metformin-associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate concentrations (>5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), and an increased lactate: pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. Metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate increasing lactate blood levels which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis, especially in patients at risk.

If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, general supportive measures should be instituted promptly in a hospital setting, along with immediate discontinuation of QTERNMET XR.

In QTERNMET XR-treated patients with a diagnosis or strong suspicion of lactic acidosis, prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove accumulated metformin (metformin hydrochloride is dialyzable, with a clearance of up to 170 mL/minute under good hemodynamic conditions). Hemodialysis has often resulted in reversal of symptoms and recovery.

Educate patients and their families about the symptoms of lactic acidosis and if these symptoms occur instruct them to discontinue QTERNMET XR and report these symptoms to their healthcare provider.

For each of the known and possible risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis, recommendations to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis are provided below:

Renal Impairment

The postmarketing metformin-associated lactic acidosis cases primarily occurred in patients with significant renal impairment. The risk of metformin accumulation and metformin-associated lactic acidosis increases with the severity of renal impairment because metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney. Clinical recommendations based upon the patient"s renal function include:

• Before initiating QTERNMET XR, obtain an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
• Obtain an eGFR at least annually in all patients taking QTERNMET XR. In patients at increased risk for the development of renal impairment (e.g., the elderly), renal function should be assessed more frequently.
• QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/minute/1.73 m² .

Drug Interactions

The concomitant use of QTERNMET XR with specific drugs may increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis: those that impair renal function, result in significant hemodynamic change, interfere with acid-base balance, or increase metformin accumulation (e.g., cationic drugs) . Therefore, consider more frequent monitoring of patients.

Age 65 Or Greater

The risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis increases with the patient"s age because elderly patients have a greater likelihood of having hepatic, renal or cardiac impairment than younger patients. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients .

Radiological Studies With Contrast

Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to an acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. Stop QTERNMET XR at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with a history of hepatic impairment, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure, and restart QTERNMET XR if renal function is stable.

Surgery And Other Procedures

Withholding of food and fluids during surgical or other procedures may increase the risk for volume depletion, hypotension and renal impairment. QTERNMET XR should be temporarily discontinued while patients have restricted food and fluid intake.

Hypoxic States

Several of the postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis occurred in the setting of acute congestive heart failure (particularly when accompanied by hypoperfusion and hypoxemia). Cardiovascular collapse (shock), acute myocardial infarction, sepsis and other conditions associated with hypoxemia have been associated with lactic acidosis and may also cause prerenal azotemia. When such events occur, discontinue QTERNMET XR.

Excessive Alcohol Intake

Alcohol potentiates the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism and this may increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving QTERNMET XR.

Hepatic Impairment

Patients with hepatic impairment have developed with cases of metforminassociated lactic acidosis. This may be due to impaired lactate clearance resulting in higher lactate blood levels. Therefore, avoid use of QTERNMET XR in patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease.

Pancreatitis

There have been postmarketing reports of acute pancreatitis in patients taking saxagliptin. In a cardiovascular outcomes trial enrolling participants with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or multiple risk factors for ASCVD (SAVOR trial), cases of definite acute pancreatitis were confirmed in 17 of 8240 (0.2%) patients receiving saxagliptin compared to 9 of 8173 (0.1%) receiving placebo. Pre-existing risk factors for pancreatitis were identified in 88% (15/17) of those patients receiving saxagliptin and in 100% (9/9) of those patients receiving placebo.

After initiation of QTERNMET XR, observe patients for signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. If pancreatitis is suspected, promptly discontinue QTERNMET XR and initiate appropriate management. It is unknown whether patients with a history of pancreatitis are at increased risk for the development of pancreatitis while using QTERNMET XR.

Heart Failure

In a cardiovascular outcomes trial enrolling participants with established ASCVD or multiple risk factors for ASCVD (SAVOR trial), more patients randomized to saxagliptin (289/8280, 3.5%) were hospitalized for heart failure compared to patients randomized to placebo (228/8212, 2.8%). In a time-to-first-event analysis, the risk of hospitalization for heart failure was higher in the saxagliptin group (estimated Hazard Ratio: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.51). Subjects with a prior history of heart failure and subjects with renal impairment had a higher risk for hospitalization for heart failure, irrespective of treatment assignment.

Consider the risks and benefits of QTERNMET XR prior to initiating treatment in patients at a higher risk of heart failure. Observe patients for signs and symptoms of heart failure during therapy. Advise patients of the characteristic symptoms of heart failure and to immediately report such symptoms. If heart failure develops, evaluate and manage according to current standards of care and consider discontinuation of QTERNMET XR.

Hypotension

Dapagliflozin causes intravascular volume contraction. Symptomatic hypotension can occur after initiating QTERNMET XR particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m²), elderly patients or patients on loop diuretics. Before initiating QTERNMET XR, volume status should be assessed and corrected. QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m². Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiating therapy.

Ketoacidosis

Reports of ketoacidosis, a serious life-threatening condition requiring urgent hospitalization, have been identified in postmarketing surveillance in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including dapagliflozin. Fatal cases of ketoacidosis have been reported in patients taking dapagliflozin. QTERNMET XR is not indicated for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus .

Patients treated with QTERNMET XR who present with signs and symptoms consistent with severe metabolic acidosis should be assessed for ketoacidosis regardless of presenting blood glucose levels as ketoacidosis associated with QTERNMET XR may be present even if blood glucose levels are less than 250 mg/dL. If ketoacidosis is suspected, QTERNMET XR should be discontinued, the patient should be evaluated and prompt treatment should be instituted. Treatment of ketoacidosis may require insulin, fluid and carbohydrate replacement.

