Mark fast

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Mark fast

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Medically reviewed

Marina Burgos

Last updated on 22/12/2025

This page provides general, reference-level information compiled from official medical sources. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For decisions about your health, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Overview of Mark fast

Quick Facts

Property Description
Active ingredients Chlorzoxazone, Ibuprofen
Form Capsule or Tablet
Pharmacological class Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
Origin Synthetic
Common purpose Relief from muscle spasm, pain, and inflammation

Defining Mark Fast: A Fixed-Dose Combination Medicine

Mark Fast is a synthetic, fixed-dose combination product intended for oral route of administration. It is uniquely classified within two key pharmacological groups: as a Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant and a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID). This dual-component nature is the distinguishing feature of the product, moving beyond single-agent pain relief. The muscle relaxant component acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to reduce muscle tone and spasm, a mechanism that is clinically recognized for addressing the combined symptoms of muscle tension and inflammatory pain.

Core Ingredients and General Purpose

Mark Fast's core composition includes the two active ingredients, Chlorzoxazone and Ibuprofen. Both are synthetic compounds used in a predetermined ratio for comprehensive relief. This combination formulation is typically prescribed to provide symptomatic management for adults experiencing acute painful musculoskeletal conditions, such as stiffness and pain following strain or injury. The therapeutic purpose is to simultaneously address the muscle spasm via the central action of Chlorzoxazone and mitigate the associated pain and inflammation via the anti-inflammatory action of Ibuprofen. The benefit of combining these agents has been observed in clinical practice to effectively manage the severity of both muscle stiffness and pain.

What side effects are possible with Mark fast?

Possible Side Effects and Safety Information

This section summarizes the officially documented safety profile of a product containing Ibuprofen (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug or NSAID) and Chlorzoxazone (Muscle Relaxant), the active components found in certain formulations labeled as Mark fast. All information is based strictly on governmental regulatory documents for these active substances.

Adverse Reaction Scope

Key adverse reaction categories: The most frequently reported adverse events are typically related to the gastrointestinal system (due to Ibuprofen) and the nervous system (due to Chlorzoxazone).

  • Frequency Classification:
    • Common: Gastrointestinal upset (e.g., dyspepsia, nausea, abdominal pain), dizziness, drowsiness, and lightheadedness.
    • Uncommon/Rare: Hypersensitivity reactions, various skin rashes, and hepatic impairment.

System-organ classes involved: Gastrointestinal disorders, Nervous system disorders, Hepatobiliary disorders, Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, and Immune system disorders.

Serious adverse reactions (as documented in regulatory sources):

  • Cardiovascular Risks: Ibuprofen may increase the risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
  • Gastrointestinal Risks: Serious gastrointestinal adverse events, including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, can occur.
  • Hepatic Toxicity: Cases of liver damage (hepatotoxicity) have been reported, primarily associated with Chlorzoxazone.
  • Severe Skin Reactions: Rare but serious skin reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN).

Population-specific safety considerations:

  • Pregnancy: Use of NSAIDs during the third trimester is restricted due to the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus.
  • Elderly: This population is at higher risk for serious gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse events.

Dose- or exposure-related patterns (if explicitly stated): The risk of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal serious adverse events associated with the NSAID component may increase with duration of use and higher doses.

Safety-related restrictions or limitations:

  • Contraindications: Use is restricted in patients with known hypersensitivity to the components, in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, or those with active GI bleeding.
  • Caution: Requires particular caution in patients with fluid retention, hypertension, or pre-existing heart failure due to potential for new onset or worsening of cardiovascular risk factors.

Safety Classifications (High-level)

Regulatory frequency framework used (e.g., EMA / ICH frequency bands): The classification of adverse drug reactions is generally based on the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) frequency convention.

Regulatory basis (EMA / FDA / other government authority): The safety summary is based on the authoritative safety labels for the constituent drugs, Ibuprofen and Chlorzoxazone, as approved by various government health authorities.

