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L-Tyrosine

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L-Tyrosine

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Medically reviewed

Marina Burgos

Last updated on 10/01/2026

This page provides general, reference-level information compiled from official medical sources. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For decisions about your health, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.

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Overview of L-Tyrosine

Defining L-Tyrosine: The Non-Essential Amino Acid

L-Tyrosine is a naturally occurring, proteinogenic amino acid—an organic compound that serves as a fundamental building block for proteins and various metabolic processes in the human body. Chemically identified as 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, it is primarily classified as a non-essential amino acid because the body can typically synthesize it from another amino acid, phenylalanine. Its classification as a conditionally essential nutrient under high demand reflects its metabolic necessity in specific physiological states. This natural compound origin and its core molecular identity differentiate it from synthetic pharmacological agents, positioning it as foundational nutritional support.


Pharmacological Classification and Available Forms

L-Tyrosine is categorized fundamentally as a Nutritional agent and an Amino acid supplement, though it is functionally recognized as a crucial neurotransmitter precursor. As an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) entity, L-Tyrosine forms the basis of many formulations available as non-prescription supplements and is a component in diverse, specialized medical products for parenteral nutrition. For instance, its availability spans simple powder forms for solubility and precise titration to pre-dosed capsules or tablets. The common derivative, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine (NALT), is frequently marketed for its enhanced solubility, a key differentiating feature intended to improve absorption relative to the free amino acid entity.


General Purpose: The Precursor for Key Signalling Molecules

The general purpose of L-Tyrosine is to provide the critical raw material necessary for the body's synthesis of vital internal messengers, collectively known as catecholamines. It is established that tyrosine is essential for the synthesis of these brain chemicals, supporting the body's capacity to maintain appropriate levels of these key signaling molecules. The amino acid is also required for the production of essential thyroid hormones and melanins. By directly supplying the precursor molecule, the compound is recognized for its role in supporting the body’s natural capacity to maintain functions related to alertness, focus, and the response to stress.

Regulatory References

  1. Tyrosine and Catecholamine Synthesis - NIH PMC
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What side effects are possible with L-Tyrosine?

L-Tyrosine: Possible side effects and safety information

Official safety documents classify possible adverse reactions to L-Tyrosine by the body system affected and by frequency. The official frequency of many reactions, particularly from non-prescription use, is often listed as Not Known, as reliable incidence data is not available. However, when used in regulated medical contexts, some gastrointestinal effects are categorized as Common.


Adverse Reaction Categories

The most frequently documented non-serious adverse reactions are grouped into the following organ systems:

  • Gastrointestinal disorders: Reactions may include nausea, vomiting, and heartburn.
  • Nervous system disorders: Headache and fatigue have been noted in safety summaries.
  • Musculoskeletal disorders: Joint pain (arthralgia) is also among the documented effects.

Serious Adverse Reactions and Safety Constraints

The regulatory profile mandates specific attention to more serious, though generally rare, adverse reactions, which include tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and generalized hypersensitivity reactions.

Specific regulatory safety constraints must also be observed based on the compound's metabolism:

  • Contraindications: The compound should not be used in individuals with a known hypersensitivity to the substance.
  • Population Notes: Safety concerns are officially documented for patients with Phenylketonuria (PKU) and those with pre-existing Hyperthyroidism, due to L-Tyrosine's role in related metabolic pathways.
  • Safety Limitations: Caution is noted regarding potential competitive absorption with certain therapeutic agents, such as Levodopa, and additive effects with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs). These constraints are documented to ensure safe use and prevent adverse outcomes.

This official safety structure highlights the known risks and regulatory requirements but does not constitute clinical advice.

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Overdose and Emergency Response

Overdose and when to seek help

The official information regarding L-Tyrosine overexposure is primarily derived from high-dose oral intake and regulatory labeling for amino acid-containing intravenous (IV) solutions. Overdose may present with general clinical manifestations such as Nausea, Headache, Fatigue, and Heartburn. Overexposure from an excessively fast IV infusion rate is associated with signs including Tachycardia, Hypotension or Hypertension, Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), and Urticaria.