In many of the postmarketing reports for dapagliflozin, and particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes, the presence of ketoacidosis was not immediately recognized and the institution of treatment was delayed because the presenting blood glucose levels were below those typically expected for diabetic ketoacidosis (often less than 250 mg/dL). Signs and symptoms at presentation were consistent with dehydration and severe metabolic acidosis and included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, generalized malaise, and shortness of breath. In some but not all cases, factors predisposing to ketoacidosis such as insulin dose reduction, acute febrile illness, reduced caloric intake due to illness or surgery, pancreatic disorders suggesting insulin deficiency (e.g., type 1 diabetes, history of pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery), and alcohol abuse were identified.

Before initiating QTERNMET XR, consider factors in the patient history that may predispose to ketoacidosis, including pancreatic insulin deficiency from any cause, caloric restriction and alcohol abuse. In patients treated with QTERNMET XR consider monitoring for ketoacidosis and temporarily discontinuing QTERNMET XR in clinical situations known to predispose to ketoacidosis (e.g., prolonged fasting due to acute illness or surgery) .

Acute Kidney Injury And Impairment In Renal Function

Dapagliflozin causes intravascular volume contraction and can cause renal impairment . There have been postmarketing reports of acute kidney injury, some requiring hospitalization and dialysis, in patients receiving dapagliflozin; some reports involved patients younger than 65 years of age.

Before initiating QTERNMET XR, consider factors that may predispose patients to acute kidney injury including hypovolemia, chronic renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure and concomitant medications (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs and NSAIDs). Consider temporarily discontinuing QTERNMET XR in any setting of reduced oral intake (such as acute illness or fasting) or fluid losses (gastrointestinal illness or excessive heat exposure); monitor patients for signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury. If acute kidney injury occurs, discontinue QTERNMET XR promptly and institute treatment.

Dapagliflozin increases serum creatinine and decreases eGFR. Elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function may be more susceptible to these changes. Adverse reactions related to renal function can occur after initiating QTERNMET XR . Renal function should be evaluated prior to initiation of QTERNMET XR and monitored periodically thereafter. QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m² .

Urosepsis And Pyelonephritis

There have been postmarketing reports of serious urinary tract infections including urosepsis and pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization in patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, including dapagliflozin. Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors increases the risk for urinary tract infections. Evaluate patients for signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections and treat promptly, if indicated .

Hypoglycemia With Concomitant Use Of Insulin Or Insulin Secretagogues

Insulin and insulin secretagogues, such as sulfonylureas, are known to cause hypoglycemia. Dapagliflozin, and saxagliptin can individually increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin or an insulin secretagogue. Hypoglycemia does not occur in patients receiving metformin alone under usual circumstances of use but could occur during concomitant use with other glucose-lowering agents. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia when these agents are used in combination with QTERNMET XR .

Necrotizing Fasciitis Of The Perineum (Fournier’s Gangrene)

Reports of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum (Fournier"s gangrene), a rare but serious and life-threatening necrotizing infection requiring urgent surgical intervention, have been identified in postmarketing surveillance in patients with diabetes mellitus receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, including dapagliflozin. Cases have been reported in females and males. Serious outcomes have included hospitalization, multiple surgeries, and death.

Patients treated with QTERNMET XR presenting with pain or tenderness, erythema, or swelling in the genital or perineal area, along with fever or malaise, should be assessed for necrotizing fasciitis. If suspected, start treatment immediately with broad-spectrum antibiotics and, if necessary, surgical debridement. Discontinue QTERNMET XR, closely monitor blood glucose levels, and provide appropriate alternative therapy for glycemic control.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

There have been postmarketing reports of serious hypersensitivity reactions in patients treated with saxagliptin. These reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema and exfoliative skin conditions. Onset of these reactions occurred within the first 3 months after initiation of treatment with saxagliptin, with some reports occurring after the first dose. If a serious hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, discontinue QTERNMET XR, treat per standard of care, and monitor until signs and symptoms are resolved. Assess for other potential causes for the event. Institute alternative treatment for diabetes.

Use caution in a patient with a history of angioedema to another dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor because it is unknown whether such patients will be predisposed to angioedema with saxagliptin.

Vitamin B12 Concentrations

In controlled clinical trials of metformin of 29-week duration, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels, without clinical manifestations, was observed in approximately 7% of patients. This decrease, possibly due to interference with B12 absorption from the B12-intrinsic factor complex is, however, very rarely associated with anemia and appears to be rapidly reversible with discontinuation of metformin or vitamin B12 supplementation. Measurement of hematologic parameters on an annual basis is advised in patients on QTERNMET XR and any apparent abnormalities should be appropriately investigated and managed.

Certain individuals (those with inadequate vitamin B12 or calcium intake or absorption) appear to be predisposed to developing subnormal vitamin B12 levels. In these patients, routine serum vitamin B12 measurements at 2-to 3-year intervals may be useful.

Genital Mycotic Infections

Dapagliflozin increases the risks of genital mycotic infections. Patients with a history of genital mycotic infections were more likely to develop genital mycotic infections . Monitor and treat appropriately.

Increases In Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL–C)

Increases in LDL–C can occur with dapagliflozin . Monitor LDL-C and treat per standard of care after initiating QTERNMET XR.

