Плегриди

Плегриди is indicated in adult patients for the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.

Treatment should be initiated under supervision of a physician experienced in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Efficacy of Плегриди has been demonstrated over placebo.

Posology

The recommended dosage of Плегриди is 125 micrograms injected subcutaneously every 2 weeks (14 days).

Treatment initiation

It is generally recommended that patients start treatment with 63 micrograms at dose 1 (on day 0), increasing to 94 micrograms at dose 2 (on day 14), reaching the full dose of 125 micrograms by dose 3 (on day 28) and continuing with the full dose (125 micrograms) every 2 weeks (14 days) thereafter (see Table 1). An Initiation Pack is available containing the first 2 doses (63 micrograms and 94 micrograms).

Table 1: Titration schedule at initiation

*Dosed every 2 weeks (14 days)

Dose titration at the initiation of treatment may help to ameliorate flu-like symptoms that can occur at treatment initiation with interferons. Prophylactic and concurrent use of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and/or antipyretic treatments may prevent or ameliorate flu-like symptoms sometimes experienced during interferon treatment.

If a dose is missed, it should be administered as soon as possible.

- If 7 days or more to the next planned dose: Patients should administer their missed dose immediately. Treatment can then continue with the next scheduled dose as planned.

- If less than 7 days to the next planned dose: Patients should begin a new 2 week dosing schedule starting from when they administer their missed dose. A patient should not administer two doses of Плегриди within 7 days of each other.

Special populations

Elderly population

The safety and efficacy of Плегриди in patients over the age of 65 have not been sufficiently studied due to the limited number of such patients included in clinical trials.

Renal impairment

No dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment based on study data in mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment and end stage renal disease.

Hepatic impairment

Плегриди has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Плегриди in children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years have not been established in multiple sclerosis. No data are available.

Method of administration

Плегриди is for subcutaneous use.

It is recommended that a healthcare professional trains patients in the proper technique for self-administering subcutaneous injections using the pre-filled pen. Patients should be advised to rotate sites for subcutaneous injections. The usual sites for subcutaneous injections include abdomen, arm, and thigh.

Each Плегриди pre-filled pen is provided with the needle pre-attached. Pre-filled pens are for single use only and should be discarded after use.

Precautions to be taken before handling or administering the medicinal product

Once removed from the refrigerator, Плегриди should be allowed to warm to room temperature (about 30 minutes) prior to injection. External heat sources such as hot water must not be used to warm Плегриди.

Плегриди pre-filled pen must not be used unless green stripes are visible in the Плегриди pre-filled pen injection status window. Плегриди pre-filled pen must not be used if the liquid is coloured, cloudy, or contains floating particles. The liquid in the medication window must be clear and colourless.

- Initiation of treatment in pregnancy.

- Patients with current severe depression and/or suicidal ideation.

Hepatic injury

Elevated serum hepatic transaminase levels, hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis and rare cases of severe hepatic failure have been reported with interferon beta medicinal products. Elevations in hepatic enzymes have been observed with the use of Плегриди. Patients should be monitored for signs of hepatic injury.

Depression

Плегриди should be administered with caution to patients with previous depressive disorders. Depression occurs with increased frequency in the multiple sclerosis population and in association with interferon use. Patients should be advised to immediately report any symptoms of depression and/or suicidal ideation to their prescribing physician.

Patients exhibiting depression should be monitored closely during therapy and treated appropriately. Cessation of therapy with Плегриди should be considered.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Serious hypersensitivity reactions have been reported as a rare complication of treatment with interferon beta, including Плегриди. Peginterferon beta-1a should be discontinued if serious hypersensitivity reactions occur.

Injection site reactions

Injection site reactions, including injection site necrosis, have been reported with the use of subcutaneous interferon beta. To minimise the risk of injection site reactions patients should be instructed in the use of an aseptic injection technique. The procedure for the self-administration by the patient should be reviewed periodically especially if injection site reactions have occurred. If the patient experiences any break in the skin, which may be accompanied by swelling or drainage of fluid from the injection site, the patient should be advised to speak with their doctor. One patient treated with Плегриди in clinical trials experienced an injection site necrosis. Whether to discontinue therapy following a single site of necrosis is dependent on the extent of necrosis.

