Pentadol

Pentadol is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe acute pain in adults, which can be adequately managed only with opioid analgesics.

The dosing regimen should be individualised according to the severity of pain being treated, the previous treatment experience and the ability to monitor the patient.

Patients should start treatment with single doses of 50 mg tapentadol as film-coated tablet administered every 4 to 6 hours. Higher starting doses may be necessary depending on the pain intensity and the patient's previous history of analgesic requirements.

On the first day of dosing, an additional dose may be taken as soon as one hour after the initial dose, if pain control is not achieved. The dose should then be titrated individually to a level that provides adequate analgesia and minimises undesirable effects under the close supervision of the prescribing physician.

Daily doses greater than 700 mg tapentadol on the first day of treatment and maintenance daily doses greater than 600 mg tapentadol have not been studied and are therefore not recommended.

Duration of treatment

The film-coated tablets are intended for acute pain situations. If longer term treatment is anticipated or becomes necessary and effective pain relief in the absence of intolerable adverse events was achieved with Pentadol, the possibility of switching the patient to therapy with Pentadol prolonged release tablets should be considered.

As with all symptomatic treatments, the continued use of tapentadol must be evaluated on an ongoing basis.

Discontinuation of treatment

Withdrawal symptoms could occur after abrupt discontinuation of treatment with tapentadol . When a patient no longer requires therapy with tapentadol, it may be advisable to taper the dose gradually to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.

Renal Impairment

In patients with mild or moderate renal impairment a dosage adjustment is not required.

Pentadol has not been studied in controlled efficacy trials in patients with severe renal impairment, therefore the use in this population is not recommended.

Hepatic Impairment

In patients with mild hepatic impairment a dosage adjustment is not required.

Pentadol should be used with caution in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Treatment in these patients should be initiated at the lowest available dose strength, i.e. 50 mg tapentadol as film-coated tablet, and not be administered more frequently than once every 8 hours. At initiation of therapy a daily dose greater than 150 mg tapentadol as film-coated tablet is not recommended. Further treatment should reflect maintenance of analgesia with acceptable tolerability, to be achieved by either shortening or lengthening the dosing interval.

Pentadol has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment and therefore, use in this population is not recommended.

Older People (persons aged 65 years and over)

In general, a dose adaptation in older people is not required. However, as older people are more likely to have decreased renal and hepatic function, care should be taken in dose selection as recommended.

Paediatric Patients

The safety and efficacy of Pentadol in children and adolescents below 18 years of age has not yet been established. Therefore Pentadol is not recommended for use in this population.

Method of administration

Pentadol should be taken with sufficient liquid. Pentadol can be taken with or without food.

- in situations where active substances with mu-opioid receptor agonist activity are contraindicated, i.e. patients with significant respiratory depression (in unmonitored settings or the absence of resuscitative equipment), and patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma or hypercapnia

- in any patient who has or is suspected of having paralytic ileus

- in patients with acute intoxication with alcohol, hypnotics, centrally acting analgesics, or psychotropic active substances

Potential for Abuse and Addiction/ Dependence Syndrome

Pentadol has a potential for abuse and addiction. This should be considered when prescribing or dispensing Pentadol in situations where there is concern about an increased risk of misuse, abuse, addiction, or diversion.

All patients treated with active substances that have mu-opioid receptor agonist activity should be carefully monitored for signs of abuse and addiction.

Respiratory Depression

At high doses or in mu-opioid receptor agonist sensitive patients, Pentadol may produce dose-related respiratory depression. Therefore, Pentadol should be administered with caution to patients with impaired respiratory functions. Alternative non-mu-opioid receptor agonist analgesics should be considered and Pentadol should be employed only under careful medical supervision at the lowest effective dose in such patients. If respiratory depression occurs, it should be treated as any mu-opioid receptor agonist-induced respiratory depression.

Head Injury and Increased Intracranial Pressure

Pentadol should not be used in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the intracranial effects of carbon dioxide retention such as those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure, impaired consciousness, or coma. Analgesics with mu-opioid receptor agonist activity may obscure the clinical course of patients with head injury. Pentadol should be used with caution in patients with head injury and brain tumors.

Seizures

Pentadol has not been systematically evaluated in patients with a seizure disorder, and such patients were excluded from clinical trials. However, like other analgesics with mu-opioid agonist activity Pentadol is not recommended in patients with a history of a seizure disorder or any condition that would put the patient at risk of seizures.

Renal Impairment

Pentadol has not been studied in controlled efficacy trials in patients with severe renal impairment, therefore the use in this population is not recommended.

Hepatic Impairment

Subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment showed a 2-fold and 4.5-fold increase in systemic exposure, respectively, compared with subjects with normal hepatic function. Pentadol should be used with caution in patients with moderate hepatic impairment , especially upon initiation of treatment.

Pentadol has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment and therefore, use in this population is not recommended.

Use in Pancreatic/Biliary Tract Disease

Active substances with mu-opioid receptor agonist activity may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Pentadol should be used with caution in patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis.