Context-of-use safety notes (as defined in official documents): The label requires monitoring for signs of GI ulceration or bleeding, liver dysfunction (requiring periodic monitoring of liver function tests), and changes in blood pressure.

Resulting Safety Structure

Regulatory safety summary:

  • Safety is dominated by the risks associated with the NSAID component (Ibuprofen), particularly for cardiovascular thrombotic events and serious gastrointestinal adverse events.
  • The muscle relaxant component (Chlorzoxazone) contributes central nervous system effects such as dizziness and drowsiness, and carries a recognized risk of serious liver toxicity.
  • Use requires specific caution and monitoring in vulnerable populations, including the elderly, and is formally restricted in certain clinical situations, such as late-stage pregnancy.

Connection to the overall safety profile (2–4 sentences): The official safety information structures the understanding of risks by categorizing them based on the pharmacologic class of the two active ingredients, highlighting potentially life-threatening risks—specifically GI ulceration/bleeding and cardiovascular events—as high-priority safety concerns of the NSAID. The profile is further defined by the CNS effects and established liver monitoring requirements associated with the muscle relaxant. This composite profile mandates regulatory warnings and restrictions to manage risks proportional to the severity of these documented adverse reactions.

Overdose and Emergency Response

Overdose and when to seek help

The overdose profile for Mark Fast is defined by the toxic effects of its two components, encompassing both Central Nervous System (CNS) depression and systemic organ damage. All factual statements are derived from official government regulatory documents.

Overdose Scope

Feature Official Regulatory Statements (Label-Derived)
Documented Overdose Presentations Initial symptoms can include gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, severe drowsiness, headache, and general sluggishness. Specific severe signs listed are marked loss of muscle tone, the impossibility of voluntary movement, and decreased deep tendon reflexes. The NSAID component can additionally present with tinnitus, blurred vision, and signs of confusion or agitation.
Physiological Systems Affected Systems affected include the CNS (depression, potential coma), Respiratory function (shallow breathing), Cardiovascular system (hypotension, shock), Renal system (acute renal failure), and Gastrointestinal system (bleeding, perforation).
Population-specific overdose notes Elderly patients are at documented higher risk for serious gastrointestinal adverse events. Individuals with renal or hepatic impairment may also face increased risk of toxicity.

When Immediate Medical Help is Required

Get emergency help immediately if symptoms of overdose occur. This action is mandated by official regulatory guidance for life-threatening manifestations. Urgent medical attention must be sought for signs such as trouble breathing (slow or irregular respiration), seizures, convulsions, or a state of unresponsiveness or coma.

Resulting Overdose Structure

Official overdose statements:

  • The most severe outcomes include respiratory depression, coma, shock, acute renal failure, and gastrointestinal perforation.
  • Treatment is entirely supportive and symptomatic, as the regulatory labels state that no specific antidote is known for acute overdose of the active ingredients.
  • Supportive procedures may include gastric lavage, activated charcoal administration, and maintenance of a patent airway with provision of oxygen and artificial respiration, if needed, as documented in regulatory guidelines.

Connection to the overall overdose profile (2–4 sentences): The regulatory profile defines the overdose risk as a dangerous intersection of profound CNS depression and systemic organ damage, necessitating immediate emergency medical intervention. Management is procedural and supportive, focusing on treating the resulting clinical signs and severe outcomes, given the formally documented absence of a specific counteracting agent.

Therapeutic Uses of Mark fast

What Mark Fast Treats: Main Uses and Benefits

The primary therapeutic benefit of Mark Fast lies in its dual-component formulation, which targets the combined symptoms related to physical discomfort and increased muscular activity often present in acute musculoskeletal issues. It is commonly used to provide symptomatic relief during episodes of heightened discomfort that interfere with normal daily function. The muscle relaxant is generally used as an adjunct for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions.

Mark Fast is primarily relevant in clinical settings marked by significant discomfort arising from conditions characterized by periods of heightened symptoms, such as sudden muscle strains, ligamentous sprains, and general low back pain associated with muscle tension. It is applied in addressing the resulting cluster of symptoms, including localized pain, involuntary muscle spasm, stiffness, and discomfort.

