Кубицин

Кубицин is indicated for the treatment of the following infections.

- Adult and paediatric (1 to 17 years of age) patients with complicated skin and soft-tissue infections (cSSTI).

- Adult patients with right-sided infective endocarditis (RIE) due to Staphylococcus aureus. It is recommended that the decision to use daptomycin should take into account the antibacterial susceptibility of the organism and should be based on expert advice.1.

- Adult and paediatric (1 to 17 years of age) patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB). In adults, use in bacteraemia should be associated with RIE or with cSSTI, while in paediatric patients, use in bacteraemia should be associated with cSSTI.

Daptomycin is active against Gram positive bacteria only. In mixed infections where Gram negative and/or certain types of anaerobic bacteria are suspected, Кубицин should be co-administered with appropriate antibacterial agent(s).

Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.

Clinical studies in patients employed infusion of daptomycin over at least 30 minutes.2).

Posology

Adults

- cSSTI without concurrent SAB: Кубицин 4 mg/kg is administered once every 24 hours for 7-14 days or until the infection is resolved.

- cSSTI with concurrent SAB: Кубицин 6 mg/kg is administered once every 24 hours. See below for dose adjustments in patients with renal impairment. The duration of therapy may need to be longer than 14 days in accordance with the perceived risk of complications in the individual patient.

- Known or suspected RIE due to Staphylococcus aureus: Кубицин 6 mg/kg is administered once every 24 hours. See below for dose adjustments in patients with renal impairment. The duration of therapy should be in accordance with available official recommendations.

Кубицин is administered intravenously in 0.9% sodium chloride. Кубицин should not be used more frequently than once a day.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels must be measured at baseline and at regular intervals (at least weekly) during treatment.

Renal impairment

Daptomycin is eliminated primarily by the kidney.

Due to limited clinical experience (see table and footnotes below) Кубицин should only be used in adult patients with any degree of renal impairment (CrCl < 80 ml/min) when it is considered that the expected clinical benefit outweighs the potential risk.2). The dosage regimen for Кубицин in paediatric patients with renal impairment has not been established.

Dose adjustments in adult patients with renal impairment by indication and creatinine clearance

Hepatic impairment

No dose adjustment is necessary when administering Кубицин to patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B). No data are available in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C). Therefore caution should be exercised if Кубицин is given to such patients.

Elderly patients

Paediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age)

The recommended dosage regimens for paediatric patients based on age and indication are shown below.

Кубицин is administered intravenously in 0.9 % sodium chloride. Кубицин should not be used more frequently than once a day.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels must be measured at baseline and at regular intervals (at least weekly) during treatment.

Paediatric patients below the age of one year should not be given Кубицин due to the risk of potential effects on muscular, neuromuscular and/or nervous systems (either peripheral and/or central) that were observed in neonatal dogs.

Method of administration

In adults, Кубицин is given by intravenous infusion and administered over a 30-minute period or by intravenous injection and administered over a 2-minute period.

In paediatric patients aged 7 to 17 years, Кубицин is given by intravenous infusion over a 30-minute period. In paediatric patients aged 1 to 6 years, Кубицин is given by intravenous infusion over a 60-minute period.

General

If a focus of infection other than cSSTI or RIE is identified after initiation of Кубицин therapy consideration should be given to instituting alternative antibacterial therapy that has been demonstrated to be efficacious in the treatment of the specific type of infection(s) present.

Anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reactions

Anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with Кубицин. If an allergic reaction to Кубицин occurs, discontinue use and institute appropriate therapy.

Pneumonia

It has been demonstrated in clinical studies that Кубицин is not effective in the treatment of pneumonia. Кубицин is therefore not indicated for the treatment of pneumonia.

RIE due to Staphylococcus aureus

The efficacy of Кубицин in patients with prosthetic valve infections or with left-sided infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus has not been demonstrated.

Deep-seated infections

Patients with deep-seated infections should receive any required surgical interventions (e.g. debridement, removal of prosthetic devices, valve replacement surgery) without delay.

Enterococcal infections

There is insufficient evidence to be able to draw any conclusions regarding the possible clinical efficacy of Кубицин against infections due to enterococci, including Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. In addition, dose regimens of daptomycin that might be appropriate for the treatment of enterococcal infections, with or without bacteraemia, have not been identified. Failures with daptomycin in the treatment of enterococcal infections that were mostly accompanied by bacteraemia have been reported. In some instances treatment failure has been associated with the selection of organisms with reduced susceptibility or frank resistance to daptomycin.

Non-susceptible micro-organisms

The use of antibacterials may promote the overgrowth of non-susceptible micro-organisms. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with Кубицин. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, Кубицин may need to be discontinued and appropriate treatment instituted as clinically indicated.

