Герцептин

Breast cancer

Metastatic breast cancer

Герцептин is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer: (MBC):

- as monotherapy for the treatment of those patients who have received at least two chemotherapy regimens for their metastatic disease. Prior chemotherapy must have included at least an anthracycline and a taxane unless patients are unsuitable for these treatments. Hormone receptor positive patients must also have failed hormonal therapy, unless patients are unsuitable for these treatments.

- in combination with paclitaxel for the treatment of those patients who have not received chemotherapy for their metastatic disease and for whom an anthracycline is not suitable.

- in combination with docetaxel for the treatment of those patients who have not received chemotherapy for their metastatic disease.

- in combination with an aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of postmenopausal patients with hormone-receptor positive MBC, not previously treated with trastuzumab.

Early breast cancer

Герцептин is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with HER2 positive early breast cancer. (EBC).

- following surgery, chemotherapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant) and radiotherapy (if applicable).

- following adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel.

- in combination with adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of docetaxel and carboplatin.

- in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by adjuvant Герцептин therapy, for locally advanced (including inflammatory) disease or tumours > 2 cm in diameter.

Герцептин should only be used in patients with metastatic or early breast cancer whose tumours have either HER2 overexpression or HER2 gene amplification as determined by an accurate and validated assay.

Metastatic gastric cancer

Герцептин in combination with capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with HER2 positive metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastro-esophageal junction who have not received prior anti-cancer treatment for their metastatic disease.

Герцептин should only be used in patients with metastatic gastric cancer (MGC) whose tumours have HER2 overexpression as defined by IHC2+ and a confirmatory SISH or FISH result, or by an IHC 3+ result. Accurate and validated assay methods should be used.

HER2 testing is mandatory prior to initiation of therapy. Герцептин treatment should only be initiated by a physician experienced in the administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy , and should be administered by a healthcare professional only.

It is important to check the product labels to ensure that the correct formulation (intravenous or subcutaneous fixed dose) is being administered to the patient, as prescribed. Герцептин intravenous formulation is not intended for subcutaneous administration and should be administered via an intravenous infusion only.

Switching treatment between Герцептин intravenous and Герцептин subcutaneous formulations and vice versa, using the three-weekly (q3w) dosing regimen, was investigated in study MO22982.

In order to prevent medication errors it is important to check the vial labels to ensure that the drug being prepared and administered is Герцептин (trastuzumab) and not Kadcyla (trastuzumab emtansine).

Posology

Metastatic breast cancer

Three-weekly schedule

The recommended initial loading dose is 8 mg/kg body weight. The recommended maintenance dose at three-weekly intervals is 6 mg/kg body weight, beginning three weeks after the loading dose.

Weekly schedule

The recommended initial loading dose of Герцептин is 4 mg/kg body weight. The recommended weekly maintenance dose of Герцептин is 2 mg/kg body weight, beginning one week after the loading dose.

Administration in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel

In the pivotal trials (H0648g, M77001), paclitaxel or docetaxel was administered the day following the first dose of Герцептин (for dose, see the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) for paclitaxel or docetaxel) and immediately after the subsequent doses of Герцептин if the preceding dose of Герцептин was well tolerated.

Administration in combination with an aromatase inhibitor

In the pivotal trial (BO16216) Герцептин and anastrozole were administered from day 1. There were no restrictions on the relative timing of Герцептин and anastrozole at administration (for dose, see the SmPC for anastrozole or other aromatase inhibitors).

Early breast cancer

Three-weekly and weekly schedule

As a three-weekly regimen the recommended initial loading dose of Герцептин is 8 mg/kg body weight. The recommended maintenance dose of Герцептин at three-weekly intervals is 6 mg/kg body weight, beginning three weeks after the loading dose.

As a weekly regimen (initial loading dose of 4 mg/kg followed by 2 mg/kg every week) concomitantly with paclitaxel following chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.

Metastatic gastric cancer

Three-weekly schedule

The recommended initial loading dose is 8 mg/kg body weight. The recommended maintenance dose at three-weekly intervals is 6 mg/kg body weight, beginning three weeks after the loading dose.

Breast cancer and gastric cancer

Duration of treatment

Patients with MBC or MGC should be treated with Герцептин until progression of disease.

Patients with EBC should be treated with Герцептин for 1 year or until disease recurrence, whichever occurs first; extending treatment in EBC beyond one year is not recommended.

Dose reduction

No reductions in the dose of Герцептин were made during clinical trials. Patients may continue therapy during periods of reversible, chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression but they should be monitored carefully for complications of neutropenia during this time. Refer to the SmPC for paclitaxel, docetaxel or aromatase inhibitor for information on dose reduction or delays.