Bladder Cancer

Across 22 clinical studies for dapagliflozin, newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were reported in 10/6045 patients (0.17%) treated with dapagliflozin and 1/3512 patient (0.03%) treated with placebo/comparator. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 4 cases with dapagliflozin and no cases with placebo/comparator. Bladder cancer risk factors and hematuria (a potential indicator of pre-existing tumors) were balanced between treatment arms at baseline. There were too few cases to determine whether the emergence of these events is related to dapagliflozin.

There are insufficient data to determine whether dapagliflozin has an effect on pre-existing bladder tumors. Consequently, QTERNMET XR should not be used in patients with active bladder cancer. In patients with prior history of bladder cancer, the benefits of glycemic control versus unknown risks for cancer recurrence with QTERNMET XR should be considered.

Severe And Disabling Arthralgia

There have been postmarketing reports of severe and disabling arthralgia in patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors. The time to onset of symptoms following initiation of drug therapy varied from one day to years. Patients experienced relief of symptoms upon discontinuation of the medication. A subset of patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms restarting the same drug or a different DPP-4 inhibitor. Consider DPP-4 inhibitors as a possible cause for severe joint pain and discontinue drug if appropriate .

Bullous Pemphigoid

Postmarketing cases of bullous pemphigoid requiring hospitalization have been reported with DPP-4 inhibitor use. In reported cases, patients typically recovered with topical or systemic immunosuppressive treatment and discontinuation of the DPP-4 inhibitor. Tell patients to report development of blisters or erosions while receiving QTERNMET XR. If bullous pemphigoid is suspected, QTERNMET XR should be discontinued and referral to a dermatologist should be considered for diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Macrovascular Outcomes

There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with QTERNMET XR.

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

Lactic Acidosis

• Inform patients of the risks of lactic acidosis due to the metformin component and its symptoms and conditions that predispose to its development . Advise patients to discontinue QTERNMET XR immediately and to promptly notify their healthcare provider if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgia, malaise, unusual somnolence, dizziness, slow or irregular heartbeat, sensation of feeling cold (especially in the extremities), or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common during initiation of metformin treatment and may occur during initiation of QTERNMET XR therapy; however, inform patients to consult their physician if they develop unexplained symptoms. Although gastrointestinal symptoms that occur after stabilization are unlikely to be drug related, such an occurrence of symptoms should be evaluated to determine if it may be due to lactic acidosis or other serious disease.
• Counsel patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving QTERNMET XR.
• Inform patients about the importance of regular testing of renal function and hematological parameters when receiving treatment with QTERNMET XR.
• Instruct patients to inform their healthcare provider that they are taking QTERNMET XR prior to any surgical or radiological procedure, as temporary discontinuation of QTERNMET XR may be required until renal function has been confirmed to be normal .

Pancreatitis

• Inform patients that acute pancreatitis has been reported during postmarketing use of saxagliptin. Inform patients that persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back, which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting, is the hallmark symptom of acute pancreatitis .
• Instruct patients to promptly discontinue QTERNMET XR and contact their healthcare provider if persistent severe abdominal pain occurs.

Heart Failure

• Inform patients of the signs and symptoms of heart failure. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider as soon as possible if they experience symptoms of heart failure, including increasing shortness of breath, rapid increase in weight or swelling of the feet .

Hypotension

• Inform patients that symptomatic hypotension may occur with QTERNMET XR and advise them to contact their healthcare provider if they experience such symptoms. Inform patients that dehydration may increase the risk for hypotension, and to have adequate fluid intake .

Ketoacidosis

• Inform patients that ketoacidosis is a serious life-threatening condition. Cases of ketoacidosis have been reported during use of dapagliflozin. Instruct patients to check ketones (when possible) if symptoms consistent with ketoacidosis occur even if blood glucose is not elevated. If symptoms of ketoacidosis (including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tiredness, and labored breathing) occur, instruct patients to discontinue QTERNMET XR and seek medical advice immediately .

Acute Kidney Injury

• Inform patients that acute kidney injury has been reported during use of dapagliflozin. Advise patients to seek medical advice immediately if they have reduced oral intake (due to acute illness or fasting) or increased fluid losses (due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive heat exposure), as it may be appropriate to temporarily discontinue QTERNMET XR use in those settings .

Serious Urinary Tract Infections

• Inform patients of the potential for urinary tract infections, which may be serious. Inform them of the symptoms of urinary tract infections and advise them to seek medical advice if such symptoms occur .

Necrotizing Fasciitis Of The Perineum (Fournier’s Gangrene)

• Inform patients that necrotizing infections of the perineum (Fournier"s gangrene) have occurred with dapagliflozin, a component of QTERNMET XR. Counsel patients to promptly seek medical attention if they develop pain or tenderness, redness, or swelling of the genitals or the area from the genitals back to the rectum, along with a fever above 100.4°F or malaise .

Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Inform patients that serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria, and exfoliative skin conditions) have been reported with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin, components of QTERNMET XR. Symptoms of these allergic reactions include: rash, skin flaking or peeling, urticaria, swelling of the skin, or swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat that may cause difficulty in breathing or swallowing .
• Advise patients to immediately report any signs or symptoms suggesting allergic reaction, angioedema, or exfoliative skin conditions, and stop taking QTERNMET XR and seek medical advice promptly.

Genital Mycotic Infections In Females (e.g., Vulvovaginitis)

• Inform female patients that vaginal yeast infections may occur and provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of vaginal yeast infections. Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice .

Genital Mycotic Infections In Males (e.g., Balanitis)

• Inform male patients that yeast infections of the penis (e.g., balanitis or balanoposthitis) may occur, especially in patients with prior history. Provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of balanitis and balanoposthitis (rash or redness of the glans or foreskin of the penis). Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice .

Bladder Cancer

• Inform patients to promptly report any signs of macroscopic hematuria or other symptoms potentially related to bladder cancer .

Severe And Disabling Arthralgia

• Inform patients that severe and disabling joint pain may occur with this class of drugs. The time to onset of symptoms can range from one day to years. Instruct patients to seek medical advice if severe joint pain occurs .

Bullous Pemphigoid

• Inform patients that bullous pemphigoid may occur with QTERNMET XR. Instruct patients to seek medical advice if blisters or erosions occur .

Pregnancy

• Advise pregnant patients of the potential risk to a fetus with treatment with QTERNMET XR. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider if pregnant or planning to become pregnant .

Lactating Mothers

• Advise patients that use of QTERNMET XR is not recommended while breastfeeding .

Females And Males Of Reproductive Potential

• Inform female patients that treatment with metformin may result in an unintended pregnancy in some premenopausal anovulatory females due to its effect on ovulation .

Laboratory Tests

• Inform patients that due to its mechanism of action, patients taking QTERNMET XR will test positive for glucose in their urine.

Taking Dose

• Instruct patients that QTERNMET XR must be swallowed whole and not crushed or chewed, and that the inactive ingredients may occasionally be eliminated in the feces as a soft mass that may resemble the original tablet.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

QTERNMET XR

No animal studies have been conducted with the combined products in QTERNMET XR to evaluate carcinogenesis, mutagenesis or impairment of fertility. The following data are based on the findings in the studies with dapagliflozin and saxagliptin individually.

Dapagliflozin

Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenicity was evaluated in 2-year studies conducted in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Dapagliflozin did not increase the incidence of tumors in mice dosed orally at 5, 15, and 40 mg/kg/day in males and 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day in females (exposure less than or equal to 72-times (males) and 105-times (females) the 10 mg/day clinical dose, based on AUC). Dapagliflozin did not increase the incidence of tumors in rats (both males and females) dosed orally at 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/kg/day (exposure less than or equal to 131-times (males) and 186-times (females) the clinical dose of 10 mg/day, based on AUC).

Mutagenesis

Dapagliflozin was not mutagenic with or without metabolic activation in the Ames assay. Dapagliflozin was mutagenic in a series of in vitro clastogenicity assays at concentrations greater than or equal to 100 micrograms per mL but not without metabolic activation. Dapagliflozin was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a series of in vivo studies evaluating micronuclei or DNA repair in rats at exposure multiples greater than 2100-times the clinical dose.

Impairment Of Fertility

Dapagliflozin had no effects on the ability of rats to mate and sire, maintain a litter, or early embryonic development at exposure multiples less than or equal to 1708-and 998-times the maximum recommended human doses of 10 mg/day (based on AUC) in males and females, respectively.

Saxagliptin

Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenicity was evaluated in 2-year studies conducted in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Saxagliptin did not increase the incidence of tumors in mice dosed orally at 50, 250, and 600 mg/kg up to 870-times (males) and 1165-times (females) the 5 mg/day clinical dose, based on AUC. Saxagliptin did not increase the incidence of tumors in rats dosed orally at 25, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg up to 355-times (males) and 2217-times (females) the 5 mg/day clinical dose, based on AUC.

Mutagenesis

Saxagliptin was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a battery of genotoxicity tests (Ames bacterial mutagenesis, human and rat lymphocyte cytogenetics, rat bone marrow micronucleus and DNA repair assays). The active metabolite of saxagliptin was not mutagenic in an Ames bacterial assay.

Impairment Of Fertility

Saxagliptin administered to rats had no effect on fertility or the ability to maintain a litter at exposures up to 603-times and 776-times the 5 mg clinical dose in males and females, based on AUC.

Metformin

Carcinogenesis

Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1500 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are both approximately 4 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2000 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, there was no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day.

Mutagenesis

There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test (S. typhimurium), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative.

Impairment Of Fertility

Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 3-times the maximum recommended human daily dose based on body surface area comparisons.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Based on animal data showing adverse renal effects, from dapagliflozin, QTERNMET XR is not recommended during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

The limited available data with QTERNMET XR or components (dapagliflozin and saxagliptin) in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk . There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy .

In animal studies, adverse renal pelvic and tubular dilatations, that were not fully reversible, were observed in rats when dapagliflozin (a component of QTERNMET XR) was administered during a period of renal development corresponding to the late second and third trimesters of human pregnancy, at all doses tested; the lowest of which provided an exposure 15-times the 10 mg clinical dose .

No adverse developmental effects were observed when saxagliptin was administered to pregnant rats and rabbits .

The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with an HbA1c greater than 7% and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with an HbA1c greater than 10%. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-Associated Maternal And/Or Embryo-Fetal Risk

Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity.