“The combination is relevant for managing symptoms related to inflammatory or irritative states and symptoms of increased muscular activity.”

The dual focus on muscle tension and inflammation contributes to easing the overall symptom load and may assist with maintaining functional stability during the acute phase. This supportive benefit supports general well-being during symptomatic phases.


Quick Fact Block

Quick Fact Description
Relief for Acute Discomfort The combination is relevant for managing acute musculoskeletal pain, muscle spasms, and localized inflammation.
Common Use Context Applied in addressing sudden muscle strains, sprains, and tension-related low back pain.
Main Patient Benefit Contributes to improved comfort during periods of heightened symptoms by addressing both stiffness and pain.

Regulatory References

  1. DailyMed official label for Chlorzoxazone

Eligibility and Restrictions for Use

The drug "Mark fast" is a combination medicine containing the active ingredients Ibuprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or NSAID) and Chlorzoxazone (a muscle relaxant). The official eligibility profile is defined by the absolute contraindications and restrictions of these two components as documented in governmental regulatory sources.

Eligibility Status

Classification Population/Condition
Absolutely Contraindicated Patients with known hypersensitivity to Ibuprofen, Chlorzoxazone, or other NSAIDs (e.g., those with a history of asthma, urticaria, or allergic reactions to aspirin).
Absolutely Contraindicated Presence of active peptic ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding.
Absolutely Contraindicated Patients in the third trimester of pregnancy (after 30 weeks gestation) and those undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery.
Absolutely Contraindicated Patients with active hepatic disease or hepatitis (due to Chlorzoxazone component).
Restricted/Not Recommended Patients with advanced renal disease or severe uncontrolled heart failure.
Restricted/Not Recommended Older adults (geriatric patients) due to heightened risk of serious adverse effects; use is advised with extreme caution.

Safety and efficacy have not been established in the pediatric population.

What should I know about interactions with other medicines?

Interactions with other medicines and products

Interaction Scope

Category Description / Entities
Medicinal product categories with documented interactions: Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants; Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin); Antiplatelet Agents (e.g., Aspirin); Antihypertensive Agents; Diuretics; Lithium; Methotrexate.
Mechanistic basis of interactions: Pharmacodynamic synergism (additive CNS depression); Pharmacodynamic risk (increased GI bleeding); Pharmacokinetic effect (decreased renal clearance of Lithium); Pharmacodynamic competition (interference with Aspirin's antiplatelet action).
Timing-based interaction rules: Low-dose Aspirin: Ibuprofen must be administered at least 8 hours before or 30 minutes after immediate-release Aspirin to avoid interference with the antiplatelet effect.
Population-specific interaction notes: Elderly/Volume-Depleted Patients: Heightened risk of acute kidney injury when Ibuprofen is combined with Antihypertensive Agents or Diuretics.
Interaction-related restrictions: Alcohol/Ethanol: Consumption increases risk of both severe CNS depression and gastrointestinal bleeding. High-Dose Aspirin: Concomitant use is generally not recommended due to compounded GI toxicity.

Official interaction statements

  • Co-administration with alcohol or other CNS depressants may cause an additive CNS depressant effect, resulting in increased sedation.
  • The Ibuprofen component increases the risk of serious gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents.
  • Ibuprofen may diminish the therapeutic effect of Antihypertensive Agents and Diuretics.
  • Ibuprofen co-administration decreases the renal clearance of Lithium, which can lead to increased serum levels.

Connection to the overall interaction profile

Regulatory documents establish that the product's interaction profile is defined by its dual components: Chlorzoxazone's risk for additive CNS depression and Ibuprofen's risks related to GI toxicity, renal function, and antiplatelet interference. These documented patterns define mandatory timing rules and prohibition of certain co-administrations.

Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of Mark fast is based on the simultaneous modulation of two distinct physiological systems: CNS pathways regulating motor output, and the peripheral biochemical cascade that produces inflammatory mediators.