If left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) percentage drops > 10 points from baseline AND to below 50 %, treatment should be suspended and a repeat LVEF assessment performed within approximately 3 weeks. If LVEF has not improved, or has declined further, or if symptomatic congestive heart failure (CHF) has developed, discontinuation of Герцептин should be strongly considered, unless the benefits for the individual patient are deemed to outweigh the risks. All such patients should be referred for assessment by a cardiologist and followed up.

Missed doses

If the patient has missed a dose of Герцептин by one week or less, then the usual maintenance dose (weekly regimen: 2 mg/kg; three-weekly regimen: 6 mg/kg) should be administered as soon as possible. Do not wait until the next planned cycle. Subsequent maintenance doses should be administered 7 days or 21 days later according to the weekly or three-weekly schedules, respectively.

If the patient has missed a dose of Герцептин by more than one week, a re-loading dose of Герцептин should be administered over approximately 90 minutes (weekly regimen: 4 mg/kg; three-weekly regimen: 8 mg/kg) as soon as possible. Subsequent Герцептин maintenance doses (weekly regimen: 2 mg/kg; three-weekly regimen 6 mg/kg respectively) should be administered 7 days or 21 days later according to the weekly or three-weekly schedules respectively.

Special populations

Dedicated pharmacokinetic studies in the elderly and those with renal or hepatic impairment have not been carried out. In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, age and renal impairment were not shown to affect trastuzumab disposition.

Paediatric population

There is no relevant use of Герцептин in the paediatric population.

Method of administration

Герцептин loading dose should be administered as a 90-minute intravenous infusion. Do not administer as an intravenous push or bolus. Герцептин intravenous infusion should be administered by a health-care provider prepared to manage anaphylaxis and an emergency kit should be available. Patients should be observed for at least six hours after the start of the first infusion and for two hours after the start of the subsequent infusions for symptoms like fever and chills or other infusion-related symptoms. Interruption or slowing the rate of the infusion may help control such symptoms. The infusion may be resumed when symptoms abate.

If the initial loading dose was well tolerated, the subsequent doses can be administered as a 30-minute infusion.

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- Severe dyspnoea at rest due to complications of advanced malignancy or requiring supplementary oxygen therapy.

Traceability

In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the trade name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.

HER2 testing must be performed in a specialised laboratory which can ensure adequate validation of the testing procedures.

Currently no data from clinical trials are available on re-treatment of patients with previous exposure to Герцептин in the adjuvant setting.

Cardiac dysfunction

General considerations

Patients treated with Герцептин are at increased risk for developing CHF (New York Heart Association [NYHA] Class II-IV) or asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction. These events have been observed in patients receiving Герцептин therapy alone or in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel, particularly following anthracycline (doxorubicin or epirubicin) containing chemotherapy. These may be moderate to severe and have been associated with death. In addition, caution should be exercised in treating patients with increased cardiac risk, e.g. hypertension, documented coronary artery disease, CHF, LVEF of <55%, older age.

All candidates for treatment with Герцептин, but especially those with prior anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (AC) exposure, should undergo baseline cardiac assessment including history and physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and/or multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan or magnetic resonance imaging. Monitoring may help to identify patients who develop cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac assessments, as performed at baseline, should be repeated every 3 months during treatment and every 6 months following discontinuation of treatment until 24 months from the last administration of Герцептин. A careful risk-benefit assessment should be made before deciding to treat with Герцептин.

Trastuzumab may persist in the circulation for up to 7 months after stopping Герцептин treatment based on population pharmacokinetic analysis of all available data. Patients who receive anthracyclines after stopping Герцептин may possibly be at increased risk of cardiac dysfunction. If possible, physicians should avoid anthracycline-based therapy for up to 7 months after stopping Герцептин. If anthracyclines are used, the patient's cardiac function should be monitored carefully.

Formal cardiological assessment should be considered in patients in whom there are cardiovascular concerns following baseline screening. In all patients cardiac function should be monitored during treatment (e.g. every 12 weeks). Monitoring may help to identify patients who develop cardiac dysfunction. Patients who develop asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction may benefit from more frequent monitoring (e.g. every 6 - 8 weeks). If patients have a continued decrease in left ventricular function, but remain asymptomatic, the physician should consider discontinuing therapy if no clinical benefit of Герцептин therapy has been seen.