Severe risks are categorized as life-threatening outcomes, including Anaphylaxis, Pulmonary vascular precipitates (emboli), Hyperammonemia (excess ammonia), and Azotemia. Individuals with existing hyperthyroidism or Graves’ disease face a population-specific risk, as excess L-Tyrosine may worsen symptoms.

Immediate Emergency Action Management Strategy
Seek immediate medical attention. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Call emergency services if the person collapses, has a seizure, or has trouble breathing. The IV infusion must be stopped immediately if abnormal signs occur.

There is no specific antidote known for L-Tyrosine overexposure. Regulatory labeling mandates special clinical monitoring when beginning any IV infusion containing the amino acid to assess tolerance and infusion rate. Management includes appropriate corrective measures, with specific attention to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

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Therapeutic Uses of L-Tyrosine

Quick Facts

  • May help manage: Cognitive decline during acute stress
  • Potential application: Maintaining mental function in demanding environments
  • Primary area of study: Neurocognitive performance under high stress

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that has been studied primarily for its potential role in maintaining certain aspects of cognitive performance during times of acute environmental or operational stress. L-Tyrosine supplementation may help to counteract temporary decrements in working memory and information processing that can occur under demanding situational conditions, such as exposure to extreme weather, high-altitude, or intense cognitive load.

The use of L-Tyrosine is focused on situations where catecholamine neurotransmitter levels may be temporarily depleted due to stress, allowing it to support the maintenance of mental alertness. These effects are typically observed acutely in otherwise healthy individuals when exposed to demanding circumstances.

Regulatory References

  1. NIH MedlinePlus guidance
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Eligibility and Restrictions for Use

Who Can and Cannot Use L-Tyrosine? Official Eligibility

The eligibility profile for L-Tyrosine, based on government regulatory labeling for its pharmaceutical use as a component in IV amino acid solutions, establishes clear rules for who may and must not use the substance.

Eligibility Scope

Category Regulatory Status
Populations Allowed Established Use for all age groups (pediatric, adult, and geriatric) when required for nutritional support.
Populations Contraindicated Use is prohibited in patients with known hypersensitivity to L-Tyrosine or its formulation components. It is also contraindicated in patients with severe uncorrected acidemia or severe, uncorrected disorders of amino acid metabolism.
Age-Related Rules Use is established across the entire life span, including in neonates for total parenteral nutrition.
Condition-Specific Rules Use is restricted and conditional for patients with severe renal impairment or severe hepatic impairment, requiring close medical monitoring due to metabolic constraints.

Eligibility is defined by absolute contraindications related to systemic conditions and hypersensitivity. Otherwise, L-Tyrosine is considered an essential component for nutritional support across all stages of life.

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What should I know about interactions with other medicines?

Interactions with other medicines and products — official regulatory information for L-Tyrosine

Interaction Scope

Property Value
Medicinal product categories with documented interactions Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Levodopa-containing products, Thyroid Hormone Replacement Products.
Specific interacting medicines (if explicitly listed) Phenelzine (as an example MAOI), Levodopa, and Levothyroxine.
Mechanistic basis of interactions (only if stated in label) Competitive Transport Interaction (with Levodopa) and Pharmacodynamic Reinforcement (with MAOIs and Thyroid Hormones).
Timing-based interaction rules (if applicable) Must not be taken at the same time as Levodopa to minimize interference with absorption.
Population-specific interaction notes (if applicable) The pharmacodynamic interaction risk is heightened and specifically noted in patients with Hyperthyroidism or Graves’ Disease.
Interaction-related restrictions Co-administration with MAOIs is formally cautioned against or contraindicated by some authorities due to the risk of severe hypertensive reaction.