Drug/laboratory test interactions

Creatine phosphokinase and myopathy

- Plasma CPK should be measured at baseline and at regular intervals (at least once weekly) during therapy in all patients.

- CPK should be measured more frequently (e.g. every 2-3 days at least during the first two weeks of treatment) in patients who are at higher risk of developing myopathy.), including those on haemodialysis or CAPD, and patients taking other medicinal products known to be associated with myopathy (e.g. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, fibrates and ciclosporin).

- It cannot be ruled out that those patients with CPK greater than 5 times upper limit of normal at baseline may be at increased risk of further increases during daptomycin therapy. This should be taken into account when initiating daptomycin therapy and, if daptomycin is given, these patients should be monitored more frequently than once weekly.

- Кубицин should not be administered to patients who are taking other medicinal products associated with myopathy unless it is considered that the benefit to the patient outweighs the risk.

- Patients should be reviewed regularly while on therapy for any signs or symptoms that might represent myopathy.

- Any patient that develops unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, weakness or cramps should have CPK levels monitored every 2 days. Кубицин should be discontinued in the presence of unexplained muscle symptoms if the CPK level reaches greater than 5 times upper limit of normal.

Peripheral neuropathy

Patients who develop signs or symptoms that might represent a peripheral neuropathy during therapy with Кубицин should be investigated and consideration should be given to discontinuation of daptomycin.

Paediatric population

Paediatric patients below the age of one year should not be given Кубицин due to the risk of potential effects on muscular, neuromuscular, and/or nervous systems (either peripheral and/or central) that were observed in neonatal dogs.

Eosinophilic pneumonia

Eosinophilic pneumonia has been reported in patients receiving Кубицин. In most reported cases associated with Кубицин, patients developed fever, dyspnoea with hypoxic respiratory insufficiency, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates or organising pneumonia. The majority of cases occurred after more than 2 weeks of treatment with Кубицин and improved when Кубицин was discontinued and steroid therapy was initiated. Recurrence of eosinophilic pneumonia upon re-exposure has been reported. Patients who develop these signs and symptoms while receiving Кубицин should undergo prompt medical evaluation, including, if appropriate, bronchoalveolar lavage, to exclude other causes (e.g. bacterial infection, fungal infection, parasites, other medicinal products). Кубицин should be discontinued immediately and treatment with systemic steroids should be initiated when appropriate.

Renal impairment

Renal impairment has been reported during treatment with Кубицин. Severe renal impairment may in itself also pre-dispose to elevations in daptomycin levels which may increase the risk of development of myopathy (see above).

An adjustment of Кубицин dose interval is needed for adult patients whose creatinine clearance is < 30 ml/min. The safety and efficacy of the dose interval adjustment have not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials and the recommendation is mainly based on pharmacokinetic modelling data. Кубицин should only be used in such patients when it is considered that the expected clinical benefit outweighs the potential risk.

Caution is advised when administering Кубицин to patients who already have some degree of renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 80 ml/min) before commencing therapy with Кубицин.).

The dosage regimen for Кубицин in paediatric patients with renal impairment has not been established.

Obesity

In obese subjects with Body Mass Index (BMI) > 40 kg/m² but with creatinine clearance > 70 ml/min, the AUC_0-∞ daptomycin was significantly increased (mean 42% higher) compared with non-obese matched controls. There is limited information on the safety and efficacy of daptomycin in the very obese and so caution is recommended. However, there is currently no evidence that a dose reduction is required.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.

On the basis of reported adverse drug reactions, Кубицин is presumed to be unlikely to produce an effect on the ability to drive or use machinery.

Summary of the safety profile

In clinical studies, 2,011 adult subjects received Кубицин. Within these trials, 1,221 subjects received a daily dose of 4 mg/kg, of whom 1,108 were patients and 113 were healthy volunteers; 460 subjects received a daily dose of 6 mg/kg, of whom 304 were patients and 156 were healthy volunteers. In paediatric studies, 372 patients received Кубицин, of whom 61 received a single dose and 311 received a therapeutic regimen for cSSTI or SAB (daily doses ranged from 4 mg/kg to 12 mg/kg). Adverse reactions (i.e. considered by the investigator to be possibly, probably, or definitely related to the medicinal product) were reported at similar frequencies for Кубицин and comparator regimens.

The most frequently reported adverse reactions (frequency common (> 1/100 to < 1/10)) are:

Fungal infections, urinary tract infection, candida infection, anaemia, anxiety, insomnia, dizziness, headache, hypertension, hypotension, gastrointestinal and abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, bloating and distension, liver function tests abnormal (increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), rash, pruritus, limb pain, serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) increased, infusion site reactions, pyrexia, asthenia.

