Longuex

Longuex is indicated in adults for reduction in the duration of neutropenia and the incidence of febrile neutropenia in patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignancy (with the exception of chronic myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes).

Longuex treatment should be initiated and supervised by physicians experienced in oncology or haematology.

Posology

One 6 mg dose of lipegfilgrastim (a single pre-filled syringe of Longuex) is recommended for each chemotherapy cycle, given approximately 24 hours after cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Special populations

Elderly patients

In clinical studies with a limited number of elderly patients, there was no relevant age-related difference with regard to the efficacy or safety profiles of lipegfilgrastim. Therefore, no adjustment of the dose is necessary for elderly patients.

Patients with renal impairment

Patients with hepatic impairment

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Longuex in children and adolescents aged up to 17 years have not yet been established.1 and 5.2.

Method of administration

The solution is injected subcutaneously (SC). The injections should be given into the abdomen, upper arm or thigh.

Self-administration of Longuex should only be performed by patients who are well motivated, adequately trained and have access to expert advice. The first injection should be performed under direct medical supervision.

• R52.1 – Chronic intractable pain
• R52.2 – Other chronic pain
• R52.9 – Unspecified pain

Traceability

In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the trade name and batch number of the administered medicinal product should be clearly recorded in the patient file.

General

The safety and efficacy of Longuex have not been investigated in patients receiving high dose chemotherapy. Longuex should not be used to increase the dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy beyond established dose regimens.

Allergic reactions and immunogenicity

Patients who are hypersensitive to G-CSF or derivatives are also at risk of hypersensitivity reactions to lipegfilgrastim due to possible cross-reactivity. No lipegfilgrastim therapy should be commenced in these patients because of the risk of cross-reaction.

Most biological medicinal products elicit some level of anti-drug antibody response. This antibody response can, in some cases, lead to undesirable effects or loss of efficacy. If a patient fails to respond to treatment, the patient should undergo further evaluation.

If a serious allergic reaction occurs, appropriate therapy with close patient follow-up over several days should be administered.

Haematopoietic system

Treatment with lipegfilgrastim does not preclude thrombocytopenia and anaemia caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Lipegfilgrastim may also cause reversible thrombocytopenia. Regular monitoring of the platelet count and haematocrit is recommended. Special care should be taken when administering single or combination chemotherapeutic medicinal products that are known to cause severe thrombocytopenia.

Leukocytosis may occur. No adverse events directly attributable to leukocytosis have been reported. Elevation in white blood cells (WBC) is consistent with the pharmacodynamic effects of lipegfilgrastim. A WBC count should be performed at regular intervals during therapy owing to the clinical effects of lipegfilgrastim and the potential for leukocytosis. If WBC counts exceed 50 x 10⁹/l after the expected nadir, lipegfilgrastim should be discontinued immediately.

Increased haematopoietic activity of the bone marrow in response to growth factor therapy has been associated with transient positive bone-imaging findings. This should be considered when interpreting bone-imaging results.

Patients with myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndromes

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor can promote growth of myeloid cells and some non-myeloid cells in vitro.

The safety and efficacy of Longuex have not been investigated in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia; it should therefore not be used in such patients. Particular care should be taken to distinguish the diagnosis of blast transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia from acute myeloid leukaemia.

Splenic adverse reactions

Generally asymptomatic cases of splenomegaly have been reported after administration of lipegfilgrastim and infrequent cases of splenic rupture, including fatal cases, have been reported after administration of G-CSF or derivatives. Spleen size should therefore be carefully monitored (e.g. clinical examination, ultrasound). A diagnosis of splenic rupture should be considered in patients reporting left upper abdominal pain or shoulder tip pain.

Pulmonary adverse reactions

Pulmonary adverse reactions, in particular interstitial pneumonia, have been reported after administration of lipegfilgrastim. Patients with a recent history of pulmonary infiltrates or pneumonia may be at higher risk.