The Chlorzoxazone component acts as a centrally acting depressant, primarily inhibiting polysynaptic reflex arcs within the spinal cord and subcortical brain regions. This action functionally reduces the generation of excessive physiological responses, resulting in a decrease in the excitability of motor neurons and reduced frequency of involuntary skeletal muscle contractions. The functional consequence of this central mechanism is reduced motor neuron excitability.

Concurrently, the Ibuprofen component exerts its action through the non-selective, reversible inhibition of the Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). By blocking these enzymes, Ibuprofen modifies the early molecular steps of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade, preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins—key mediators of inflammation. This results in the limitation of excessive mediator activity, which contributes to the attenuation of peripheral inflammatory signaling and decreased chemical nociceptor sensitization.

This dual mechanism addresses both the neurological and humoral components of the syndrome. The central effect alters motor neuron excitability, while the peripheral effect reduces mediator synthesis. This combination of actions results in coordinated physiological modulation across the targeted pathways, defining the drug’s dual effect profile.

Dosage and Administration Information

How to Use Mark fast

The administration of Mark fast, a fixed-dose combination containing Chlorzoxazone and Ibuprofen, follows established usage patterns for the medication. The medicine is intended for oral administration as a tablet. Its role is defined as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other non-pharmacologic measures for the relief of discomfort associated with acute musculoskeletal conditions.


Usage Patterns

The dosing schedule is based on the Chlorzoxazone component and is structured around a multiple-times-daily frequency for adults.

Usage Parameter Guideline
Route of Administration Oral (by mouth)
Standard Adult Dose Initial dose is typically 500 mg of the Chlorzoxazone component per dose.
Frequency Taken three or four times daily.
Dose Adjustment The dose may be increased up to 750 mg per dose based on response. Dosage must be reduced as clinical improvement occurs.

Administration Constraints

The drug is administered according to a procedural principle of titrating down with improvement, aligning with its use for acute conditions. Safety and effectiveness have not been established for pediatric patients, constraining its use to the adult population. The administration of this medicine is not a standalone therapy but supports simultaneous non-drug measures, such as physical therapy. There are no mandatory instructions regarding timing with meals or special preparation requirements documented in the dosage and administration sections.

Recent Clinical Evidence

Mark fast: Recent Clinical Evidence

Evidence for Use in Acute Low Back Pain and Spasm

This fixed-dose combination, which includes a muscle relaxant and an NSAID, was evaluated in research exploring acute low back pain associated with muscle tension in adults. The available evidence primarily includes randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and prospective studies, which are study designs applied in research exploring how symptoms change over time. Studies monitored patient-reported outcomes describing perceived discomfort and changes in symptom intensity over brief observation intervals. Research contributes to understanding symptom patterns in adult populations experiencing these acute episodes. However, systematic reviews note that evidence quality varies across studies, and certainty remains low regarding broad, consistent outcomes.


Evidence in General Acute Musculoskeletal Conditions

Research explored a wider context through systematic reviews integrating findings from multiple trials concerning muscle relaxant and NSAID combinations. This research base was studied for its relevance in research contexts involving fluctuating or unstable symptoms such as acute strains or sprains. Studies examined outcomes related to systemic or functional imbalance, including measures of daily activity level. Findings indicate that while these combinations are frequently studied, comparative evidence is lacking to definitively show a clear difference in patterns when compared to using an NSAID alone.


Duration of Studies and Research Uncertainty

The typical follow-up durations were limited in the available research, generally not exceeding one week. Because studies focus on short-term symptom changes, the long-term effects are not fully established. There is limited information regarding sustained functional stability or prevention of symptom recurrence. Research has also not thoroughly examined outcomes for this combination in older adults, children, or individuals with significant comorbidities. The scientific literature consistently notes limitations, including modest sample sizes and a lack of standardized outcome measures, meaning that the current data are still emerging, and research is ongoing.

Key Studies & References

  1. DailyMed Label: Chlorzoxazone and Ibuprofen Fixed-Dose Combination
  2. Low Back Pain and Sciatica in Over 16s: Assessment and Management (NICE Guideline NG59)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Common questions about Mark fast (FAQ)


Q: How quickly is Mark fast expected to start working?