Less frequently reported, but more serious, adverse reactions include hypersensitivity reactions, eosinophilic pneumonia (occasionally presenting as organising pneumonia), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), angioedema and rhabdomyolysis.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The following adverse reactions were reported during therapy and during follow-up with frequencies corresponding to very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data):

Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Table 1 Adverse reactions from clinical studies and post-marketing reports

* Based on post-marketing reports. Since these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency which is therefore categorised as not known.

¹ While the exact incidence of eosinophilic pneumonia associated with daptomycin is unknown, to date the reporting rate of spontaneous reports is very low (< 1/10,000).

² In some cases of myopathy involving raised CPK and muscle symptoms, the patients also presented with elevated transaminases. These transaminase increases were likely to be related to the skeletal muscle effects. The majority of transaminase elevations were of Grade 1-3 toxicity and resolved upon discontinuation of treatment.

³ When clinical information on the patients was available to make a judgement, approximately 50% of the cases occurred in patients with pre-existing renal impairment, or in those receiving concomitant medicinal products known to cause rhabdomyolysis.

The safety data for the administration of daptomycin via 2-minute intravenous injection are derived from two pharmacokinetic studies in healthy adult volunteers. Based on these study results, both methods of daptomycin administration, the 2-minute intravenous injection and the 30-minute intravenous infusion, had a similar safety and tolerability profile. There was no relevant difference in local tolerability or in the nature and frequency of adverse reactions.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

In the event of overdose, supportive care is advised. Daptomycin is slowly cleared from the body by haemodialysis (approximately 15% of the administered dose is removed over 4 hours) or by peritoneal dialysis (approximately 11% of the administered dose is removed over 48 hours).

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antibacterials for systemic use, Other antibacterials, ATC code: J01XX09

Mechanism of action

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide natural product that is active against Gram positive bacteria only.

The mechanism of action involves binding (in the presence of calcium ions) to bacterial membranes of both growing and stationary phase cells causing depolarisation and leading to a rapid inhibition of protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis. This results in bacterial cell death with negligible cell lysis.

PK/PD relationship

Daptomycin exhibits rapid, concentration dependent bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms in vitro and in in vivo animal models. In animal models AUC/MIC and C_max/MIC correlate with efficacy and predicted bacterial kill in vivo at single doses equivalent to human adult doses of 4 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg once daily.

Mechanisms of resistance

Strains with decreased susceptibility to daptomycin have been reported especially during the treatment of patients with difficult-to-treat infections and/or following administration for prolonged periods. In particular, there have been reports of treatment failures in patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium, including bacteraemic patients, that have been associated with the selection of organisms with reduced susceptibility or frank resistance to daptomycin during therapy.

The mechanism(s) of daptomycin resistance is (are) not fully understood.

Breakpoints

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoint established by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for Staphylococci and Streptococci (except S. pneumoniae) are Susceptible ≤ 1 mg/l and Resistant > 1 mg/l.

Susceptibility

The prevalence of resistance may vary geographically and over time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.

* denotes species against which it is considered that activity has been satisfactorily demonstrated in clinical studies.

Clinical efficacy in adults

In two adult clinical trials in complicated skin and soft tissues infections, 36% of patients treated with Кубицин met the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The most common type of infection treated was wound infection (38% of patients), while 21% had major abscesses. These limitations of the patients population treated should be taken into account when deciding to use Кубицин.

In a randomised controlled open-label study in 235 adult patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (i.e. at least one positive blood culture of Staphylococcus aureus prior to receiving the first dose) 19 of 120 patients treated with Кубицин met the criteria for RIE. Of these 19 patients 11 were infected with methicillin-susceptible and 8 with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The success rates in RIE patients are shown in the table below.

Failure of treatment due to persisting or relapsing Staphylococcus aureus infections was observed in 19/120 (15.8%) patients treated with Кубицин, 9/53 (16.7%) patients treated with vancomycin and 2/62 (3.2%) patients treated with an anti-staphylococcal semi-synthetic penicillin. Among these failures six patients treated with Кубицин and one patient treated with vancomycin were infected with Staphylococcus aureus that developed increasing MICs of daptomycin on or following therapy (see “Mechanisms of resistance” above). Most patients who failed due to persisting or relapsing Staphylococcus aureus infection had deep-seated infection and did not receive necessary surgical intervention.