Decreased peripheral blood counts

Decreased peripheral blood counts in all cell lines, including rare pancytopenia and severe thrombocytopenia, have been reported in patients receiving interferon beta. Cytopenias, including rare severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, have been observed in patients treated with Плегриди. Patients should be monitored for symptoms or signs of decreased peripheral blood counts.

Renal and urinary disorders

Nephrotic syndrome

Cases of nephrotic syndrome with different underlying nephropathies including collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), minimal change disease (MCD), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) and membranous glomerulopathy (MGN) have been reported during treatment with interferon-beta products. Events were reported at various time points during treatment and may occur after several years of treatment with interferon beta. Periodic monitoring of early signs or symptoms, e.g. oedema, proteinuria and impaired renal function is recommended, especially in patients at higher risk of renal disease. Prompt treatment of nephrotic syndrome is required and discontinuation of treatment with Плегриди should be considered.

Severe renal impairment

Caution should be used when administering Плегриди to patients with severe renal impairment.

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)

Cases of TMA, manifested as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), including fatal cases, have been reported with interferon beta products. Events were reported at various time points during treatment and may occur several weeks to several years after starting treatment with interferon beta. Early clinical features include thrombocytopenia, new onset hypertension, fever, central nervous system symptoms (e.g. confusion, paresis) and impaired renal function. Laboratory findings suggestive of TMA include decreased platelet counts, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) due to haemolysis and schistocytes (erythrocyte fragmentation) on a blood film. Therefore if clinical features of TMA are observed, further testing of blood platelet levels, serum LDH, blood films and renal function is recommended. If TMA is diagnosed, prompt treatment is required (considering plasma exchange) and immediate discontinuation of Плегриди is recommended.

Laboratory abnormalities

Laboratory abnormalities are associated with the use of interferons. In addition to those laboratory tests normally required for monitoring patients with multiple sclerosis, complete blood and differential blood cell counts, platelet counts, and blood chemistries, including liver function tests (e.g. aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT)), are recommended prior to initiation and at regular intervals following introduction of Плегриди therapy and then periodically thereafter in the absence of clinical symptoms.

Patients with myelosuppression may require more intensive monitoring of complete blood cell counts, with differential and platelet counts.

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been observed with the use of interferon beta products. Regular thyroid function tests are recommended in patients with a history of thyroid dysfunction or as clinically indicated.

Seizure

Плегриди should be administered with caution to patients with a history of seizures, to those receiving treatment with anti-epileptics, particularly if their epilepsy is not adequately controlled with anti-epileptics.

Cardiac disease

Worsening of cardiac disease has been reported in patients receiving interferon beta. The incidence of cardiovascular events was similar between Плегриди (125 micrograms every 2 weeks) and placebo treatment groups (7% in each group). No serious cardiovascular events were reported in patients who received Плегриди in the ADVANCE study. Nevertheless, patients with pre-existing significant cardiac disease, such as congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease or arrhythmia should be monitored for worsening of their cardiac condition, particularly during initiation of treatment.

Immunogenicity

Patients may develop antibodies to Плегриди. Data from patients treated up to 2 years with Плегриди suggests that less than 1% (5/715) developed persistent-neutralising antibodies to the interferon beta-1a portion of peginterferon beta-1a. Neutralising antibodies have the potential to reduce clinical efficacy. However, the development of antibodies against the interferon moiety of peginterferon beta-1a had no discernible impact on safety or clinical efficacy, although the analysis was limited by the low immunogenicity incidence.

3% of patients (18/681) developed persistent antibodies to the PEG moiety of peginterferon beta-1a. In the clinical study conducted, the development of antibodies against the PEG moiety of peginterferon beta-1a had no discernible impact on safety, or clinical efficacy (including annualised relapse rate, MRI lesions, and disability progression).