The safety of continuation or resumption of Герцептин in patients who experience cardiac dysfunction has not been prospectively studied. If LVEF percentage drops >10 points from baseline AND to below 50%, treatment should be suspended and a repeat LVEF assessment performed within approximately 3 weeks. If LVEF has not improved, or declined further, or symptomatic CHF has developed, discontinuation of Герцептин should be strongly considered, unless the benefits for the individual patient are deemed to outweigh the risks. All such patients should be referred for assessment by a cardiologist and followed up.

If symptomatic cardiac failure develops during Герцептин therapy, it should be treated with standard medicinal products for CHF. Most patients who developed CHF or asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction in pivotal trials improved with standard CHF treatment consisting of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and a beta-blocker. The majority of patients with cardiac symptoms and evidence of a clinical benefit of Герцептин treatment continued on therapy without additional clinical cardiac events.

Metastatic breast cancer

Герцептин and anthracyclines should not be given concurrently in combination in the MBC setting.

Patients with MBC who have previously received anthracyclines are also at risk of cardiac dysfunction with Герцептин treatment, although the risk is lower than with concurrent use of Герцептин and anthracyclines.

Early breast cancer

For patients with EBC, cardiac assessments, as performed at baseline, should be repeated every 3 months during treatment and every 6 months following discontinuation of treatment until 24 months from the last administration of Герцептин. In patients who receive anthracycline-containing chemotherapy further monitoring is recommended, and should occur yearly up to 5 years from the last administration of Герцептин, or longer if a continuous decrease of LVEF is observed.

Patients with history of myocardial infarction (MI), angina pectoris requiring medical treatment, history of or existing CHF (NYHA Class II -IV), LVEF of < 55%, other cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmia requiring medical treatment, clinically significant cardiac valvular disease, poorly controlled hypertension (hypertension controlled by standard medical treatment eligible), and hemodynamic effective pericardial effusion were excluded from adjuvant and neoadjuvant EBC pivotal trials with Герцептин and therefore treatment cannot be recommended in such patients.

Adjuvant treatment

Герцептин and anthracyclines should not be given concurrently in combination in the adjuvant treatment setting.

In patients with EBC an increase in the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic cardiac events was observed when Герцептин was administered after anthracycline-containing chemotherapy compared to administration with a non-anthracycline regimen of docetaxel and carboplatin and was more marked when Герцептин was administered concurrently with taxanes than when administered sequentially to taxanes. Regardless of the regimen used, most symptomatic cardiac events occurred within the first 18 months. In one of the 3 pivotal studies conducted in which a median follow-up of 5.5 years was available (BCIRG006) a continuous increase in the cumulative rate of symptomatic cardiac or LVEF events was observed in patients who were administered Герцептин concurrently with a taxane following anthracycline therapy up to 2.37% compared to approximately 1% in the two comparator arms (anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide followed by taxane and taxane, carboplatin and Герцептин).

Risk factors for a cardiac event identified in four large adjuvant studies included advanced age (> 50 years), low LVEF (<55%) at baseline, prior to or following the initiation of paclitaxel treatment, decline in LVEF by 10-15 points, and prior or concurrent use of anti-hypertensive medicinal products. In patients receiving Герцептин after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy, the risk of cardiac dysfunction was associated with a higher cumulative dose of anthracycline given prior to initiation of Герцептин and a body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m².

Neoadjuvant-adjuvant treatment

In patients with EBC eligible for neoadjuvant-adjuvant treatment, Герцептин should be used concurrently with anthracyclines only in chemotherapy-naive patients and only with low-dose anthracycline regimens i.e. maximum cumulative doses of doxorubicin 180 mg/m² or epirubicin 360 mg/m².

If patients have been treated concurrently with a full course of low-dose anthracyclines and Герцептин in the neoadjuvant setting, no additional cytotoxic chemotherapy should be given after surgery. In other situations, the decision on the need for additional cytotoxic chemotherapy is determined based on individual factors.

Experience of concurrent administration of trastuzumab with low dose anthracycline regimens is currently limited to two trials (MO16432 and BO22227).

In the pivotal trial MO16432, Герцептин was administered concurrently with neoadjuvant chemotherapy containing three cycles of doxorubicin (cumulative dose 180 mg/m²).

The incidence of symptomatic cardiac dysfunction was 1.7% in the Герцептин arm.

Clinical experience is limited in patients above 65 years of age.

Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) and hypersensitivity

Serious IRRs to Герцептин infusion including dyspnoea, hypotension, wheezing, hypertension, bronchospasm, supraventricular tachyarrhythmia, reduced oxygen saturation, anaphylaxis, respiratory distress, urticaria and angioedema have been reported. Pre-medication may be used to reduce risk of occurrence of these events. The majority of these events occur during or within 2.5 hours of the start of the first infusion. Should an infusion reaction occur the infusion should be discontinued or the rate of infusion slowed and the patient should be monitored until resolution of all observed symptoms. These symptoms can be treated with an analgesic/antipyretic such as meperidine or paracetamol, or an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine. The majority of patients experienced resolution of symptoms and subsequently received further infusions of Герцептин. Serious reactions have been treated successfully with supportive therapy such as oxygen, beta-agonists, and corticosteroids. In rare cases, these reactions are associated with a clinical course culminating in a fatal outcome. Patients experiencing dyspnoea at rest due to complications of advanced malignancy and comorbidities may be at increased risk of a fatal infusion reaction. Therefore, these patients should not be treated with Герцептин.

Initial improvement followed by clinical deterioration and delayed reactions with rapid clinical deterioration have also been reported. Fatalities have occurred within hours and up to one week following infusion. On very rare occasions, patients have experienced the onset of infusion symptoms and pulmonary symptoms more than six hours after the start of the Герцептин infusion. Patients should be warned of the possibility of such a late onset and should be instructed to contact their physician if these symptoms occur.

Pulmonary events

Severe pulmonary events have been reported with the use of Герцептин in the post-marketing setting. These events have occasionally been fatal. In addition, cases of interstitial lung disease including lung infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pneumonitis, pleural effusion, respiratory distress, acute pulmonary oedema and respiratory insufficiency have been reported. Risk factors associated with interstitial lung disease include prior or concomitant therapy with other anti-neoplastic therapies known to be associated with it such as taxanes, gemcitabine, vinorelbine and radiation therapy. These events may occur as part of an infusion-related reaction or with a delayed onset. Patients experiencing dyspnoea at rest due to complications of advanced malignancy and comorbidities may be at increased risk of pulmonary events. Therefore, these patients should not be treated with Герцептин. Caution should be exercised for pneumonitis, especially in patients being treated concomitantly with taxanes.

Герцептин may have a minor influence on the ability to drive or use machines. Patients experiencing infusion-related symptoms should be advised not to drive and use machines until symptoms abate.

Summary of the safety profile

Amongst the most serious and/or common adverse reactions reported in Герцептин usage (intravenous and subcutaneous formulations) to date are cardiac dysfunction, infusion-related reactions, haematotoxicity (in particular neutropenia), infections and pulmonary adverse reactions.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

In this section, the following categories of frequency have been used: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Presented in Table 1 are adverse reactions that have been reported in association with the use of intravenous Герцептин alone or in combination with chemotherapy in pivotal clinical trials and in the post-marketing setting.

All the terms included are based on the highest percentage seen in pivotal clinical trials.

Table 1 Undesirable Effects Reported with Intravenous Герцептин Monotherapy or in Combination with Chemotherapy in Pivotal Clinical Trials (N = 8386) and in Post-Marketing

+ Denotes adverse reactions that have been reported in association with a fatal outcome.

1 Denotes adverse reactions that are reported largely in association with Infusion-related reactions. Specific percentages for these are not available.

* Observed with combination therapy following anthracyclines and combined with taxanes

Description of selected adverse reactions

Cardiac dysfunction

Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class II - IV) is a common adverse reaction associated with the use of Герцептин and has been associated with a fatal outcome. Signs and symptoms of cardiac dysfunction such as dyspnoea, orthopnoea, increased cough, pulmonary oedema, S3 gallop, or reduced ventricular ejection fraction, have been observed in patients treated with Герцептин.

In 3 pivotal clinical trials of adjuvant Герцептин given in combination with chemotherapy, the incidence of grade 3/4 cardiac dysfunction (specifically symptomatic Congestive Heart Failure) was similar in patients who were administered chemotherapy alone (ie did not receive Герцептин) and in patients who were administered Герцептин sequentially after a taxane (0.3-0.4 %). The rate was highest in patients who were administered Герцептин concurrently with a taxane (2.0 %). In the neoadjuvant setting, the experience of concurrent administration of Герцептин and low dose anthracycline regimen is limited.

When Герцептин was administered after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy NYHA Class III-IV heart failure was observed in 0.6 % of patients in the one-year arm after a median follow-up of 12 months. In study BO16348, after a median follow-up of 8 years the incidence of severe CHF (NYHA Class III & IV) in the Герцептин 1 year treatment arm was 0.8 %, and the rate of mild symptomatic and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction was 4.6 %.

Reversibility of severe CHF (defined as a sequence of at least two consecutive LVEF values >50 % after the event) was evident for 71.4 % of Герцептин-treated patients. Reversibility of mild symptomatic and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction was demonstrated for 79.5 % of patients. Approximately 17 % of cardiac dysfunction related events occurred after completion of Герцептин.