Clinical efficacy in paediatric patients

The safety and efficacy of daptomycin was evaluated in paediatric patients aged 1 to 17 years (Study DAP-PEDS-07-03) with cSSTI caused by Gram positive pathogens. Patients were enrolled in a stepwise approach into well-defined age groups and given age-dependent doses once daily for up to 14 days, as follows:

- Age group 1 (n=113): 12 to 17 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 5 mg/kg or standard-of-care comparator (SOC);

- Age group 2 (n=113): 7 to 11 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 7 mg/kg or SOC;

- Age group 3 (n=125): 2 to 6 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 9 mg/kg or SOC;

- Age group 4 (n=45): 1 to < 2 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 10 mg/kg or SOC.

The primary objective of Study DAP-PEDS-07-03 was to assess the safety of treatment. Secondary objectives included an assessment of efficacy of age-dependent doses of intravenous daptomycin in comparison with standard-of-care therapy. The key efficacy endpoint was the sponsor-defined clinical outcome at test-of-cure (TOC), which was defined by a blinded medical director. A total of 389 subjects were treated in the study, including 256 subjects who received daptomycin and 133 subjects who received standard-of-care. In all populations the clinical success rates were comparable between the daptomycin and SOC treatment arms, supporting the primary efficacy analysis in the ITT population.

Summary of sponsor-defined clinical outcome at TOC:

The overall therapeutic response rate also was similar for the daptomycin and SOC treatment arms for infections caused by MRSA, MSSA and Streptococcus pyogenes (see table below; ME population); response rates were > 94% for both treatment arms across these common pathogens.

Summary of overall therapeutic response by type of baseline pathogen (ME population):

^a Subjects achieving clinical success (Clinical Response of “Cure” or “Improved”) and microbiological success (pathogen-level response of “Eradicated” or “Presumed Eradicated”) are classified as overall therapeutic success.

The safety and efficacy of daptomycin was evaluated in paediatric patients aged 1 to 17 years (Study DAP-PEDBAC-11-02) with bacteraemia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio into the following age groups and given age-dependent doses once daily for up to 42 days, as follows:

- Age group 1 (n=21): 12 to 17 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 7 mg/kg or SOC comparator;

- Age group 2 (n=28): 7 to 11 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 9 mg/kg or SOC;

- Age group 3 (n=32): 1 to 6 years treated with daptomycin dosed at 12 mg/kg or SOC;

The primary objective of Study DAP-PEDBAC-11-02 was to assess the safety of intravenous daptomycin versus SOC antibiotics. Secondary objectives included: Clinical outcome based on the blinded Evaluator's assessment of clinical response (success [cure, improved], failure, or non-evaluable) at the TOC Visit; and Microbiological response (success, failure, or non-evaluable) based on evaluation of Baseline infecting pathogen at TOC.

A total of 81 subjects were treated in the study, including 55 subjects who received daptomycin and 26 subjects who received standard-of-care. No patients 1 to <2 years of age were enrolled in the study. In all populations the clinical success rates were comparable in the daptomycin versus the SOC treatment arm.

Summary of Blinded Evaluator defined clinical outcome at TOC:

The microbiological outcome at TOC for the daptomycin and SOC treatment arms for infections caused by MRSA and MSSA are presented in the table below (mMITT population).

Daptomycin pharmacokinetics are generally linear and time-independent at doses of 4 to 12 mg/kg administered as a single daily dose by 30-minute intravenous infusion for up to 14 days in healthy adult volunteers. Steady-state concentrations are achieved by the third daily dose.

Daptomycin administered as a 2-minute intravenous injection also exhibited dose proportional pharmacokinetics in the approved therapeutic dose range of 4 to 6 mg/kg. Comparable exposure (AUC and C_max) was demonstrated in healthy adult subjects following administration of daptomycin as a 30-minute intravenous infusion or as a 2-minute intravenous injection.

Animal studies showed that daptomycin is not absorbed to any significant extent after oral administration.

Distribution

The volume of distribution at steady state of daptomycin in healthy adult subjects was approximately 0.1 l/kg and was independent of dose. Tissue distribution studies in rats showed that daptomycin appears to only minimally penetrate the blood-brain barrier and the placental barrier following single and multiple doses.

Daptomycin is reversibly bound to human plasma proteins in a concentration independent manner. In healthy adult volunteers and adult patients treated with daptomycin, protein binding averaged about 90% including subjects with renal impairment.

Biotransformation

In in vitro studies, daptomycin was not metabolised by human liver microsomes. In vitro studies with human hepatocytes indicate that daptomycin does not inhibit or induce the activities of the following human cytochrome P450 isoforms: 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4. It is unlikely that daptomycin will inhibit or induce the metabolism of medicinal products metabolised by the P450 system.