Interaction Classifications (High-Level)

Property Value
Interaction severity classification (as defined in official documents) Contraindicated/High-Risk Combination (with MAOIs); Clinically Significant Interaction (with Levodopa and Thyroid Hormone Replacement).
Regulatory basis (EMA / FDA / etc.) Information derived from FDA Prescribing Information and regulatory-aligned advisory sources concerning amino acid precursors.
Interaction-context constraints (as defined in official documents) Interactions are constrained by the product’s function as a precursor for catecholamines and thyroid hormones, and its utilization of the large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transporter system.

Resulting Interaction Structure

Official interaction statements:

  • Co-administration with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) is contraindicated by certain regulatory bodies due to the documented risk of a severe hypertensive reaction.
  • L-Tyrosine exhibits a competitive transport interaction with Levodopa, which may reduce the absorption and systemic exposure of the Levodopa medication.
  • To manage the competitive interaction, official advisory states that L-Tyrosine should not be taken at the same time as Levodopa.
  • A pharmacodynamic reinforcement exists with Thyroid Hormone Replacement products, as L-Tyrosine is a precursor for thyroid hormones and co-administration may result in an additive effect.
  • The risk of pharmacodynamic interaction is explicitly noted to require caution in patient populations with Hyperthyroidism or Graves’ Disease.

Connection to the overall interaction profile (2–4 sentences):

Regulatory documents define L-Tyrosine's interaction structure primarily through its function as an amino acid precursor and its resulting competition with other compounds for shared biological transporters. This profile mandates formal restrictions, such as the prohibition on co-administration with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), due to the documented risk of a severe hypertensive reaction. It further establishes the basis for pharmacodynamic risks with Thyroid Hormone Replacement products and highlights the necessity of timing separation with Levodopa due to L-Tyrosine's competitive utilization of transport systems.

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Mechanism of Action

How L-Tyrosine Works

L-Tyrosine is an amino acid that functions as a direct biological precursor within several critical metabolic and signaling pathways, influencing specific biochemical processes associated with acute physiological responses and systemic equilibrium.

Catecholamine Synthesis

L-Tyrosine acts as the primary substrate for the synthesis of catecholamines, including the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). This mechanism involves its conversion to L-DOPA, a reaction catalyzed by the rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. The availability of this precursor may influence the flux through the synthetic pathway during periods of high pathway demand, thereby modulating the synthesis rate of catecholamine transmitters.

System Modulation

By increasing the precursor pool, L-Tyrosine engages mechanisms that influence catecholaminergic signaling in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Increased precursor availability influences signaling pathways that mediate alertness and physiological stress responses, leading to an adjustment in downstream neurotransmitter activity. L-Tyrosine also serves as a necessary precursor for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and is essential for the initial steps in the biosynthesis of the pigment melanin.

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Dosage and Administration Information

How to Use L-Tyrosine: Administration Guidelines

L-Tyrosine's use is documented in two primary contexts: as a required ingredient in Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) solutions and as a managed nutrient in patients treated for specific metabolic disorders, such as Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1 (HT-1).


Administration Routes and Dosing Parameters

Feature Administration Instruction Summary
Route of Administration Intravenous (IV) Infusion (as a component of a multi-amino acid solution); Oral Intake (as part of a managed diet/medical food).
IV Dosing Schedule Dose is based on the total daily amino acid requirement, typically 0.6 to 1.6 g/kg body weight/day for adults, with L-Tyrosine being a component of this mixture.
Oral Management Target In HT-1 therapy, dietary L-Tyrosine intake must be restricted to maintain the plasma concentration below 500 μmol/L.
Frequency and Timing IV TPN solutions are typically administered as a continuous infusion over 14–24 hours per day.

Preparation and Procedural Constraints

When L-Tyrosine is administered intravenously, established procedural protocols ensure proper use. Hypertonic IV solutions must be prepared by dilution and admixture with other components, and the final solution must be administered via an indwelling central venous catheter to prevent vein damage. For infants and young children, the intravenous solution, including the L-Tyrosine component, must be protected from light throughout administration.