Data

Human Data

Metformin

Published data from

Table 4: Clinically Relevant Interactions Affecting Drugs Coadministered with QTERNMET XR

The following important adverse reactions are described below or elsewhere in the labeling:

• Lactic Acidosis
• Pancreatitis
• Heart Failure
• Hypotension
• Ketoacidosis
• Acute Kidney Injury and Impairment in Renal Function
• Urosepsis and Pyelonephritis
• Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use of Insulin or Insulin Secretagogues
• Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Perineum (Fournier"s Gangrene)
• Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Vitamin B12 Concentrations
• Genital Mycotic Infections
• Increases in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
• Bladder Cancer
• Severe and Disabling Arthralgia
• Bullous Pemphigoid

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

The safety of combined use of 10 mg dapagliflozin and 5 mg saxagliptin has been evaluated in adult subjects with type 2 diabetes in a pooled safety analysis of three phase 3 active/placebo-controlled clinical trials with a median exposure of 51 weeks. The pooled safety analysis included a total of 1169 adults: 492 patients in the combination of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin plus metformin group, 341 patients in the dapagliflozin plus metformin group, 336 patients the saxagliptin plus metformin group. The mean age of these subjects was 54 years, 0.8% were 75 years or older and 53.7% were female. The population was 80.9% White, 8.3% Black or African American, 3.7% Asian, and 6.6% Other race. At baseline the population had diabetes for an average of 7.5 years and a mean HbA1c of 8.4%. The mean eGFR at baseline was 94.4 mL/min/1.73 m².

The common adverse reactions were based on the pooled analyses of these studies as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported in ≥2% of Subjects Treated with 10 mg Dapagliflozin and 5 mg Saxagliptin plus Metformin (≥1500 mg)

Additionally, adverse reactions reported in <5% and ≥2% from the dapagliflozin development program and ≥1% more frequently compared to placebo included increased urination and discomfort with urination.

Metformin

In placebo-controlled monotherapy trials of metformin extended-release, diarrhea and nausea/vomiting were reported in >5% of metformin-treated patients and more commonly than in placebo-treated patients (9.6% versus 2.6% for diarrhea and 6.5% versus 1.5% for nausea/vomiting). Diarrhea led to discontinuation of study medication in 0.6% of the patients treated with metformin extended-release.

Hypoglycemia

In the pooled analysis, the incidences of hypoglycemia (defined as blood glucose <54 mg/dL regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms) and severe hypoglycemia (events requiring assistance due to neuroglycopenia, characterized by altered mental and/or physical status) were 1% and 0.2%, respectively.

Genital Mycotic Infections

Genital mycotic infections were reported in 15 subjects (3%) treated with combination plus metformin therapy. Reported adverse reactions by frequency included vulvovaginal mycotic infection, balanoposthitis, genital fungal infection, vaginal infection, and vulvovaginitis. The majority of subjects (84.2%) who experienced genital infection adverse reactions were females.

Urinary Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections were reported in 28 subjects (5.7%) treated with combination plus metformin therapy. Reported adverse reactions by frequency included urinary tract infection, Escherichia urinary tract infection, prostatitis, and pyelonephritis. The majority of subjects (80.6%) who experienced urinary tract infection adverse reactions were females.

Volume Depletion

Dapagliflozin causes an osmotic diuresis, which may lead to reductions in intravascular volume. Events related to volume depletion (hypotension, dehydration, and hypovolemia) were reported in 2 subjects (0.4%) treated with dapagliflozin, saxagliptin and metformin combination therapy.

Impairment Of Renal Function

Dapagliflozin And Saxagliptin Plus Metformin

Adverse reactions related to decreased renal function were reported in 10 subjects (2.0%) treated with combination plus metformin therapy. The reported adverse reactions included decreased glomerular filtration rate, renal impairment, increased blood creatinine, acute renal failure, and decreased urine output. None of the adverse reactions were reported as serious and all but one were mild to moderate in intensity. Three subjects discontinued due to decreased eGFR. Subjects with AEs of renal impairment had lower mean eGFR values at baseline of 64.4 mL/min/1.73 m² compared to 94.4 mL/min/1.73 m² in overall population treated with combination plus metformin therapy.

Dapagliflozin

Use of dapagliflozin was associated with increases in serum creatinine and decreases in eGFR . In patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function at baseline, serum creatinine and eGFR returned to baseline values at Week 24. Renal-related adverse reactions, including renal failure and blood creatinine increase, were more frequent in patients treated with dapagliflozin . Elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function were more susceptible to these adverse reactions . Sustained decreases in eGFR were seen in patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²). QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m².

Table 2: Changes in Serum Creatinine and eGFR Associated with Dapagliflozin in the Pool of 12 Placebo-Controlled Studies and Moderate Renal Impairment Studies

Table 3: Proportion of Patients with at Least One Renal Impairment-Related Adverse Reaction

In the pool of 12 clinical studies, a subgroup analysis assessed the safety of patients with eGFR between 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m². At Week 24, the safety of dapagliflozin was similar to that seen in the dapagliflozin clinical program, although a higher proportion of patients had at least one event related to renal impairment or failure. QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m².

Fractures

In a study of patients with eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², 13 patients experienced bone fractures for treatment durations up to 104 weeks. No fractures occurred in the placebo group, 5 occurred in the 5 mg dapagliflozin group, and 8 occurred in the 10 mg dapagliflozin group. Eight of these 13 fractures were in patients who had a baseline eGFR of 30 to 45 mL/min/1.73 m². QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR <45 mL/min/1.73 m². Ten of the 13 fractures were reported within the first 52 weeks. There was no apparent pattern with respect to the anatomic site of fracture.

Laboratory Findings

Decrease In Lymphocyte Counts

Saxagliptin

A dose-related mean decrease in absolute lymphocyte count has been observed with saxagliptin. In a pool of 5 placebo-controlled studies, a mean decrease in absolute lymphocyte count of approximately 100 cells/microL relative to placebo was observed. The proportion of patients who were reported to have a lymphocyte count ≤750 cells/microL was 0.5%, 1.5%, and 0.4% in the 2.5 mg, 5 mg saxagliptin and placebo groups, respectively.