After infusion of 14C-daptomycin in healthy adults, the plasma radioactivity was similar to the concentration determined by microbiological assay. Inactive metabolites were detected in urine, as determined by the difference in total radioactive concentrations and microbiologically active concentrations. In a separate study, no metabolites were observed in plasma, and minor amounts of three oxidative metabolites and one unidentified compound were detected in urine. The site of metabolism has not been identified.

Elimination

Daptomycin is excreted primarily by the kidneys. Concomitant administration of probenecid and daptomycin has no effect on daptomycin pharmacokinetics in humans suggesting minimal to no active tubular secretion of daptomycin.

Following intravenous administration, plasma clearance of daptomycin is approximately 7 to 9 ml/h/kg and its renal clearance is 4 to 7 ml/h/kg.

In a mass balance study using radiolabelled material, 78% of the administered dose was recovered from the urine based on total radioactivity, whilst urinary recovery of unchanged daptomycin was approximately 50% of the dose. About 5% of the administered radiolabel was excreted in the faeces.

Special populations

Elderly

Following administration of a single 4 mg/kg intravenous dose of Кубицин over a 30-minute period, the mean total clearance of daptomycin was approximately 35% lower and the mean AUC_0-∞ was approximately 58% higher in elderly subjects (> 75 years of age) compared with those in healthy young subjects (18 to 30 years of age). There were no differences in C_max. The differences noted are most likely due to the normal reduction in renal function observed in the geriatric population.

No dose adjustment is necessary based on age alone. However, renal function should be assessed and the dose should be reduced if there is evidence of severe renal impairment.

Children and adolescents (1 to 17 years of age)

The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in paediatric subjects was evaluated in 3 single-dose pharmacokinetic studies. After a single 4 mg/kg dose of Кубицин, total clearance normalized by weight and elimination half-life of daptomycin in adolescents (12-17 years of age) with Gram-positive infection were similar to adults. After a single 4 mg/kg dose of Кубицин, total clearance of daptomycin in children 7-11 years of age with Gram-positive infection was higher than in adolescents, whereas elimination half-life was shorter. After a single 4, 8, or 10 mg/kg dose of Кубицин, total clearance and elimination half-life of daptomycin in children 2-6 years of age were similar at different doses; total clearance was higher and elimination half-life was shorter than in adolescents. After a single 6 mg/kg dose of Кубицин, the clearance and elimination half-life of daptomycin in children 13-24 months of age were similar to children 2-6 years of age who received a single 4-10 mg/kg dose. The results of these studies show that exposures (AUC) in paediatric patients across all doses are generally lower than those in adults at comparable doses.

Paediatric patients with cSSTI

A Phase 4 study (DAP-PEDS-07-03) was conducted to assess safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in paediatric patients (1 to 17 years old, inclusive) with cSSTI caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Daptomycin pharmacokinetics in patients in this study are summarized in Table 2. Following administration of multiple doses, daptomycin exposure was similar across different age groups after dose adjustment based on body weight and age. Plasma exposures achieved with these doses were consistent with those achieved in the adult cSSTI study (following 4 mg/kg once daily in adults).

Table 2 Mean (Standard Deviation) of Daptomycin Pharmacokinetics in Paediatric cSSTI Patients (1 to 17 Years of Age) in Study DAP-PEDS-07-03

Pharmacokinetic parameter values estimated by noncompartmental analysis

^aIndividual values reported as only two patients in this age group provided pharmacokinetic samples to enable pharmacokinetic analysis; AUC, apparent t1/2 and CL/wt could be determined for only one of the two patients

^bPharmacokinetic analysis conducted on the pooled pharmacokinetic profile with mean concentrations across subjects at each time point

Paediatric patients with SAB

A Phase 4 study (DAP-PEDBAC-11-02) was conducted to assess safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in paediatric patients (1 to 17 years old, inclusive) with SAB. Daptomycin pharmacokinetics inpatients in this study are summarized in Table 3. Following administration of multiple doses, daptomycin exposure was similar across different age groups after dose adjustment based on body weight and age. Plasma exposures achieved with these doses were consistent with those achieved in the adult SAB study (following 6 mg/kg once daily in adults).

Table 3 Mean (Standard Deviation) of Daptomycin Pharmacokinetics in Paediatric SAB Patients (1 to 17 Years of Age) in Study DAP-PEDBAC-11-02

Pharmacokinetic parameter values estimated using a model-based approach with sparsely collected pharmacokinetic samples from individual patients in the study.