For patients on long-term management protocols that involve L-Tyrosine restriction, the dietary intake of the amino acid is a chronic necessity. Notably, the dosage of a concomitant therapeutic drug is not adjusted to lower high L-Tyrosine plasma concentrations; instead, the patient's diet is reassessed and modified to meet the required plasma target. These procedural steps standardize the delivery of the amino acid under specialized clinical conditions.

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Recent Clinical Evidence

Research Evidence / Overview of Studies for L-Tyrosine

Evidence for Use in Cognitive Performance under Acute Stress

The evidence base for L-Tyrosine's relationship to mental function consists primarily of short-term, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. This evidence was developed in research contexts involving physiological strain or stress, where outcomes related to working memory, information processing speed, vigilance, and the ability to multitask were the main measures. Studies were structured to evaluate whether L-Tyrosine is associated with maintaining certain aspects of cognitive function during these periods of high demand.

Some trials described patterns where changes in mental alertness were observed during periods where stress was sufficient to disrupt normal function. The evidence quality for this indication appears to be Moderate. Follow-up durations were limited, typically only observing responses during the immediate test session after taking the compound.


Research Structure for Physical Performance Outcomes

Research that evaluated L-Tyrosine also examined physical performance outcomes, such as endurance and peak power output, in physically active individuals. Studies reported that when L-Tyrosine was evaluated, findings were mixed, and data show patterns related to limited consistency across various metrics of physical performance. Comparative evidence is lacking, and the available data are limited.


Key Evidence Gaps and Areas of Uncertainty

Data for certain groups remain insufficient. The most consistent research applies to young, healthy populations, and comparative evidence is lacking for most other demographic or patient groups. Long-term effects are not fully established, as the majority of trials used limited follow-up durations. Furthermore, the research cannot predict whether an individual will respond similarly, as study results reflect the specific conditions under which they were conducted.

Key Studies & References

  1. Dose-Dependent Effects of Oral Tyrosine Administration on Plasma Tyrosine Levels and Cognition in Aging
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Common questions about L-Tyrosine (FAQ)

Q: Is there a difference between L-Tyrosine and N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT)?

A: Yes, there is a chemical difference. N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) is a modified version of the L-Tyrosine molecule. Medical literature recognizes NALT for having enhanced solubility compared to standard L-Tyrosine, and it functions as a precursor to the same critical signaling molecules in the body.

Q: Can people with high blood pressure use L-Tyrosine?

A: Official regulatory documents do not provide a direct general instruction regarding the use of L-Tyrosine solely for pre-existing high blood pressure (hypertension). Official warnings do, however, caution that L-Tyrosine is contraindicated (prohibited) with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) due to the documented risk of a severe hypertensive reaction. Information for individuals with pre-existing conditions requires consultation of the official product information and a healthcare provider.

Q: Does L-Tyrosine interact with common vitamins like Vitamin C or B complex?

A: Official regulatory documents detailing formal interactions for L-Tyrosine primarily list prescription medicines such as MAOIs, Levodopa, and Thyroid Hormone Replacement products. No formal interaction statement is specifically described for common vitamins like Vitamin C or B complex. Scientific literature does indicate, however, that co-administration with other large neutral amino acids may affect L-Tyrosine’s transport across the blood-brain barrier.

Q: Is L-Tyrosine use described as safe during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

A: Official regulatory and advisory documents often state that information regarding the safety and efficacy of L-Tyrosine during both pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Therefore, its use in these specific populations is not established in the product's official safety profile.

Q: Does official research support the use of L-Tyrosine for stress?

A: Official research summaries indicate that evidence exists to support L-Tyrosine's relationship to maintaining cognitive function when individuals are exposed to conditions of acute physiological stress. This research suggests it may help attenuate (reduce) the decline in mental performance that can occur during high-demand periods.

Q: Can L-Tyrosine be taken alongside pain relievers like Tylenol or Advil?