Mixed opioid agonists/antagonists

Care should be taken when combining Pentadol with mixed mu-opioid agonist/antagonists (like pentazocine, nalbuphine) or partial mu-opioid agonists (like buprenorphine). In patients maintained on buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence, alternative treatment options (like e.g. temporary buprenorphine discontinuation) should be considered, if administration of full mu-agonists (like tapentadol) becomes necessary in acute pain situations. On combined use with buprenorphine, higher dose requirements for full mu-receptor agonists have been reported and close monitoring of adverse events such as respiratory depression is required in such circumstances.

Pentadol film-coated tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption, should not take this medicinal product.

Pentadol may have major influence on the ability to drive and use machines, because it may adversely affect central nervous system functions. This has to be expected especially at the beginning of treatment, when any change of dosage occur as well as in connection with the use of alcohol or tranquilisers. Patients should be cautioned as to whether driving or use of machines is permitted.

The adverse drug reactions that were experienced by patients in the placebo controlled trials performed with Pentadol were predominantly of mild and moderate severity. The most frequent adverse drug reactions were in the gastrointestinal and central nervous system (nausea, vomiting, somnolence, dizziness and headache).

The table below lists adverse drug reactions that were identified from clinical trials performed with Pentadol and from post-marketing environment. They are listed by class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as very common (>1/10); common (>1/100, <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000, <1/100); rare (>1/10,000, <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Clinical trials performed with Pentadol with patient exposure up to 90 days have shown little evidence of withdrawal symptoms upon abrupt discontinuations and these were generally classified as mild, when they occurred. Nevertheless, physicians should be vigilant for symptoms of withdrawal and treat patients accordingly should they occur.

The risk of suicidal ideation and suicides committed is known to be higher in patients suffering from chronic pain. In addition, substances with a pronounced influence on the monoaminergic system have been associated with an increased risk of suicidality in patients suffering from depression, especially at the beginning of treatment. For tapentadol data from clinical trials and post-marketing reports do not provide evidence for an increased risk

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Symptoms

Human experience with overdose of tapentadol is very limited. Preclinical data suggest that symptoms similar to those of other centrally acting analgesics with mu-opioid receptor agonist activity are to be expected upon intoxication with tapentadol. In principle, these symptoms include, referring to the clinical setting, in particular miosis, vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, consciousness disorders up to coma, convulsions and respiratory depression up to respiratory arrest.

Management

Management of overdose should be focused on treating symptoms of mu-opioid agonism. Primary attention should be given to re-establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation when overdose of tapentadol is suspected.

Pure opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. Respiratory depression following an overdose may outlast the duration of action of the opioid receptor antagonist. Administration of an opioid receptor antagonist is not a substitute for continuous monitoring of airway, breathing, and circulation following an opioid overdose. If the response to opioid receptor antagonists is suboptimal or only brief in nature, an additional dose of antagonist (e.g. naloxone) should be administered as directed by the manufacturer of the product.

Gastrointestinal decontamination may be considered in order to eliminate unabsorbed active substance. Gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal or by gastric lavage may be considered within 2 hours after intake. Before attempting gastrointestinal decontamination, care should be taken to secure the airway.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Analgesics; opioids; other opioids

ATC code: N02AX06

Tapentadol is a strong analgesic with µ-agonistic opioid and additional noradrenaline reuptake inhibition properties. Tapentadol exerts its analgesic effects directly without a pharmacologically active metabolite.

Tapentadol demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models of nociceptive, neuropathic, visceral and inflammatory pain; Efficacy has been verified in clinical trials with tapentadol film-coated tablets covering nociceptive pain conditions including postoperative orthopaedic and abdominal pain as well as chronic pain due to osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. In general the analgesic effect of tapentadol in nociceptive pain trials was similar to that observed with a strong opioid used as comparator.

Effects on the cardiovascular system: In a thorough human QT trial, no effect of multiple therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of tapentadol on the QT interval was shown. Similarly, tapentadol had no relevant effect on other ECG parameters (heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, T-wave or U-wave morphology).

Paediatric population

Absorption

Tapentadol is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration of Pentadol. Mean absolute bioavailability after single-dose administration (fasting) is approximately 32% due to extensive first-pass metabolism. Maximum serum concentrations of tapentadol are typically observed at around 1.25 hours after administration of film-coated tablets. Dose-proportional increases in the C_max and AUC values of tapentadol have been observed after administration of film-coated tablets over the oral therapeutic dose range.

A multiple (every 6 hour) dose trial with doses ranging from 75 to 175 mg tapentadol administered as film-coated tablets showed an accumulation ratio between 1.4 and 1.7 for the parent active substance and between 1.7 and 2.0 for the major metabolite tapentadol-O-glucuronide, which are primarily determined by the dosing interval and apparent half-life of tapentadol and its metabolite. Steady state serum concentrations of tapentadol are reached on the second day of the treatment regimen.

Food Effect

The AUC and C_max increased by 25% and 16%, respectively, when film-coated tablets were administered after a high-fat, high-calorie breakfast. The time to maximum plasma concentration was delayed by 1.5 hours under these conditions. Based on efficacy data obtained at early assessment time points during phase II/III trials, the food effect does not appear to be of clinical relevance Pentadol may be given with or without food.