Hepatic impairment

Caution should be used and close monitoring considered when administering Плегриди to patients with severe hepatic impairment. Patients should be monitored for signs of hepatic injury and caution exercised when interferons are used concomitantly with other medicinal products associated with hepatic injury.

Sodium content

Each pen contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium and is therefore considered essentially “sodium-free”.

Central nervous system-related adverse events associated with the use of interferon beta might influence the patient's ability to drive or use machines.

Summary of safety profile

The most common adverse drug reactions (ADR) (at a higher incidence than placebo) for Плегриди 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks were injection site erythema, influenza like illness, pyrexia, headache, myalgia, chills, injection site pain, asthenia, injection site pruritus, and arthralgia.

The most commonly reported adverse reaction leading to discontinuation in patients treated with Плегриди 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks was influenza-like illness (<1%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

In clinical studies, a total of 1468 patients received Плегриди for up to 278 weeks with an overall exposure equivalent of 4217 person-years. 1285 patients received at least 1 year, 1124 patients have received at least 2 years, 947 patients received at least 3 years, and 658 patients received at least 4 years of treatment with Плегриди. The experience in the randomised, uncontrolled phase (year 2) of the ADVANCE study and in the extension study ATTAIN (treatment received for up to 4 years) was consistent with the experience in the 1 year placebo-controlled phase of the ADVANCE study.

The table summarizes ADRs (incidence above placebo and with a reasonable possibility of causality) from 512 patients treated with Плегриди 125 micrograms subcutaneously every 2 weeks and 500 patients who received placebo for up to 48 weeks.

The ADRs are presented as MedDRA preferred terms under the MedDRA System Organ Class. The incidence of the adverse reactions below are expressed according to the following categories:

- Very common (>1/10)

- Common (>1/100 to <1/10)

- Uncommon (>1/1, 000 to <1/100)

- Rare (>1/10, 000 to <1/1,000)

- Very rare (<1/10,000)

- Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)

*Class label for interferon beta products.

^┼ Class label for interferon products, see below Pulmonary arterial hypertension.

^$ Class label for interferon products

Description of selected adverse reactions

Flu-like symptoms

Influenza-like illness was experienced by 47% of patients receiving Плегриди 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and 13% of patients receiving placebo. The incidence of flu-like symptoms (e.g. influenza-like illness, chills, hyperpyrexia, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, pain, pyrexia) was highest at the initiation of treatment and generally decreased over the first 6 months. Of the patients who reported flu-like symptoms 90% reported them as mild or moderate in severity. None were considered serious in nature. Less than 1% of patients who received Плегриди during the placebo controlled phase of the ADVANCE study discontinued treatment due to flu-like symptoms. An open-label study in patients switching from interferon beta therapy to Плегриди evaluated the onset and duration of prophylactically treated flu-like symptoms. In patients experiencing flu-like symptoms, the median time to onset was 10 hours (interquartile range, 7 to 16 hours) after injection, and the median duration was 17 hours (interquartile range, 12 to 22 hours).

Injection site reactions

Injection site reactions (e.g. injection site erythema, pain, pruritus, or oedema) were reported by 66% of patients who received Плегриди 125 micrograms every 2 weeks compared to 11% of patients receiving placebo. Injection site erythema was the most commonly reported injection site reaction. Of the patients who experienced injection site reactions 95% reported them as mild or moderate in severity. One patient out of 1468 patients who received Плегриди in clinical studies experienced an injection site necrosis which resolved with standard medical treatment.

Hepatic transaminase abnormalities

The incidence of hepatic transaminase increases was greater in patients receiving Плегриди compared to placebo. The majority of enzyme elevations were <3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Elevations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (>5 times ULN), were reported in 1% and <1% of placebo-treated patients and 2% and <1% of patients treated with Плегриди respectively. Elevations of serum hepatic transaminases combined with elevated bilirubin were observed in two patients who had pre-existing liver test abnormalities prior to receiving Плегриди in the clinical trials. Both cases resolved following discontinuation of Плегриди.