*Mean (Standard Deviation) calculated for patients 2 to 6 years of age, since no patients 1 to <2 years of age were enrolled in the study. Simulation using a population pharmacokinetic model demonstrated that the AUCss (area under the concentration-time curve at steady state) of daptomycin in paediatric patients 1 to <2 years of age receiving 12 mg/kg once daily would be comparable to that in adult patients receiving 6 mg/kg once daily.

Obesity

Relative to non-obese subjects daptomycin systemic exposure measured by AUC was about 28% higher in moderately obese subjects (Body Mass Index of 25-40 kg/m²) and 42% higher in extremely obese subjects (Body Mass Index of > 40 kg/m²). However, no dose adjustment is considered to be necessary based on obesity alone.

Gender

No clinically significant gender-related differences in daptomycin pharmacokinetics have been observed.

Renal impairment

Following administration of a single 4 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg intravenous dose of daptomycin over a 30-minute period to adult subjects with various degrees of renal impairment, total daptomycin clearance (CL) decreased and systemic exposure (AUC) increased as renal function (creatinine clearance) decreased.

Based on pharmacokinetic data and modelling, the daptomycin AUC during the first day after administration of a 6 mg/kg dose to adult patients on HD or CAPD was 2-fold higher than that observed in adult patients with normal renal function who received the same dose. On the second day after administration of a 6 mg/kg dose to HD and CAPD adult patients the daptomycin AUC was approximately 1.3-fold higher than that observed after a second 6 mg/kg dose in adult patients with normal renal function. On this basis, it is recommended that adult patients on HD or CAPD receive daptomycin once every 48 hours at the dose recommended for the type of infection being treated.

The dosage regimen for Кубицин in paediatric patients with renal impairment has not been established.

Hepatic impairment

The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin is not altered in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B classification of hepatic impairment) compared with healthy volunteers matched for gender, age and weight following a single 4 mg/kg dose. No dosage adjustment is necessary when administering daptomycin in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C classification) have not been evaluated.

Daptomycin administration was associated with minimal to mild degenerative/regenerative changes in skeletal muscle in the rat and dog. Microscopic changes in skeletal muscle were minimal (approximately 0.05% of myofibres affected) and at the higher doses were accompanied by elevations in CPK. No fibrosis or rhabdomyolysis was observed. Depending on the study duration, all muscle effects, including microscopic changes, were fully reversible within 1-3 months following cessation of dosing. No functional or pathological changes in smooth or cardiac muscle were observed.

The lowest observable effect level (LOEL) for myopathy in rats and dogs occurred at exposure levels of 0.8 to 2.3-fold the human therapeutic levels at 6 mg/kg (30-minute intravenous infusion) for patients with normal renal function. As the pharmacokinetics is comparable, the safety margins for both methods of administration are very similar.

A study in dogs demonstrated that skeletal myopathy was reduced upon once daily administration as compared to fractionated dosing at same total daily dose, suggesting that myopathic effects in animals were primarily related to time between doses.

Effects on peripheral nerves were observed at higher doses than those associated with skeletal muscle effects in adult rats and dogs, and were primarily related to plasma C_max. Peripheral nerve changes were characterised by minimal to slight axonal degeneration and were frequently accompanied by functional changes. Reversal of both the microscopic and functional effects was complete within 6 months post-dose. Safety margins for peripheral nerve effects in rats and dogs are 8- and 6-fold, respectively, based on comparison of C_max values at the No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) with the C_max achieved on dosing with 30-minute intravenous infusion of 6 mg/kg once daily in patients with normal renal function.

The findings of in vitro and some in vivo studies designed to investigate the mechanism of daptomycin myotoxicity indicate that the plasma membrane of differentiated spontaneously contracting muscle cells is the target of toxicity. The specific cell surface component directly targeted has not been identified. Mitochondrial loss/damage was also observed; however the role and significance of this finding in the overall pathology are unknown. This finding was not associated with an effect on muscle contraction.

In contrast to adult dogs, juvenile dogs appeared to be more sensitive to peripheral nerve lesions as compared to skeletal myopathy. Juvenile dogs developed peripheral and spinal nerve lesions at doses lower than those associated with skeletal muscle toxicity.

In neonatal dogs, daptomycin caused marked clinical signs of twitching, muscle rigidity in the limbs, and impaired use of limbs, which resulted in decreases in body weight and overall body condition at doses >50 mg/kg/day and necessitated early discontinuation of treatment in these dose groups. At lower dose levels (25 mg/kg/day), mild and reversible clinical signs of twitching and one incidence of muscle rigidity were observed without any effects on body weight. There was no histopathological correlation in the peripheral and central nervous system tissue, or in the skeletal muscle, at any dose level, and the mechanism and clinical relevance for the adverse clinical signs are therefore unknown.