The onset of pulmonary symptoms such as cough, fever and dyspnoea in association with radiological signs of pulmonary infiltrates and deterioration in pulmonary function together with an increased neutrophil count may be preliminary signs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). In such circumstances Longuex should be discontinued at the discretion of the physician and appropriate treatment given.

Vascular adverse reactions

Capillary leak syndrome has been reported after administration of G-CSF or derivatives and is characterised by hypotension, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and haemoconcentration. Patients who develop symptoms of capillary leak syndrome should be closely monitored and receive standard symptomatic treatment, which may include a need for intensive care.

Patients with sickle cell anaemia

Sickle cell crisis has been associated with the use of G-CSF or derivatives in patients with sickle cell anaemia. Physicians should therefore exercise caution when administering Longuex in patients with sickle cell anaemia, monitor appropriate clinical parameters and laboratory results and be attentive to the possible association of lipegfilgrastim with splenic enlargement and vaso-occlusive crisis.

Hypokalaemia

Hypokalaemia may occur. For patients with increased risk on hypokalaemia due to underling disease or co-medications, it is recommended to monitor the serum potassium level carefully and to substitute potassium if necessary.

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis has been reported in patients receiving filgrastim, lenograstim or pegfilgrastim. Generally, events of glomerulonephritis resolved after dose reduction or withdrawal of filgrastim, lenograstim or pegfilgrastim. Urinalysis monitoring is recommended.

Excipients with known effect

This medicinal product contains sorbitol. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not use this medicinal product.

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per pre-filled syringe, i.e. essentially 'sodium-free'.

Longuex has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Summary of the safety profile

The most frequent undesirable effects are musculoskeletal pains. Musculoskeletal pains are generally of mild to moderate severity, transient and can be controlled in most patients with standard analgesics.

Capillary leak syndrome, which can be life-threatening if treatment is delayed, has been reported mostly in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy after administration of G-CSF or derivatives.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The safety of lipegfilgrastim has been evaluated based on results from clinical studies including 506 patients and 76 healthy volunteers treated at least once with lipegfilgrastim.

The adverse reactions listed below in table 1 are classified according to system organ class. Frequency groupings are defined according to the following convention: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis have been reported.

Splenomegaly, generally asymptomatic, has been reported.

Hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic skin reactions, urticaria, angioedema and serious allergic reactions may occur.

Hypokalaemia has been reported.

Pulmonary adverse reactions, in particular interstitial pneumonia, have been reported. These pulmonary adverse reactions may also include pulmonary oedema, pulmonary infiltrates, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure or ARDS.

Skin reactions such as erythema and rash may occur.

Injection site reactions such as injection site induration and injection site pain may occur.

The most frequent adverse reactions are musculoskeletal pains such as bone pain and myalgia. Musculoskeletal pains are generally of mild to moderate severity, transient and can be controlled in most patients with standard analgesics.

Reversible, mild to moderate elevations in alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase may occur, with no associated clinical effects. Elevations in alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase most likely originate from the increase in neutrophils.

Certain adverse reactions have not yet been observed with lipegfilgrastim, but are generally accepted as being attributable to G-CSF and derivatives:

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

- Splenic rupture including some fatal cases

- Sickle cell crisis in patients with sickle cell anaemia

Vascular disorders

- Capillary leak syndrome

Cases of capillary leak syndrome have been reported in postmarketing experience after administration of G-CSF or derivatives. These have generally occurred in patients suffering from advanced malignant diseases, having sepsis, taking multiple chemotherapy medicinal products or undergoing apheresis.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

- Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome)

- Cutaneous vasculitis

Renal and urinary disorders

- Glomerulonephritis

Paediatric population

The experience in children is limited to a single-dose phase 1 study in 21 paediatric patients aged 2 to <18 years , which did not indicate a difference in the safety profile of lipegfilgrastim in children compared to that in adults. Treatment-related adverse events were back pain, bone pain and increased neutrophil count (1 event each).