In the pivotal metastatic trials of intravenous Герцептин, the incidence of cardiac dysfunction varied between 9 % and 12 % when it was combined with paclitaxel compared with 1 % - 4 % for paclitaxel alone. For monotherapy, the rate was 6 % - 9 %. The highest rate of cardiac dysfunction was seen in patients receiving Герцептин concurrently with anthracycline/cyclophosphamide (27 %), and was significantly higher than for anthracycline/cyclophosphamide alone (7 % - 10 %). In a subsequent trial with prospective monitoring of cardiac function, the incidence of symptomatic CHF was 2.2 % in patients receiving Герцептин and docetaxel, compared with 0 % in patients receiving docetaxel alone. Most of the patients (79 %) who developed cardiac dysfunction in these trials experienced an improvement after receiving standard treatment for CHF.

Infusion reactions, allergic-like reactions and hypersensitivity

It is estimated that approximately 40 % of patients who are treated with Герцептин will experience some form of infusion-related reaction. However, the majority of infusion-related reactions are mild to moderate in intensity (NCI-CTC grading system) and tend to occur earlier in treatment, i.e. during infusions one, two and three and lessen in frequency in subsequent infusions. Reactions include chills, fever, dyspnoea, hypotension, wheezing, bronchospasm, tachycardia, reduced oxygen saturation, respiratory distress, rash, nausea, vomiting and headache. The rate of infusion-related reactions of all grades varied between studies depending on the indication, the data collection methodology, and whether trastuzumab was given concurrently with chemotherapy or as monotherapy.

Severe anaphylactic reactions requiring immediate additional intervention can occur usually during either the first or second infusion of Герцептин and have been associated with a fatal outcome.

Anaphylactoid reactions have been observed in isolated cases.

Haematotoxicity

Febrile neutropenia, leukopenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia occurred very commonly. The frequency of occurrence of hypoprothrombinemia is not known. The risk of neutropenia may be slightly increased when trastuzumab is administered with docetaxel following anthracycline therapy.

Pulmonary events

Severe pulmonary adverse reactions occur in association with the use of Герцептин and have been associated with a fatal outcome. These include, but are not limited to, pulmonary infiltrates, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pneumonitis, pleural effusion, respiratory distress, acute pulmonary oedema and respiratory insufficiency.

Immunogenicity

In the neoadjuvant-adjuvant EBC study (BO22227), at a median follow-up exceeding 70 months, 10.1 % (30/296) of patients treated with Герцептин intravenous developed antibodies against trastuzumab. Neutralizing anti-trastuzumab antibodies were detected in post-baseline samples in 2 of 30 patients in the Герцептин intravenous arm.

The clinical relevance of these antibodies is not known. The presence of anti-trastuzumab antibodies had no impact on pharmacokinetics, efficacy (determined by pathological Complete Response [pCR] and event free survival [EFS]) and safety determined by occurrence of administration related reactions (ARRs) of Герцептин intravenous.

There are no immunogenicity data available for Герцептин in gastric cancer.

Switching treatment between Герцептин intravenous and Герцептин subcutaneous formulation and vice versa

Study MO22982 investigated switching between the Герцептин intravenous and Герцептин subcutaneous formulation with a primary objective to evaluate patient preference for either intravenous or the subcutaneous route of trastuzumab administration. In this trial, 2 cohorts (one using subcutaneous formulation in vial and one using subcutaneous formulation in administration system) were investigated using a 2-arm, cross-over design with 488 patients being randomized to one of two different three-weekly Герцептин treatment sequences (IV [Cycles 1-4]→ SC [Cycles 5-8], or SC [Cycles 1-4]→ IV [Cycles 5-8]). Patients were either naïve to Герцептин IV treatment (20.3%) or pre-exposed to Герцептин IV (79.7%). For the sequence IV→SC (SC vial and SC formulation in administration system cohorts combined), adverse event rates (all grades) were described pre-switching (Cycles 1-4) and post-switching (Cycles 5-8) as 53.8% vs. 56.4%, respectively; for the sequence SC→IV (SC vial and SC formulation in administration system cohorts combined), adverse event rates (all grades) were described pre- and post-switching as 65.4% vs. 48.7%, respectively.

Pre-switching rates (Cycles 1-4) for serious adverse events, grade 3 adverse events and treatment discontinuations due to adverse events were low (<5%) and similar to post-switching rates (Cycles 5-8). No grade 4 or grade 5 adverse events were reported.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions (see details below).