Reproductive toxicity testing showed no evidence of effects on fertility, embryofoetal, or postnatal development. However, daptomycin can cross the placenta in pregnant rats. Excretion of daptomycin into milk of lactating animals has not been studied.

Long-term carcinogenicity studies in rodents were not conducted. Daptomycin was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a battery of in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity tests.

Кубицин is not physically or chemically compatible with glucose-containing solutions.

In adults, daptomycin may be administered intravenously as an infusion over 30 minutes or as an injection over 2 minutes. Daptomycin should not be administered as a 2-minute injection to paediatric patients. Paediatric patients 7 to 17 years old should receive daptomycin infused over 30 minutes. In paediatric patients under 7 years old receiving a 9-12 mg/kg dose, daptomycin should be administered over 60 minutes. Preparation of the solution for infusion requires an additional dilution step as detailed below.

Кубицин given as 30 or 60-minute intravenous infusion

A 50 mg/ml concentration of Кубицин 350 mg powder for infusion is obtained by reconstituting the lyophilised product with 7 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection.

A 50 mg/ml concentration of Кубицин 500 mg powder for infusion is obtained by reconstituting the lyophilised product with 10 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection.

The lyophilised product takes approximately 15 minutes to dissolve. The fully reconstituted product will appear clear and may have a few small bubbles or foam around the edge of the vial.

Кубицин 350 mg powder for solution for injection or infusion

To prepare Кубицин for intravenous infusion, please adhere to the following instructions:

Aseptic technique should be used throughout to reconstitute or dilute lyophilised Кубицин.

For Reconstitution:

1. The polypropylene flip off cap should be removed to expose the central portions of the rubber stopper. Wipe the top of the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab or other antiseptic solution and allow to dry. After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper or allow it to touch any other surface. Draw 7 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection into a syringe using a sterile transfer needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter, or a needleless device, then slowly inject through the centre of the rubber stopper into the vial pointing the needle towards the wall of the vial.

2. The vial should be gently rotated to ensure complete wetting of the product and then allowed to stand for 10 minutes.

3. Finally the vial should be gently rotated/swirled for a few minutes as needed to obtain a clear reconstituted solution. Vigorous shaking/agitation should be avoided to prevent foaming of the product.

4. The reconstituted solution should be checked carefully to ensure that the product is in solution and visually inspected for the absence of particulates prior to use. Reconstituted solutions of Кубицин range in colour from pale yellow to light brown.

5. The reconstituted solution should then be diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) (typical volume 50 ml).

For Dilution:

1. Slowly remove the appropriate reconstituted liquid (50 mg daptomycin/ml) from the vial using a new sterile needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter by inverting the vial in order to allow the solution to drain towards the stopper. Using a syringe, insert the needle into the inverted vial. Keeping the vial inverted, position the needle tip at the very bottom of the solution in the vial when drawing the solution into the syringe. Before removing the needle from the vial, pull the plunger all the way back to the end of the syringe barrel in order to remove the required solution from the inverted vial.

2. Expel air, large bubbles, and any excess solution in order to obtain the required dose.

3. Transfer the required reconstituted dose into 50 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%).

4.

Кубицин 500 mg powder for solution for injection or infusion

To prepare Кубицин for intravenous infusion, please adhere to the following instructions:

Aseptic technique should be used throughout to reconstitute or dilute lyophilised Кубицин.

For Reconstitution:

1. The polypropylene flip off cap should be removed to expose the central portions of the rubber stopper. Wipe the top of the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab or other antiseptic solution and allow to dry. After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper or allow it to touch any other surface. Draw 10 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection into a syringe using a sterile transfer needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter, or a needleless device, then slowly inject through the centre of the rubber stopper into the vial pointing the needle towards the wall of the vial.

2. The vial should be gently rotated to ensure complete wetting of the product and then allowed to stand for 10 minutes.

3. Finally the vial should be gently rotated/swirled for a few minutes as needed to obtain a clear reconstituted solution. Vigorous shaking/agitation should be avoided to prevent foaming of the product.

4. The reconstituted solution should be checked carefully to ensure that the product is in solution and visually inspected for the absence of particulates prior to use. Reconstituted solutions of Кубицин range in colour from pale yellow to light brown.

5. The reconstituted solution should then be diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) (typical volume 50 ml).

For Dilution:

1. Slowly remove the appropriate reconstituted liquid (50 mg daptomycin/ml) from the vial using a new sterile needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter by inverting the vial in order to allow the solution to drain towards the stopper. Using a syringe, insert the needle into the inverted vial. Keeping the vial inverted, position the needle tip at the very bottom of the solution in the vial when drawing the solution into the syringe. Before removing the needle from the vial, pull the plunger all the way back to the end of the syringe barrel in order to remove the required solution from the inverted vial.