The clinical significance of this decrease in lymphocyte count relative to placebo is not known. The effect of saxagliptin on lymphocyte counts in patients with lymphocyte abnormalities (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus) is unknown.

Increase In Hematocrit

Dapagliflozin

In a pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies with dapagliflozin, increases from baseline in mean hematocrit values were observed in dapagliflozin-treated patients starting at Week 1 and continuing up to Week 16, when the maximum mean difference from baseline was observed. At Week 24, the mean changes from baseline in hematocrit were -0.33% in the placebo group and 2.30% in the 10 mg dapagliflozin group. By Week 24, hematocrit values >55% were reported in 0.4% of placebo-treated patients and 1.3% of 10 mg dapagliflozin -treated patients.

Increase In Serum Inorganic Phosphorus

Dapagliflozin

In a pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies with dapagliflozin, increases from baseline in mean serum phosphorus levels were reported at Week 24 in dapagliflozin-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients (mean increase of 0.13 versus -0.04 mg/dL, respectively). Higher proportions of patients with marked laboratory abnormalities of hyperphosphatemia (≥5.6 mg/dL for age 17-65 years or ≥5.1 mg/dL for age ≥66 years) were reported on dapagliflozin at Week 24 (0.9% versus 1.7% for placebo and 10 mg dapagliflozin, respectively).

Increase In Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Patients treated with combination therapy demonstrated a mean percent increase from baseline LDL-cholesterol (ranging from 2.1 to 6.9%).

Elevations In Creatine Kinase

An imbalance in the number of subjects who experienced serum creatine kinase (CK) elevations >10x the upper limit of normal (a marker of muscle injury/necrosis) was observed in 5 subjects (1%) treated with combination therapy. The elevations were transient. Rhabdomyolysis was reported for one of those subjects for which no obvious cause was identified.

Decrease In Serum Bicarbonate

In a study of concomitant therapy of 10 mg dapagliflozin with exenatide extended-release (on a background of metformin), four patients (1.7%) on concomitant therapy had a serum bicarbonate value of less than or equal to 13 mEq/L compared to one each (0.4%) in the dapagliflozin and exenatide-extended release treatment groups .

Vitamin B12 Concentrations

Metformin

In clinical trials of metformin of 29-week duration, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients.

Postmarketing Experience

Additional adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin. Because the following reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Dapagliflozin

• Ketoacidosis
• Acute Kidney Injury and Impairment in Renal Function
• Urosepsis and pyelonephritis
• Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Perineum (Fournier"s Gangrene)
• Rash

Saxagliptin

• Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, and exfoliative skin conditions
• Pancreatitis
• Severe and disabling arthralgia
• Bullous pemphigoid

Metformin

• Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury

In the event of an overdose, contact the Poison Control Center. Appropriate supportive treatment should be initiated as dictated by the patient"s clinical status.

The removal of dapagliflozin by hemodialysis has not been studied. Saxagliptin and its major metabolite can be removed by hemodialysis (23% of dose over 4 hours). Overdose of metformin has occurred, including ingestion of amounts greater than 50 grams. Hypoglycemia was reported in approximately 10% of cases, but no causal association with metformin has been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in approximately 32% of metformin overdose cases . Metformin is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, hemodialysis may be useful for removal of accumulated drug from patients in whom metformin overdosage is suspected.

Mechanism Of Action

QTERNMET XR contains: dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and metformin hydrochloride, a biguanide.

Dapagliflozin

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), expressed in the proximal renal tubules, is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen. Dapagliflozin is an inhibitor of SGLT2. By inhibiting SGLT2, dapagliflozin reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion.

Saxagliptin

Increased concentrations of the incretin hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are released into the bloodstream from the small intestine in response to meals. These hormones cause insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells in a glucose-dependent manner but are inactivated by the DPP-4 enzyme within minutes. GLP-1 also lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, reducing hepatic glucose production. In patients with type 2 diabetes, concentrations of GLP-1 are reduced but the insulin response to GLP-1 is preserved. Saxagliptin is a competitive DPP-4 inhibitor that slows the inactivation of the incretin hormones, thereby increasing their bloodstream concentrations and reducing fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in a glucose-dependent manner in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Metformin HCl

Metformin improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may actually decrease.

Pharmacodynamics

Dapagliflozin

Increases in the amount of glucose excreted in the urine were observed in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following the administration of dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin dose of 5 or 10 mg per day in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 12 weeks resulted in excretion of approximately 70 grams of glucose in the urine per day at Week 12. A near maximum glucose excretion was observed at the dapagliflozin daily dose of 20 mg. This urinary glucose excretion with dapagliflozin also results in increases in urinary volume .

Figure 1: Scatter Plot and Fitted Line of Change from Baseline in 24-Hour Urinary Glucose Amount versus Dapagliflozin Dose in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (Semi-Log Plot)

Saxagliptin

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, administration of saxagliptin inhibits DPP-4 enzyme activity for a 24-hour period. After an oral glucose load or a meal, this DPP-4 inhibition resulted in a 2-to 3-fold increase in circulating levels of active GLP-1 and GIP, decreased glucagon concentrations, and increased glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. The rise in insulin and decrease in glucagon were associated with lower fasting glucose concentrations and reduced glucose excursion following an oral glucose load or a meal.