Haematological disorders

Decreases in white blood cell counts of <3.0 x 10⁹/L were observed in 7% of patients receiving Плегриди and in 1% receiving placebo. Mean white blood cell counts remained within normal limits in patients treated with Плегриди. Decreases in white blood cell counts were not associated with an increased risk of infections or serious infections. The incidence of potentially clinically significant decreases in lymphocyte counts (<0.5 x 10⁹/L) (<1%), neutrophil counts (≤1.0 x 10⁹/L) (<1%) and platelet counts (≤100 x 10⁹/L) (≤1%) was similar in Плегриди-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients. Two serious cases were reported in patients treated with Плегриди: one patient (<1%) experienced severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <10 x 10⁹/L), another patient (<1%) experienced severe neutropenia (neutrophil count <0.5 x 10⁹/L). In both patients, cell counts recovered after discontinuation of Плегриди. Slight decreases in mean red blood cell (RBC) counts were observed in Плегриди treated patients. The incidence of potentially clinically significant decreases in RBC counts (<3.3 x 10¹²/L) was similar in Плегриди-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients.

Hypersensitivity reactions

Hypersensitivity events were reported in 16% of patients treated with Плегриди 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and 14% of patients who received placebo. Less than 1% of Плегриди treated patients experienced a serious hypersensitivity event (e.g. angioedema, urticaria) and they recovered promptly after treatment with anti-histamines and/or corticosteroids.

Depression and suicidal ideation

The overall incidence of adverse events related to depression and suicidal ideation was 8% for both Плегриди 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and placebo groups. The incidence of serious events related to depression and suicidal ideation were similar and low (<1%) in both Плегриди 125 micrograms every 2 weeks and placebo-treated patients.

Seizure

The incidence of seizure events was low and comparable in patients receiving Плегриди (125 micrograms every 2 weeks) and placebo (<1% in each group).

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been reported with interferon beta products. Events were reported at various time points including up to several years after starting treatment with interferon beta.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:

Ireland

HPRA Pharmacovigilance

Earlsfort Terrace

IRL - Dublin 2

Tel: +353 1 6764971

Fax: +353 1 6762517

Website: www.hpra.ie

e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie

United Kingdom

Yellow Card Scheme

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store

In case of over-dose, patients may be hospitalized for observation and appropriate supportive treatment should be given.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents; immunostimulants; interferons

ATC code: L03AB13

Плегриди is an interferon beta-1a conjugated with a single, linear molecule of 20,000 Da methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol)-O-2-methylpropionaldehyde (20 kDa mPEG-O-2-methylpropionaldehyde) at a degree of substitution of 1 mole of polymer/mole of protein. The average molecular mass is approximately 44 kDa of which the protein moiety constitutes approximately 23 kDa.

Mechanism of action

A definitive mechanism of action of peginterferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis (MS) is not known. Плегриди binds to the type I interferon receptor on the surface of cells and elicits a cascade of intracellular events leading to the regulation of interferon-responsive gene expression. Biological effects that may be mediated by Плегриди include up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-10, IL-27), down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α) and inhibiting the migration of activated T cells across the blood brain barrier; however additional mechanisms may be involved. Whether the mechanism of action of Плегриди in MS is mediated by the same pathway(s) as the biological effects described above is not known because the pathophysiology of MS is only partially understood.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Плегриди is interferon beta-1a conjugated to a single, linear 20 kDa methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol) molecule at the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino acid residue.

Interferons are a family of naturally occurring proteins that are induced by cells in response to biological and chemical stimuli, and mediate numerous cellular responses that have been classified as antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory in nature. The pharmacological properties of Плегриди are consistent with those of interferon beta-1a and are believed to be mediated by the protein portion of the molecule.