2. Expel air, large bubbles, and any excess solution in order to obtain the required dose.

3. Transfer the required reconstituted dose into 50 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%).

4.

The following have been shown to be compatible when added to Кубицин containing infusion solutions: aztreonam, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, fluconazole, levofloxacin, dopamine, heparin and lidocaine.

Кубицин given as 2-minute intravenous injection (adult patients only)

Water should not be used for reconstitution of Кубицин for intravenous injection. Кубицин should only be reconstituted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%).

A 50 mg/ml concentration of Кубицин 350 mg powder for injection is obtained by reconstituting the lyophilised product with 7 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection.

A 50 mg/ml concentration of Кубицин 500 mg powder for injection is obtained by reconstituting the lyophilised product with 10 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection.

The lyophilised product takes approximately 15 minutes to dissolve. The fully reconstituted product will appear clear and may have a few small bubbles or foam around the edge of the vial.

Кубицин 350 mg powder for solution for injection or infusion

To prepare Кубицин for intravenous injection, please adhere to the following instructions:

Aseptic technique should be used throughout to reconstitute lyophilised Кубицин.

1. The polypropylene flip off cap should be removed to expose the central portions of the rubber stopper. Wipe the top of the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab or other antiseptic solution and allow to dry. After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper or allow it to touch any other surface. Draw 7 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection into a syringe using a sterile transfer needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter, or a needleless device, then slowly inject through the centre of the rubber stopper into the vial pointing the needle towards the wall of the vial.

2. The vial should be gently rotated to ensure complete wetting of the product and then allowed to stand for 10 minutes.

3. Finally the vial should be gently rotated/swirled for a few minutes as needed to obtain a clear reconstituted solution. Vigorous shaking/agitation should be avoided to prevent foaming of the product.

4. The reconstituted solution should be checked carefully to ensure that the product is in solution and visually inspected for the absence of particulates prior to use. Reconstituted solutions of Кубицин range in colour from pale yellow to light brown.

5. Slowly remove the reconstituted liquid (50 mg daptomycin/ml) from the vial using a sterile needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter.

6. Invert the vial in order to allow the solution to drain towards the stopper. Using a new syringe, insert the needle into the inverted vial. Keeping the vial inverted, position the needle tip at the very bottom of the solution in the vial when drawing the solution into the syringe. Before removing the needle from the vial, pull the plunger all the way back to the end of the syringe barrel in order to remove all of the solution from the inverted vial.

7. Replace needle with a new needle for the intravenous injection.

8. Expel air, large bubbles, and any excess solution in order to obtain the required dose.

9.

Кубицин 500 mg powder for solution for injection or infusion

To prepare Кубицин for intravenous injection, please adhere to the following instructions:

Aseptic technique should be used throughout to reconstitute lyophilised Кубицин.

1. The polypropylene flip off cap should be removed to expose the central portions of the rubber stopper. Wipe the top of the rubber stopper with an alcohol swab or other antiseptic solution and allow to dry. After cleaning, do not touch the rubber stopper or allow it to touch any other surface. Draw 10 ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection into a syringe using a sterile transfer needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter, or a needleless device, then slowly inject through the centre of the rubber stopper into the vial pointing the needle towards the wall of the vial.

2. The vial should be gently rotated to ensure complete wetting of the product and then allowed to stand for 10 minutes.

3. Finally the vial should be gently rotated/swirled for a few minutes as needed to obtain a clear reconstituted solution. Vigorous shaking/agitation should be avoided to prevent foaming of the product.

4. The reconstituted solution should be checked carefully to ensure that the product is in solution and visually inspected for the absence of particulates prior to use. Reconstituted solutions of Кубицин range in colour from pale yellow to light brown.

5. Slowly remove the reconstituted liquid (50 mg daptomycin/ml) from the vial using a sterile needle that is 21 gauge or smaller in diameter.

6. Invert the vial in order to allow the solution to drain towards the stopper. Using a new syringe, insert the needle into the inverted vial. Keeping the vial inverted, position the needle tip at the very bottom of the solution in the vial when drawing the solution into the syringe. Before removing the needle from the vial, pull the plunger all the way back to the end of the syringe barrel in order to remove all of the solution from the inverted vial.

7. Replace needle with a new needle for the intravenous injection.

8. Expel air, large bubbles, and any excess solution in order to obtain the required dose.

9.

Кубицин vials are for single-use only.

From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately after reconstitution.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.