A: Official regulatory documents detailing formal interactions primarily list specific drug classes, including Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), Levodopa, and Thyroid Hormone Replacement products. No formal interaction statement is specifically described in official documents for common over-the-counter pain relievers.

Q: Does the time of day matter when taking L-Tyrosine?

A: Official instructions for L-Tyrosine use in combination with Levodopa state that the two should not be taken at the same time due to competitive absorption interference. Otherwise, for general oral intake not involving Levodopa, official regulatory administration rules do not formally restrict the time of day for administration.

Q: Can L-Tyrosine be used by athletes?

A: Research on L-Tyrosine and physical performance has generally shown mixed and limited results. Regulatory-aligned clinical reviews indicate that the available evidence is not generally recognized to support its use for the specific purpose of enhancing sports performance.

Q: Does L-Tyrosine provide any energy or a 'boost' feeling?

A: L-Tyrosine is a biological precursor necessary for the body's synthesis of catecholamines, specifically dopamine and norepinephrine. These molecules are recognized for their role in pathways related to arousal, alertness, and central nervous system signaling. Official sources describe its role in these pathways but do not typically address subjective outcomes such as feeling 'energy' or a 'boost'.

Q: How quickly should I expect to notice anything after starting L-Tyrosine?

A: Pharmacological data from studies has shown that L-Tyrosine plasma levels usually reach a peak concentration approximately 2 to 3 hours after a single oral dose is taken by healthy individuals.

Q: Are there any long-term studies about using L-Tyrosine?

A: Official research overviews often note that the majority of clinical trials for L-Tyrosine have used limited follow-up durations. Due to this constraint, the long-term effects are not fully established in the medical literature.

Q: What are the most commonly reported mild side effects of L-Tyrosine?

A: Official safety summaries often classify common side effects, especially in regulated medical contexts, as including gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and heartburn. Other commonly noted, non-serious general effects include headache and fatigue.

Q: Is L-Tyrosine safe for teenagers to use?

A: Official eligibility documents for L-Tyrosine as a nutritional agent state that its use is established across all age groups, including pediatric populations, when administered for required nutritional support. This broad establishment covers the age range of teenagers.

Q: What kind of foods are naturally high in Tyrosine?

A: As an amino acid, L-Tyrosine is naturally found in various high-protein foods. Nutritional information indicates that these include meat, fish (like salmon), eggs, dairy products (like cheese), and certain nuts and seeds.

Q: Is L-Tyrosine considered a necessary amino acid?

A: L-Tyrosine is typically classified as a non-essential amino acid because the body can usually synthesize it from another amino acid, phenylalanine. However, it is also recognized as a conditionally essential nutrient when the body is under certain metabolic stress or when specific diseases affect its synthesis.

Q: Can L-Tyrosine cause stomach upset or nausea?

A: Yes, official safety documents list gastrointestinal issues as documented adverse reactions. These effects include both nausea and vomiting within the category of gastrointestinal disorders.

Q: What is the maximum duration of use that has been studied for L-Tyrosine?

A: Clinical data often references safety for defined periods, with many reviews citing use for periods of up to three months in healthy adult populations. However, it is important to note that the majority of research has involved short-term follow-up durations.

Q: How does L-Tyrosine interact with thyroid medications?

A: L-Tyrosine is a precursor for the body's natural synthesis of thyroid hormones. Co-administration with Thyroid Hormone Replacement products (e.g., Levothyroxine) may lead to a pharmacodynamic reinforcement (additive) effect. Caution is formally noted for patients with pre-existing Hyperthyroidism or Graves’ Disease.

Q: Why do some people say L-Tyrosine helps with mental performance?

A: The scientific rationale is based on L-Tyrosine being a precursor for the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine). Research suggests that increasing this precursor availability may support the maintenance of cognitive function during periods of acute physiological stress.

Q: Is it common to experience headaches when starting L-Tyrosine?