Pharmacodynamic responses were evaluated by measuring the induction of interferon-responsive genes including those encoding 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2′,5′-OAS), myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), and several chemokines and cytokines, as well as neopterin (D-erythro-1, 2, 3,-trihydroxypropylpterin), a product of the interferon-inducible enzyme, GTP-cyclohydrolase I. Gene induction in healthy human subjects was greater in terms of peak level and exposure (area under the effect curve) for Плегриди compared to non-pegylated interferon beta-1a (IM) when both were given at the same dose by activity (6 MIU). The duration of this response was sustained and prolonged for Плегриди, with elevations detected up to 15 days compared to 4 days for non-pegylated interferon beta-1a. Increased concentrations of neopterin were observed in both healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis patients treated with Плегриди, with a sustained and prolonged elevation over 10 days compared to 5 days observed for non-pegylated interferon beta-1a. Neopterin concentrations return to baseline after the two week dosing interval.

Clinical efficacy and safety

The efficacy and safety of Плегриди was assessed from the placebo-controlled first year of a 2 year randomised, double-blind, clinical study in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (the ADVANCE study). 1512 patients were randomised to and dosed with 125 micrograms Плегриди injected subcutaneously every 2 (n=512) or 4 (n=500) weeks versus placebo (n=500).

The primary endpoint was the annualised relapse rate (ARR) over 1 year. The study design and patient demographics are presented in Table 2.

No data are available from clinical efficacy/safety studies directly comparing pegylated with non-pegylated interferon beta-1a, or from patients switching between non-pegylated and pegylated interferon.

Table 2: Study design

EDSS: Expanded Disability Status Scale

Gd+: Gadolinium-enhancing

Плегриди every 2 weeks significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) by 36% compared to placebo (p=0.0007) at one year (Table 3) with consistent reductions of the ARR noted in subgroups defined by demographic and baseline disease characteristics. Плегриди also significantly reduced the risk of relapse by 39% (p=0.0003), the risk of sustained disability progression confirmed at 12 weeks by 38% (p=0.0383) and at 24 weeks (post-hoc analysis) by 54% (p=0.0069), the number of new or newly enlarging T2 lesions by 67% (p<0.0001), the number of Gd-enhancing lesions by 86% (p<0.0001) and the number of new T1 hypointense lesions compared to placebo by 53% (p<0.0001). A treatment effect was observed as early as 6 months, with Плегриди 125 micrograms every 2 weeks demonstrating a 61% reduction (p<0.0001) in new or newly enlarging T2 lesions as compared with placebo. Across relapse and MRI endpoints Плегриди 125 micrograms every two weeks showed a numerically greater treatment effect over the Плегриди every four weeks dosing regimen at year 1.

Results over 2 years confirmed that efficacy was maintained beyond the placebo controlled first year of the study. Patients exposed to Плегриди every 2 weeks showed statistically significant reductions compared to patients exposed to Плегриди every 4 weeks over 2 years in a post-hoc analysis for endpoints including ARR (24%, p=0.0209), the risk of relapse (24%, p=0.0212), the risk of disability progression with 24 week confirmation (36%, p=0.0459), and MRI endpoints (new/enlarging T2 60%, Gd+ 71%, and new T1 hypointense lesions 53%; p<0.0001 for all). In the ATTAIN extension study, long-term efficacy with Плегриди was maintained with continuous treatment up to 4 years as shown by clinical and MRI measures of MS disease activity. Of a total of 1468 patients, 658 patients continued at least 4 years of treatment with Плегриди.

Results for this study are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Clinical and MRI results

HR: Hazard ratio

CI: Confidence interval

* Sustained disability progression was defined as at least a 1 point increase from baseline EDSS > 1 or 1.5 point increase for patients with baseline EDSS of 0, sustained for 12 / 24 weeks.

^n=477

Patients who failed previous MS treatment were not included in the study.