Ireland

HPRA Pharmacovigilance

Earlsfort Terrace

IRL - Dublin 2

Tel: +353 1 6764971

Fax: +353 1 6762517

Website: www.hpra.ie

e-mail: [email protected]

Malta

ADR Reporting

Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal

United Kingdom

Yellow Card Scheme

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store

There is no experience with overdose in human clinical trials. Single doses of Герцептин alone greater than 10 mg/kg have not been administered in the clinical trials; a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg q3w following a loading dose of 8 mg/kg has been studied in a clinical trial with metastatic gastric cancer patients. Doses up to this level were well tolerated.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, ATC code: L01XC03

Trastuzumab is a recombinant humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Overexpression of HER2 is observed in 20 %-30 % of primary breast cancers. Studies of HER2-positivity rates in gastric cancer (GC) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) have shown that there is a broad variation of HER2-positivity ranging from 6.8 % to 34.0 % for IHC and 7.1 % to 42.6 % for FISH. Studies indicate that breast cancer patients whose tumours overexpress HER2 have a shortened disease-free survival compared to patients whose tumours do not overexpress HER2. The extracellular domain of the receptor (ECD, p105) can be shed into the blood stream and measured in serum samples.

Mechanism of action

Trastuzumab binds with high affinity and specificity to sub-domain IV, a juxta-membrane region of HER2's extracellular domain. Binding of trastuzumab to HER2 inhibits ligand-independent HER2 signalling and prevents the proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular domain, an activation mechanism of HER2. As a result, trastuzumab has been shown, in both in vitro assays and in animals, to inhibit the proliferation of human tumour cells that overexpress HER2. Additionally, trastuzumab is a potent mediator of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In vitro, trastuzumab-mediated ADCC has been shown to be preferentially exerted on HER2 overexpressing cancer cells compared with cancer cells that do not overexpress HER2.

Detection of HER2 overexpression or HER2 gene amplification

Detection of HER2 overexpression or HER2 gene amplification in breast cancer

Герцептин should only be used in patients whose tumours have HER2 overexpression or HER2 gene amplification as determined by an accurate and validated assay. HER2 overexpression should be detected using an immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based assessment of fixed tumour blocks. HER2 gene amplification should be detected using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) or chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) of fixed tumour blocks. Patients are eligible for Герцептин treatment if they show strong HER2 overexpression as described by a 3+ score by IHC or a positive FISH or CISH result.

To ensure accurate and reproducible results, the testing must be performed in a specialised laboratory, which can ensure validation of the testing procedures.

The recommended scoring system to evaluate the IHC staining patterns is as stated in Table 2:

Table 2 Recommended Scoring System to Evaluate the IHC Staining Patterns in Breast Cancer

In general, FISH is considered positive if the ratio of the HER2 gene copy number per tumour cell to the chromosome 17 copy number is greater than or equal to 2, or if there are more than 4 copies of the HER2 gene per tumour cell if no chromosome 17 control is used.

In general, CISH is considered positive if there are more than 5 copies of the HER2 gene per nucleus in greater than 50 % of tumour cells.

For full instructions on assay performance and interpretation please refer to the package inserts of validated FISH and CISH assays. Official recommendations on HER2 testing may also apply.

For any other method that may be used for the assessment of HER2 protein or gene expression, the analyses should only be performed by laboratories that provide adequate state-of-the-art performance of validated methods. Such methods must clearly be precise and accurate enough to demonstrate overexpression of HER2 and must be able to distinguish between moderate (congruent with 2+) and strong (congruent with 3+) overexpression of HER2.

Detection of HER2 over expression or HER2 gene amplification in gastric cancer

Only an accurate and validated assay should be used to detect HER2 over expression or HER2 gene amplification. IHC is recommended as the first testing modality and in cases where HER2 gene amplification status is also required, either a silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) or a FISH technique must be applied. SISH technology is however, recommended to allow for the parallel evaluation of tumor histology and morphology. To ensure validation of testing procedures and the generation of accurate and reproducible results, HER2 testing must be performed in a laboratory staffed by trained personnel. Full instructions on assay performance and results interpretation should be taken from the product information leaflet provided with the HER2 testing assays used.

In the ToGA (BO18255) trial, patients whose tumours were either IHC3+ or FISH positive were defined as HER2 positive and thus included in the trial. Based on the clinical trial results, the beneficial effects were limited to patients with the highest level of HER2 protein overexpression, defined by a 3+ score by IHC, or a 2+ score by IHC and a positive FISH result.