A: Official safety summaries list headache as a documented, non-serious adverse reaction. In regulated medical contexts, headache is noted to be a common side effect observed in patients.

Q: Are there any common reasons why L-Tyrosine might not work for someone?

A: Research overviews indicate that study results reflect the specific, controlled conditions under which they were conducted. Because of this, studies cannot predict whether an individual person will respond in the same way. Furthermore, comparative evidence is lacking for many groups.

Q: How long does L-Tyrosine stay in the body after taking it?

A: Pharmacokinetic studies have examined how the body processes L-Tyrosine after a single oral dose. Data indicates that L-Tyrosine plasma levels typically peak at approximately 2 to 3 hours and may approach baseline levels after 8 hours in healthy individuals.

Q: Do studies suggest L-Tyrosine works better for certain individuals?

A: Official research overviews explicitly state that the available evidence primarily applies to young, healthy populations. Therefore, comparative evidence is lacking for most other demographic or patient groups, meaning studies cannot reliably predict an individual response.

Q: Is L-Tyrosine described as habit-forming or leading to dependence?

A: Official regulatory safety summaries and warning sections do not include statements classifying L-Tyrosine as a substance that is habit-forming or that leads to dependence.

Q: What evidence themes exist for L-Tyrosine's use in high-stress situations?

A: Research themes primarily focus on evaluating L-Tyrosine's relationship to maintaining cognitive function when individuals are exposed to conditions of acute physiological strain or stress. The main measures examined are related to working memory, information processing speed, and vigilance.

Q: Why is L-Tyrosine sometimes mentioned in discussions about mood?

A: The connection to mood is based on the compound's physiological role. L-Tyrosine is a precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, and official medical descriptions of these catecholamines confirm that they transmit signals that help the brain control functions including mood.

Q: Are there official statements regarding L-Tyrosine use in children?

A: Official eligibility documents for L-Tyrosine as a nutritional agent state that its use is established across all age groups, including neonates and pediatric populations. This use is established when the compound is administered for required nutritional support, such as total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

Q: Are reported side effects usually mild and temporary?

A: The most frequently documented adverse reactions, such as nausea and headache, are generally classified as non-serious. More severe reactions, such as tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and generalized hypersensitivity reactions, are noted in regulatory documents to be rare.

Q: Is L-Tyrosine the same as just eating protein?

A: L-Tyrosine is a specific amino acid—a proteinogenic compound—which means it is a fundamental building block of proteins. While it is derived from protein sources, it is not the same as consuming the entire complex structure of a whole protein source.

Q: How does the scientific community view L-Tyrosine research?

A: Scientific overviews of L-Tyrosine research describe the evidence for cognitive benefits under stress as being of moderate quality, while findings for physical performance are noted as mixed. The research base is constrained by limited follow-up durations and lacking comparative evidence across various patient groups.

Q: Does L-Tyrosine affect hormone levels generally?

A: L-Tyrosine functions as a necessary precursor for the body's synthesis of certain key internal messengers. These include the catecholamine neurotransmitters and, specifically, the thyroid hormones, meaning it is involved in the metabolic pathways that produce these substances.

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How should L-Tyrosine be stored and disposed of?

Official Storage and Disposal Instructions

The storage and disposal requirements for L-Tyrosine are defined by official regulatory documentation to ensure product stability and environmental safety.

Storage Requirements

Condition Requirement
Temperature Store between 20 C to 25 C (68 F to 77 F), consistent with USP Controlled Room Temperature (for solutions).
Protection Must be protected from light. Containers should be kept tightly closed in a cool, dry place.
Restrictions Do not use solutions that have been frozen.
Safety Always keep out of the reach of children.

Disposal Instructions

Disposal of unused or expired L-Tyrosine must be carried out in accordance with national and local regulations. The product must not be allowed to enter drains or surface water and must be disposed of at an approved waste disposal plant.

Attention! Always consult to a doctor or pharmacist before using pills or medicines.

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