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Dapagliflozin

Dapagliflozin was not associated with clinically meaningful prolongation of QTc interval at daily doses up to 150 mg (15 times the recommended maximum dose) in a study of healthy subjects. In addition, no clinically meaningful effect on QTc interval was observed following single doses of up to 500 mg (50 times the recommended maximum daily dose) of dapagliflozin in healthy subjects.

Saxagliptin

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-way crossover, active comparator study using moxifloxacin in 40 healthy subjects, saxagliptin was not associated with clinically meaningful prolongation of the QTc interval or heart rate at daily doses up to 40 mg (8 times the recommended maximum daily dose).

Pharmacokinetics

Dapagliflozin, Saxagliptin And Metformin HCl

Overall, the pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin, saxagliptin, and metformin were not affected in a clinically relevant manner when administered as QTERNMET XR.

Saxagliptin

The pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin and its active metabolite, 5-hydroxy saxagliptin, were similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cmax and AUC values of saxagliptin and its active metabolite increased proportionally in the 2.5 to 400 mg dose range. Following a 5 mg single oral dose of saxagliptin to healthy subjects, the mean plasma AUC values for saxagliptin and its active metabolite were 78 ng•h/mL and 214 ng•h/mL, respectively. The corresponding plasma Cmax values were 24 ng/mL and 47 ng/mL, respectively. The average variability (%CV) for AUC and Cmax for both saxagliptin and its active metabolite was less than 25%.

No appreciable accumulation of either saxagliptin or its active metabolite was observed with repeated once daily dosing at any dose level. No dose-and time-dependence were observed in the clearance of saxagliptin and its active metabolite over 14 days of once daily dosing with saxagliptin at doses ranging from 2.5 to 400 mg.

Absorption

Dapagliflozin

Following oral administration of dapagliflozin, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) is usually attained within 2 hours under fasting state. The Cmax and AUC values increase dose proportionally with increase in dapagliflozin dose in the therapeutic dose range. The absolute oral bioavailability of dapagliflozin following the administration of a 10 mg dose is 78%. Administration of QTERNMET XR with a standard meal decreases dapagliflozin Cmax by up to 39% and prolongs Tmax by up to 2 hours, but food does not alter AUC as compared with the fasted state.

Saxagliptin

The median time to maximum concentration (Tmax) following the 5 mg once daily dose was up to 2 hours for saxagliptin and 4 hours for its active metabolite. Administration of QTERNMET XR with a standard meal resulted in an increase in Tmax of saxagliptin by up to 1.5 h and an up to 16% decrease in saxagliptin Cmax as compared to fasted conditions. There was an up to 10% increase in the AUC of saxagliptin when given with a meal as compared to fasted conditions.

Metformin HCl

Administration of QTERNMET XR with a standard meal resulted in an increase in Tmax of metformin by 2 h and no effect on metformin Cmax as compared to fasted conditions. There was an up to 15% increase in the AUC of saxagliptin when given with a meal as compared to fasted conditions. Both high and low-fat meals had the same effect on the pharmacokinetics of metformin extended-release.

Peak plasma levels of metformin extended-release tablets are approximately 20% lower compared to the same dose of metformin immediate-release tablets, however, the extent of absorption (as measured by AUC) is similar between extended-release tablets and immediate-release tablets.

At steady state, the AUC and Cmax are less than dose proportional for metformin extended-release within the range of 500 to 2000 mg. After repeated administration of metformin extended-release, metformin did not accumulate in plasma.

Distribution

Dapagliflozin

Dapagliflozin is approximately 91% protein bound. Protein binding is not altered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

Saxagliptin

The in vitro protein binding of saxagliptin and its active metabolite in human serum is negligible. Therefore, changes in blood protein levels in various disease states (e.g., renal or hepatic impairment) are not expected to alter the disposition of saxagliptin.

Metformin HCl

Distribution studies with extended-release metformin have not been conducted; however, the apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of immediate-release metformin 850 mg averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time.

Metabolism

Dapagliflozin

The metabolism of dapagliflozin is primarily mediated by UGT1A9; CYP-mediated metabolism is a minor clearance pathway in humans. Dapagliflozin is extensively metabolized, primarily to yield dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide, which is an inactive metabolite. Dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide accounted for 61% of a 50 mg (¹⁴C)-dapagliflozin dose and is the predominant drug-related component in human plasma.

Saxagliptin

The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by cytochrome P450 3A4/5 (CYP3A4/5). The major metabolite of saxagliptin is also a DPP-4 inhibitor, which is one-half as potent as saxagliptin. Therefore, strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitors and inducers will alter the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin and its active metabolite .

Metformin HCl

Intravenous single-dose studies in healthy subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) or biliary excretion.

Metabolism studies with extended-release metformin tablets have not been conducted.

Elimination

Dapagliflozin

Dapagliflozin and related metabolites are primarily eliminated via the renal pathway. Following a single 50 mg dose of (¹⁴C)-dapagliflozin, 75% and 21% total radioactivity is excreted in urine and feces, respectively. In urine, less than 2% of the dose is excreted as parent drug. In feces, approximately 15% of the dose is excreted as parent drug. The mean plasma terminal half-life (t½) for dapagliflozin is approximately 12.9 hours following a single oral dose of dapagliflozin 10 mg.