Studies on the active components indicate that the drug begins to exert its effects within the first few hours after administration. This rapid onset aligns with the expected time it takes for the ingredients to be absorbed into the body.


Q: Why is Mark fast prescribed for [Specific condition mentioned in core texts]?

Official prescribing information indicates that Mark fast is used as a fixed-dose combination to provide a dual approach to treatment. This combination is intended to address both the muscle spasm component through the central action of one ingredient and the associated pain and inflammation through the anti-inflammatory ingredient.


Q: Can Mark fast cause fatigue or tiredness during the day?

Regulatory documents list drowsiness and lightheadedness as common adverse reactions associated with one of the components. These central nervous system effects may contribute to a feeling of tiredness or fatigue during the day.


Q: Is it common to experience stomach upset when first starting Mark fast?

Gastrointestinal upset, such as nausea or abdominal pain, is cited as a commonly reported adverse reaction related to the NSAID ingredient. While the specific timing is not detailed, this effect may be noticeable when first starting the medication.


Q: What happens if I miss a scheduled time for Mark fast?

Official patient labeling typically provides guidance stating that a missed dose may be taken as soon as it is remembered. However, if it is nearly time for the next scheduled dose, instructions generally suggest skipping the missed dose and resuming the regular schedule.


Q: Are there any food restrictions while taking Mark fast?

Official regulatory documents primarily caution against taking Mark fast with alcohol due to the increased risks of central nervous system depression and gastrointestinal bleeding. No mandatory restrictions on specific food types are generally listed in the official dosage information.


Q: Is Mark fast safe for people over 65 years old?

Official warnings note that the elderly population is at a higher risk for experiencing serious adverse reactions, especially those related to the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. For this reason, official prescribing information notes that use in patients over 65 is typically approached with appropriate caution.


Q: Can Mark fast affect my ability to drive or operate machinery?

Official warnings note that due to the possibility of central nervous system side effects like dizziness and drowsiness, caution is generally indicated when performing tasks that require full mental alertness, such as driving or operating machinery.


Q: How long does the effect of Mark fast usually last?

Based on the drug’s components, the duration of the therapeutic effect typically lasts for a few hours. This is consistent with the standard official dosing schedule which requires taking the medicine multiple times daily.


Q: Is there a risk of dependency or addiction with Mark fast?

Regulatory classifications indicate that the muscle relaxant component in Mark fast is not designated as a controlled substance. Therefore, the product does not carry an official risk profile for dependency or addiction.


Q: Why do official documents mention [Specific ingredient/warning] for Mark fast?

Official documents are legally required to cite specific warnings to inform users of documented serious risks. These warnings highlight risks like cardiovascular events, GI bleeding, and liver toxicity, which are known safety concerns inherent to the drug’s active components.


Q: Can women who are planning pregnancy use Mark fast?

Official labels formally restrict the use of the NSAID component during the third trimester of pregnancy due to risks to the fetus. The status of the drug for women who are actively planning pregnancy is not typically specified in the drug labels, and the status of the drug in this phase is typically reviewed with a healthcare provider.


Q: Is it necessary to take Mark fast with food?

Official instructions note no mandatory requirements for timing with meals. However, because the NSAID component is commonly known to cause gastrointestinal upset, taking it with food is a common practice used to help reduce the possibility of stomach irritation.


Q: Why is Mark fast available only by prescription?

Mark fast is available only by prescription because its active ingredients carry the potential for serious adverse reactions, including GI bleeding, CNS effects, and liver toxicity. The prescription status ensures that the medicine is used under the risk management oversight of a qualified health professional.


Q: Are there any lifestyle changes suggested while using Mark fast?

The official indication for Mark fast describes the drug as an adjunct to non-pharmacologic measures. Specifically, the regulatory documentation highlights that the drug is intended to support simultaneous rest and physical therapy for the relief of discomfort associated with acute musculoskeletal conditions.


Q: Has Mark fast been studied in people with kidney problems?