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

There is no experience with overdose of lipegfilgrastim. In the case of overdose, WBC and platelet count should be performed regularly and spleen size should be carefully monitored (e.g. clinical examination, ultrasound).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Immunostimulants, colony stimulating factors, ATC code: L03AA14

Mechanism of action

Lipegfilgrastim is a covalent conjugate of filgrastim with a single methoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecule via a carbohydrate linker consisting of glycine, N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine. The average molecular mass is approximately 39 kDa of which the protein moiety constitutes approximately 48 %. Human G-CSF is a glycoprotein that regulates the production and release of functional neutrophils from the bone marrow. Filgrastim is an un-glycosylated recombinant methionyl human G-CSF. Lipegfilgrastim is a sustained duration form of filgrastim due to decreased renal clearance. Lipegfilgrastim binds to human the G-CSF receptor like filgrastim and pegfilgrastim.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Lipegfilgrastim and filgrastim induced a marked increase in peripheral blood neutrophil counts within 24 hours, with minor increases in monocytes and/or lymphocytes. These results suggest that the G-CSF moiety of lipegfilgrastim confers the expected activity of this growth factor: stimulation of proliferation of haematopoietic progenitor cells, differentiation into mature cells and release into the peripheral blood. This effect includes not only the neutrophil lineage but extends to other single lineage and multilineage progenitors and pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells. G-CSF also increases the antibacterial activities of neutrophils including the phagocytosis.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Once-per-cycle dosing of lipegfilgrastim was investigated in two pivotal randomised, double-blind clinical studies in patients undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy.

The first pivotal (phase III) clinical study XM22-03 was an active-controlled study in 202 patients with stage II-IV breast cancer receiving up to 4 cycles of chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin and docetaxel. Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive 6 mg lipegfilgrastim or 6 mg pegfilgrastim. The study showed non-inferiority of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim to 6 mg pegfilgrastim for the primary endpoint, duration of severe neutropenia (DSN) in the first cycle of chemotherapy (see table 2).

The second pivotal (phase III) clinical study XM22-04 was a placebo-controlled study in 375 patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving up to 4 cycles of chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and etoposide. Patients were randomised 2:1 to receive either 6 mg lipegfilgrastim or placebo. The results of the study are presented in table 3. When the main study was finalised, the incidence of death was 7.2 % (placebo) and 12.5 % (6 mg lipegfilgrastim) although after the 360-day follow-up period the overall incidence of death was similar between placebo and lipegfilgrastim (44.8 % and 44.0 %; safety population).

Immunogenicity

An analysis of anti-drug antibodies of 579 patients and healthy volunteers treated with lipegfilgrastim, 188 patients and healthy volunteers treated with pegfilgrastim and 121 patients treated with placebo was performed. Drug-specific antibodies emerging after start of treatment were detected in 0.86 % of the subjects receiving lipegfilgrastim, in 1.06 % of the subjects receiving pegfilgrastim and in 1.65 % of the subjects receiving placebo. No neutralising antibodies against lipegfilgrastim were observed.

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Longuex in all subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and prevention of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). In a phase 1 study of 21 children aged between 2 and 16 years with Ewing family of tumours or rhabdomyosarcoma, lipegfilgrastim was administered as a single subcutaneous dose of 100 μg/kg (up to a maximum of 6 mg, which is the fixed dose for adults) 24 hours after the end of the last chemotherapy treatment in week 1 of the regimen. The incidence of FN varied according to age (from 14.3 % to 71.4 %), with the highest frequency in the oldest age group. The use of three different chemotherapy regimens, with varying myelosuppressive effects and age distributions, complicated the comparison of efficacy across age groups.

General

Healthy volunteers

In 3 studies (XM22-01, XM22-05, XM22-06) in healthy volunteers, the maximum blood concentration was reached after a median of 30 to 36 hours and the average terminal half-life ranged from approximately 32 to 62 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim.