Subgroups of patients with higher disease activity were defined by relapse and MRI criteria as reported below, with the following efficacy results:

- For patients with >1 relapse in the previous year and >9 T2 lesions or >1 Gd+ lesion (n=1401), the annual relapse rate at 1 year was 0.39 for placebo, 0.29 for Плегриди every 4 weeks and 0.25 for Плегриди every 2 weeks.

Results in this subgroup were consistent with those in the overall population.

- For patients with >2 relapses in the previous year and at least 1 Gd+ lesion (n=273), the annual relapse rate at 1 year was 0.47 for placebo, 0.35 for Плегриди every 4 weeks, and 0.33 for Плегриди every 2 weeks.

Results in this subgroup were numerically consistent with those in the overall population but not statistically significant.

Paediatric population

The serum half-life of peginterferon beta-1a is prolonged compared with non-pegylated interferon beta-1a. Serum concentration of peginterferon beta-1a was dose-proportional in the range of 63 to 188 micrograms as observed in a single dose and a multiple dose study in healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetics observed in multiple sclerosis patients were consistent with those seen in healthy subjects.

Absorption

Following subcutaneous administration of peginterferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis patients, the peak concentration was reached between 1 to 1.5 days post-dose. The observed C_max (mean±SE) was 280 ± 79 pg/mL following repeat dosing of 125 micrograms every two weeks.

Subcutaneous peginterferon beta-1a resulted in approximately 4-, 9-, and 13-fold higher exposure (AUC_168h) values and approximately 2-, 3.5- and 5-fold higher C_max, following single doses of 63 (6 MIU), 125 (12 MIU), and 188 (18 MIU) micrograms respectively, compared to intramuscular administration of 30 (6 MIU) micrograms non-pegylated beta-1a.

Distribution

Following repeat dosing of 125 micrograms doses every two weeks by subcutaneous administration, the volume of distribution uncorrected for bioavailability (mean±SE) was 481 ± 105 L.

Biotransformation and elimination

Urinary (renal) clearance is postulated to be a major excretory pathway for Плегриди. The process of covalently conjugating a PEG moiety to a protein can alter the in vivo properties of the unmodified protein, including decreased renal clearance and decreased proteolysis thus extending the circulating half-life. Accordingly, the half-life (t_1/2) of peginterferon beta-1a is approximately 2-fold longer than non-pegylated interferon beta-1a in healthy volunteers. In multiple sclerosis patients, the t_1/2 (mean±SE) of peginterferon beta-1a was 78 ± 15 hours at steady state. The mean steady state clearance of peginterferon beta-1a was 4.1 ± 0.4 L/hr.

Special populations

Renal impairment

A single-dose study in healthy subjects and subjects with various degrees of renal impairment (mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment as well as subjects with end state renal disease) showed a fractional increase in AUC (13-62%) and C_max (42-71%) in subjects with mild (estimated glomerular filtration rate 50 to ≤80 mL/min/1.73m²), moderate (estimated glomerular filtration rate 30 to <50 mL/min/1.73m²), and severe (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73m²) renal impairment, compared to subjects with normal renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate >80 mL/min/1.73m²). Subjects with end stage renal disease requiring 2-3 times haemodialysis weekly showed similar AUC and C_max as compared to subjects with normal renal function. Each haemodialysis reduced peginterferon beta-1a concentration by approximately 24%, suggesting that haemodialysis partially removes peginterferon beta-1a from systemic circulation.

Hepatic function

The pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta-1a has not been evaluated in patients with hepatic insufficiency.

Elderly patients

Clinical experience in patients aged above 65 years is limited. However, results from a population pharmacokinetic analysis (in patients up to 65 years) suggest that age does not impact peginterferon beta-1a clearance.

Gender

No gender effect on the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta-1a was found in a population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Race

Race had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of peginterferon beta-1a in a population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Not applicable.

• R52.1 – Chronic intractable pain
• R52.2 – Other chronic pain
• R52.9 – Unspecified pain

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

• R52.1 – Chronic intractable pain
• R52.2 – Other chronic pain
• R52.9 – Unspecified pain