Regulatory documents note a heightened risk of kidney issues, including interactions with other medicines that may impact kidney function. This means use in patients with pre-existing renal disease generally involves caution and monitoring.


Q: Is it normal to feel a change in appetite after starting Mark fast?

Official regulatory documents primarily list common side effects related to the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. Changes in appetite are not typically cited among the most common adverse reactions reported for the active ingredients.


Q: Can Mark fast be crushed or mixed into food?

Regulatory instructions for oral tablets or capsules generally state that the medicine should be swallowed whole. This is intended to ensure the proper absorption characteristics are maintained as designed by the manufacturer.


Q: How does the body eliminate Mark fast after it's taken?

According to official pharmacokinetic data, both active components of Mark fast are primarily eliminated from the body via metabolism in the liver. Following metabolism, the components are then excreted, mostly through the urine.


Q: Are there different strengths or formulations of Mark fast?

Official regulatory information specifies the available dosage strengths and the physical form of the medication, such as tablet or capsule. This information is used to confirm the concentrations of the active ingredients in the product available to patients.


Q: If I have a history of heart issues, can I still use Mark fast?

Official warnings describe an increased risk for serious cardiovascular events, and the drug is formally restricted after procedures like coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The prescribing information notes that use in patients with a history of heart failure or hypertension requires caution.


Q: Is Mark fast known to cause changes in mood?

Official documentation notes that the central nervous system effects of the muscle relaxant component can affect mental state. While mood changes are not commonly listed as primary adverse reactions, this effect may be observed due to the central nervous system effects of the muscle relaxant component.


Q: What are the reasons someone might need to stop taking Mark fast?

Regulatory documents specify that discontinuation is indicated when signs of serious events—such as liver toxicity, GI bleeding, or severe skin reactions—are observed. Discontinuation or dosage reduction is also specified when clinical improvement occurs.


Q: Where can I find the official regulatory documents for Mark fast?

Official regulatory documents for the drug and its components can be accessed on the public websites of national regulatory agencies. Examples include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) DailyMed or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC).


Q: Is it true that Mark fast has to build up in your system to work?

The drug is prescribed for acute conditions and is dosed multiple times daily. Its mechanism is based on reaching effective concentrations quickly rather than relying on a slow, long-term build-up period to achieve its therapeutic effect.


Q: How long after stopping Mark fast does it fully leave the body?

Based on the short half-lives of both active ingredients, the components of Mark fast are substantially eliminated from the body relatively quickly. This means the components are typically out of the body within one to two days after the last dose.


Q: Are there specific symptoms that mean I should contact a healthcare professional immediately?

Official labeling outlines signs of severe adverse events that are associated with the need for urgent medical evaluation. These symptoms include, but are not limited to, difficulty breathing, the development of a severe skin rash, or any signs of gastrointestinal bleeding.


Q: Why is it important to know my eligibility before starting Mark fast?

Knowing eligibility is crucial because the medicine has formal contraindications, which are absolute restrictions. Ignoring these established restrictions could lead to serious or life-threatening adverse reactions.

How should Mark fast be stored and disposed of?

How to Store and Dispose of Mark fast? — Official Regulatory Information

The official storage conditions for Mark fast are defined by regulatory documents to maintain the drug's quality and stability. This typically requires storing the product in its original container, tightly closed, at a specific temperature (e.g., controlled room temperature), and often requires protection from light and moisture.

Storage Domain Official Requirement
Temperature & Handling Must be stored at the temperature specified in the labeling; protect from conditions like excessive heat or freezing.
Access Control Must be kept out of the sight and reach of children to prevent accidental poisoning or misuse.
Disposal Instructions Unused or expired medicine should be disposed of promptly. The preferred method is a drug take-back program. If a take-back option is unavailable, the labeling indicates whether the product must be flushed (if on the official list of extremely hazardous medicines) or mixed with an undesirable substance (like coffee grounds or cat litter) and thrown in the trash.

Attention! Always consult to a doctor or pharmacist before using pills or medicines.

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