After subcutaneous injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim at three different sites (upper arm, abdomen and thigh) in healthy volunteers, the bioavailability (peak concentration and area under the curve [AUC]) was lower after subcutaneous injection in the thigh compared to subcutaneous injection in the abdomen and in the upper arm. In this limited study XM22-06, bioavailability of lipegfilgrastim and observed differences among the injection sites were higher in male subjects compared to female subjects. Nevertheless, pharmacodynamic effects were similar and independent from gender and injection site.

Metabolism

Lipegfilgrastim is metabolised via intra- or extracellular degradation by proteolytic enzymes. Lipegfilgrastim is internalised by neutrophils (non-linear process), then degraded within the cell by endogenous proteolytic enzymes. The linear pathway is likely due to extracellular protein degradation by neutrophil elastase and other plasma proteases.

Drug interactions

In vitro data indicate that lipegfilgrastim is has little or no direct or immune system-mediated effects on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4/5 activity. Therefore, lipegfilgrastim is not likely to affect metabolism via human cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Special populations

Cancer patients

In 2 studies (XM22-02 and XM22-03) in patients with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin and docetaxel, mean maximum blood concentrations of 227 and 262 ng/ml were reached after median times to maximum concentration (t_max) of 44 and 48 hours. The mean terminal half-lives were approximately 29 and 31 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim during the first cycle of chemotherapy. After a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim during the fourth cycle, the maximum blood concentrations were lower than observed in the first cycle (mean values 77 and 111 ng/ml) and were reached after median t_max of 8 hours. The mean terminal half-lives in the fourth cycle were approximately 39 and 42 hours.

In a study (XM22-04) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and etoposide, the mean maximum blood concentration of 317 ng/ml was reached after a median t_max of 24 hours and the mean terminal half-life was approximately 28 hours after a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim during the first cycle of chemotherapy. After a single subcutaneous injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim during the fourth cycle, the mean maximum blood concentration of 149 ng/ml was reached after a median t_max of 8 hours and the mean terminal half-life was approximately 34 hours.

Lipegfilgrastim appears to be mainly eliminated by neutrophil-mediated clearance, which becomes saturated at higher doses. Consistent with a self-regulating clearance mechanism, the serum concentration of lipegfilgrastim declines slowly during the chemotherapy-induced transient neutrophil nadir and rapidly at the following onset of neutrophil recovery (see figure 1).

Figure 1: Profile of median serum concentration of lipegfilgrastim and median ANC in chemotherapy-treated patients after a single 6 mg injection of lipegfilgrastim

Patients with renal or hepatic impairment

Due to the neutrophil-mediated clearance mechanism, the pharmacokinetics of lipegfilgrastim is not expected to be affected by renal or hepatic impairment.

Elderly patients

Limited patient data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of lipegfilgrastim in elderly patients (65 - 74 years) is similar to that in younger patients. No pharmacokinetic data are available in patients > 75 years.

Paediatric population

In a phase 1 study , using a 10 mg/ml solution for subcutaneous injection specifically developed for the paediatric studies, the mean maximum blood concentrations (C_max) were 243 ng/ml in the 2 to <6-year group, 255 ng/ml in the 6 to <12-year group and 224 ng/ml in the 12 to <18-year group after a single subcutaneous injection of 100 μg/kg (maximum 6 mg) lipegfilgrastim with the first cycle of chemotherapy.

Overweight patients

A trend towards a decrease in lipegfilgrastim exposure was observed with increase in weight. This may result in lowered pharmacodynamic responses in heavy patients (> 95 kg). Consequent decrease in efficacy in these patients cannot be excluded on current data.

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

The solution should be visually inspected before use. Only clear, colourless solutions without particles should be used.

The solution should be allowed to reach a comfortable temperature (15°C - 25°C) for injection.

Vigorous shaking should be avoided. Excessive shaking may aggregate lipegfilgrastim, rendering it biologically inactive.

Longuex does not contain any preservative. In view of the possible risk of microbial contamination, Longuex syringes are for single use only.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.