Distribution

Tapentadol is widely distributed throughout the body. Following intravenous administration, the volume of distribution (Vz) for tapentadol is 540 +/- 98 l. The serum protein binding is low and amounts to approximately 20%.

Metabolism

In humans, the metabolism of tapentadol is extensive. About 97% of the parent compound is metabolised. The major pathway of tapentadol metabolism is conjugation with glucuronic acid to produce glucuronides. After oral administration approximately 70% of the dose is excreted in urine as conjugated forms (55% glucuronide and 15% sulfate of tapentadol). Uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UGT) is the primary enzyme involved in the glucuronidation (mainly UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 isoforms). A total of 3% of active substance is excreted in urine as unchanged active substance. Tapentadol is additionally metabolised to N-desmethyl tapentadol (13%) by CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 and to hydroxy tapentadol (2%) by CYP2D6, which are further metabolised by conjugation. Therefore, active substance metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 system is of less importance than phase 2 conjugation.

None of the metabolites contributes to the analgesic activity.

Elimination

Tapentadol and its metabolites are excreted almost exclusively (99%) via the kidneys. The total clearance after intravenous administration is 1530 +/- 177 ml/min. Terminal half-life is on average 4 hours after oral administration.

Special populations

Older people

The mean exposure (AUC) to tapentadol was similar in a trial with older subjects (65-78 years of age) compared to young adults (19-43 years of age), with a 16% lower mean C_max observed in the older subject group compared to young adult subjects.

Renal Impairment

AUC and C_max of tapentadol were comparable in subjects with varying degrees of renal function (from normal to severely impaired). In contrast, increasing exposure (AUC) to tapentadol-O-glucuronide was observed with increasing degree of renal impairment. In subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, the AUC of tapentadol-O-glucuronide are 1.5-, 2.5-, and 5.5-fold higher compared with normal renal function, respectively.

Hepatic Impairment

Administration of tapentadol resulted in higher exposures and serum levels to tapentadol in subjects with impaired hepatic function compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. The ratio of tapentadol pharmacokinetic parameters for the mild and moderate hepatic impairment groups in comparison to the normal hepatic function group were 1.7 and 4.2, respectively, for AUC; 1.4 and 2.5, respectively, for C_max; and 1.2 and 1.4, respectively, for t_1/2. The rate of formation of tapentadol-O-glucuronide was lower in subjects with increased liver impairment.

Pharmacokinetic Interactions

Tapentadol is mainly metabolised by Phase 2 glucuronidation, and only a small amount is metabolised by Phase 1 oxidative pathways.

As glucuronidation is a high capacity/low affinity system, which is not easily saturated even in disease, and as therapeutic concentrations of active substances are generally well below the concentrations needed for potential inhibition of glucuronidation, any clinically relevant interactions caused by Phase 2 metabolism are unlikely to occur. In a set of drug-drug interaction trials using paracetamol, naproxen, acetylsalicylic acid and probenecid, a possible influence of these active substances on the glucuronidation of tapentadol was investigated. The trials with probe active substances naproxen (500 mg twice daily for 2 days) and probenecid (500 mg twice daily for 2 days) showed increases in AUC of tapentadol by 17% and 57%, respectively. Overall, no clinically relevant effects on the serum concentrations of tapentadol were observed in these trials.

Furthermore, interaction trials of tapentadol with metoclopramide and omeprazole were conducted to investigate a possible influence of these active substances on the absorption of tapentadol. These trials also showed no clinically relevant effects on tapentadol serum concentrations.

In vitro studies did not reveal any potential of tapentadol to either inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 enzymes. Thus, clinically relevant interactions mediated by the cytochrome P450 system are unlikely to occur.

Plasma protein binding of tapentadol is low (approximately 20%). Therefore, the likelihood of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions by displacement from the protein binding site is low.

Tapentadol was not genotoxic in bacteria in the Ames test. Equivocal findings were observed in an in vitro chromosomal aberration test, but when the test was repeated the results were clearly negative. Tapentadol was not genotoxic in vivo, using the two endpoints of chromosomal aberration and unscheduled DNA synthesis, when tested up to the maximum tolerated dose. Long-term animal studies did not identify a potential carcinogenic risk relevant to humans.

Tapentadol had no influence on male or female fertility in rats but there was reduced in utero survival at the high dose. It is not known whether this was mediated via the male or the female. Tapentadol showed no teratogenic effects in rats and rabbits following intravenous and subcutaneous exposure. However, delayed development and embryotoxicity were observed after administration of doses resulting in exaggerated pharmacology (mu-opioid related CNS effects related to dosing above the therapeutic range). After intravenous dosing in rats reduced in utero survival was seen. In rats tapentadol caused increased mortality of the F1 pups that were directly exposed via milk between days 1 and 4 postpartum already at dosages that did not provoke maternal toxicities. There were no effects on neurobehavioral parameters.

Excretion into breast milk was investigated in rat pups suckled by dams dosed with tapentadol. Pups were dose-dependently exposed to tapentadol and tapentadol O-glucuronide. It was concluded that tapentadol is excreted in milk.

Not applicable

No special requirements.