In a method comparison study (study D008548) a high degree of concordance (>95 %) was observed for SISH and FISH techniques for the detection of HER2 gene amplification in gastric cancer patients.

HER2 over expression should be detected using an immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based assessment of fixed tumour blocks; HER2 gene amplification should be detected using in situ hybridisation using either SISH or FISH on fixed tumour blocks.

The recommended scoring system to evaluate the IHC staining patterns is as stated in Table 3:

Table 3 Recommended Scoring System to Evaluate the IHC Staining Patterns in Gastric Cancer

In general, SISH or FISH is considered positive if the ratio of the HER2 gene copy number per tumour cell to the chromosome 17 copy number is greater than or equal to 2.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Metastatic breast cancer

Герцептин has been used in clinical trials as monotherapy for patients with MBC who have tumours that overexpress HER2 and who have failed one or more chemotherapy regimens for their metastatic disease (Герцептин alone).

Герцептин has also been used in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel for the treatment of patients who have not received chemotherapy for their metastatic disease. Patients who had previously received anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy were treated with paclitaxel (175 mg/m² infused over 3 hours) with or without Герцептин. In the pivotal trial of docetaxel (100 mg/m² infused over 1 hour) with or without Герцептин, 60 % of the patients had received prior anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were treated with Герцептин until progression of disease.

The efficacy of Герцептин in combination with paclitaxel in patients who did not receive prior adjuvant anthracyclines has not been studied. However, Герцептин plus docetaxel was efficacious in patients whether or not they had received prior adjuvant anthracyclines.

The test method for HER2 overexpression used to determine eligibility of patients in the pivotal Герцептин monotherapy and Герцептин plus paclitaxel clinical trials employed immunohistochemical staining for HER2 of fixed material from breast tumours using the murine monoclonal antibodies CB11 and 4D5. These tissues were fixed in formalin or Bouin's fixative. This investigative clinical trial assay performed in a central laboratory utilised a 0 to 3+ scale. Patients classified as staining 2+ or 3+ were included, while those staining 0 or 1+ were excluded. Greater than 70 % of patients enrolled exhibited 3+ overexpression. The data suggest that beneficial effects were greater among those patients with higher levels of overexpression of HER2 (3+).

The main test method used to determine HER2 positivity in the pivotal trial of docetaxel, with or without Герцептин, was immunohistochemistry. A minority of patients was tested using fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH). In this trial, 87 % of patients entered had disease that was IHC3+, and 95 % of patients entered had disease that was IHC3+ and/or FISH-positive.

Weekly dosing in metastatic breast cancer

The efficacy results from the monotherapy and combination therapy studies are summarised in Table 4:

Table 4 Efficacy Results from the Monotherapy and Combination Therapy Studies

TTP = time to progression; "ne" indicates that it could not be estimated or it was not yet reached.

1. Study H0649g: IHC3+ patient subset

2. Study H0648g: IHC3+ patient subset

3. Study M77001: Full analysis set (intent-to-treat), 24 months results

Combination treatment with Герцептин and anastrozole

Герцептин has been studied in combination with anastrozole for first line treatment of MBC in HER2 overexpressing, hormone-receptor (i.e. estrogen-receptor (ER) and/or progesterone-receptor (PR)) positive postmenopausal patients. Progression free survival was doubled in the Герцептин plus anastrozole arm compared to anastrozole (4.8 months versus 2.4 months). For the other parameters the improvements seen for the combination were for overall response (16.5 % versus 6.7 %); clinical benefit rate (42.7 % versus 27.9 %); time to progression (4.8 months versus 2.4 months). For time to response and duration of response no difference could be recorded between the arms. The median overall survival was extended by 4.6 months for patients in the combination arm. The difference was not statistically significant, however more than half of the patients in the anastrozole alone arm crossed over to a Герцептин containing regimen after progression of disease.

Three -weekly dosing in metastatic breast cancer

The efficacy results from the non-comparative monotherapy and combination therapy studies are summarised in Table 5:

Table 5 Efficacy Results from the Non-Comparative Monotherapy and Combination Therapy Studies

TTP = time to progression; "ne" indicates that it could not be estimated or it was not yet reached.

1. Study WO16229: loading dose 8 mg/kg, followed by 6 mg/kg 3 weekly schedule

2. Study MO16982: loading dose 6 mg/kg weekly x 3; followed by 6 mg/kg 3-weekly schedule

3. Study BO15935

4. Study MO16419

Sites of progression

The frequency of progression in the liver was significantly reduced in patients treated with the combination of Герцептин and paclitaxel, compared to paclitaxel alone (21.8 % versus 45.7 %; p=0.004). More patients treated with Герцептин and paclitaxel progressed in the central nervous system than those treated with paclitaxel alone (12.6 % versus 6.5 %; p=0.377).