Saxagliptin

Saxagliptin is eliminated by both renal and hepatic pathways. Following a single 50 mg dose of (¹⁴C)-saxagliptin, 24%, 36%, and 75% of the dose was excreted in the urine as saxagliptin, its active metabolite, and total radioactivity, respectively. The average renal clearance of saxagliptin (~230 mL/min) was greater than the average estimated glomerular filtration rate (~120 mL/min), suggesting some active renal excretion. A total of 22% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in feces representing the fraction of the saxagliptin dose excreted in bile and/or unabsorbed drug from the gastrointestinal tract. Following a single oral dose of saxagliptin 5 mg to healthy subjects, the mean plasma terminal half-life (t½) for saxagliptin and its active metabolite was 2.5 and 3.1 hours, respectively.

Metformin HCl

Renal clearance is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution.

Specific Populations

Effects Of Age, Gender, Race, And Body Weight On Pharmacokinetics

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, age, gender, race, and body weight do not have a clinically meaningful effect on the pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin.

Renal Impairment

Dapagliflozin

At steady state (20 mg once daily dapagliflozin for 7 days), patients with type 2 diabetes with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment (as determined by eGFR) had geometric mean systemic exposures of dapagliflozin that were 45%, 2.04-fold, and 3.03-fold higher, respectively, as compared to patients with type 2 diabetes with normal renal function. Higher systemic exposure of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal impairment did not result in a correspondingly higher 24-hour urinary glucose excretion. The steady-state 24-hour urinary glucose excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild, moderate and severe renal impairment was 42%, 80% and 90% lower, respectively, than patients with type 2 diabetes with normal renal function. The impact of hemodialysis on dapagliflozin exposure is not known .

Saxagliptin

A single-dose, open-label study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of saxagliptin (10 mg dose) in subjects with varying degrees of chronic renal impairment compared to subjects with normal renal function. The 10 mg dosage is not an approved dosage. The degree of renal impairment did not affect Cmax of saxagliptin or its metabolite. In subjects with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m²), severe renal impairment (eGFR 15 to less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) and ESRD patient on hemodialysis, the AUC values of saxagliptin or its active metabolite were >2 fold higher than AUC values in subjects with normal renal function. QTERNMET XR is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m², ESRD, or on dialysis.

Metformin HCl

In patients with decreased renal function, the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased .

Hepatic Impairment

Dapagliflozin

In subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classes A and B), mean Cmax and AUC of dapagliflozin were up to 12% and 36% higher, respectively, as compared to healthy matched control subjects following single-dose administration of 10 mg dapagliflozin. These differences were not considered to be clinically meaningful. In patients with severe hepatic impairment  (Child-Pugh class C), mean Cmax and AUC of dapagliflozin were up to 40% and 67% higher, respectively, as compared to healthy matched controls.

Saxagliptin

In subjects with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C), mean Cmax and AUC of saxagliptin were up to 8% and 77% higher, respectively, compared to healthy matched controls following administration of a single 10 mg dose of saxagliptin. The 10 mg dosage is not an approved dosage. The corresponding Cmax and AUC of the active metabolite were up to 59% and 33% lower, respectively, compared to healthy matched controls. These differences are not considered to be clinically meaningful.

Metformin HCl

No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment .

Pediatric

Pharmacokinetics of QTERNMET XR in the pediatric population has not been studied.

Drug Interactions

Specific pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with QTERNMET XR have not been performed although such studies have been conducted with the individual dapagliflozin, saxagliptin and metformin components.

Dapagliflozin

In Vitro Assessment Of Drug Interactions

The metabolism of dapagliflozin is primarily via glucuronide conjugation mediated by UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 (UGT1A9).

In in vitro studies, dapagliflozin and dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide neither inhibited CYP 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 3A4, nor induced CYP 1A2, 2B6, or 3A4. Dapagliflozin is a weak substrate of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) active transporter, and dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide is a substrate for the OAT3 active transporter. Dapagliflozin or dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide did not meaningfully inhibit P-gp, OCT2, OAT1, or OAT3 active transporters. Overall, dapagliflozin is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of concurrently administered medications that are P-gp, OCT2, OAT1, or OAT3 substrates.

Effects Of Other Drugs On Dapagliflozin

Table 5 shows the effect of coadministered drugs on the pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin.

Table 5: Effects of Coadministered Drugs on Dapagliflozin Systemic Exposure

Effects Of Dapagliflozin On Other Drugs

Table 6 shows the effect of dapagliflozin on other coadministered drugs. Dapagliflozin did not meaningfully affect the pharmacokinetics of the coadministered drugs.

Table 6: Effects of Dapagliflozin on the Systemic Exposures of Coadministered Drugs

Saxagliptin

In Vitro Assessment Of Drug Interactions

The metabolism of saxagliptin is primarily mediated by CYP3A4/5.

In in vitro studies, saxagliptin and its active metabolite did not inhibit CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4, or induce CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, or 3A4. Therefore, saxagliptin is not expected to alter the metabolic clearance of coadministered drugs that are metabolized by these enzymes. Saxagliptin is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate but is not a significant inhibitor or inducer of P-gp.

Effects Of Other Drugs On Saxagliptin And Its Active Metabolite, 5-hydroxy Saxagliptin

Table 7: Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Systemic Exposures of Saxagliptin and its Active Metabolite, 5-hydroxy Saxagliptin

Effects Of Saxagliptin On Other Drugs

Table 8: Effect of Saxagliptin on Systemic Exposures of Coadministered Drugs

Metformin

Effects Of Other Drugs On Metformin

Table 9: Effect of Coadministered Drug on Plasma Metformin Systemic Exposure