Early breast cancer (adjuvant setting)

Early breast cancer is defined as non-metastatic primary invasive carcinoma of the breast.

In the adjuvant treatment setting, Герцептин was investigated in 4 large multicentre, randomised, trials.

- Study BO16348 was designed to compare one and two years of three-weekly Герцептин treatment versus observation in patients with HER2 positive EBC following surgery, established chemotherapy and radiotherapy (if applicable). In addition, comparison of two years of Герцептин treatment versus one year of Герцептин treatment was performed. Patients assigned to receive Герцептин were given an initial loading dose of 8 mg/kg, followed by 6 mg/kg every three weeks for either one or two years.

- The NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 studies that comprise the joint analysis were designed to investigate the clinical utility of combining Герцептин treatment with paclitaxel following AC chemotherapy, additionally the NCCTG N9831 study also investigated adding Герцептин sequentially to AC→P chemotherapy in patients with HER2 positive EBC following surgery.

- The BCIRG 006 study was designed to investigate combining Герцептин treatment with docetaxel either following AC chemotherapy or in combination with docetaxel and carboplatin in patients with HER2 positive EBC following surgery.

Early breast cancer in the HERA trial was limited to operable, primary, invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast, with axillary nodes positive or axillary nodes negative if tumors at least 1 cm in diameter.

In the joint analysis of the NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 studies, EBC was limited to women with operable breast cancer at high risk, defined as HER2-positive and axillary lymph node positive or HER2 positive and lymph node negative with high risk features (tumor size > 1 cm and ER negative or tumor size > 2 cm, regardless of hormonal status).

In the BCIRG 006 study HER2 positive, EBC was defined as either lymph node positive or high risk node negative patients with no (pN0) lymph node involvement, and at least 1 of the following factors: tumour size greater than 2 cm, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor negative, histological and/or nuclear grade 2-3, or age < 35 years).

The efficacy results from the BO16348 trial following 12 months* and 8 years** median follow-up are summarized in Table 6:

Table 6 Efficacy Results from Study BO16348

*Co-primary endpoint of DFS of 1 year versus observation met the pre-defined statistical boundary

**Final analysis (including crossover of 52 % of patients from the observation arm to Герцептин)

*** There is a discrepancy in the overall sample size due to a small number of patients who were randomized after the cut-off date for the 12-month median follow-up analysis

The efficacy results from the interim efficacy analysis crossed the protocol pre-specified statistical boundary for the comparison of 1-year of Герцептин versus observation. After a median follow-up of 12 months, the hazard ratio (HR) for disease free survival (DFS) was 0.54 (95 % CI 0.44, 0.67) which translates into an absolute benefit, in terms of a 2-year disease-free survival rate, of 7.6 percentage points (85.8 % versus 78.2 %) in favour of the Герцептин arm.

A final analysis was performed after a median follow-up of 8 years, which showed that 1 year Герцептин treatment is associated with a 24 % risk reduction compared to observation only (HR=0.76, 95 % CI 0.67, 0.86). This translates into an absolute benefit in terms of an 8 year disease free survival rate of 6.4 percentage points in favour of 1 year Герцептин treatment.

In this final analysis, extending Герцептин treatment for a duration of two years did not show additional benefit over treatment for 1 year [DFS HR in the intent to treat (ITT) population of 2 years versus 1 year=0.99 (95 % CI: 0.87, 1.13), p-value=0.90 and OS HR=0.98 (0.83, 1.15); p-value= 0.78]. The rate of asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction was increased in the 2-year treatment arm (8.1 % versus 4.6 % in the 1-year treatment arm). More patients experienced at least one grade 3 or 4 adverse event in the 2-year treatment arm (20.4 %) compared with the 1-year treatment arm (16.3 %).

In the NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 studies Герцептин was administered in combination with paclitaxel, following AC chemotherapy.

Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide were administered concurrently as follows:

- intravenous push doxorubicin, at 60 mg/ m², given every 3 weeks for 4 cycles.

- intravenous cyclophosphamide, at 600 mg/ m² over 30 minutes, given every 3 weeks for 4 cycles.

Paclitaxel, in combination with Герцептин, was administered as follows:

- intravenous paclitaxel - 80 mg/m² as a continuous intravenous infusion, given every week for 12 weeks.

or

- intravenous paclitaxel - 175 mg/m² as a continuous intravenous infusion, given every 3 weeks for 4 cycles (day 1 of each cycle).

The efficacy results from the joint analysis of the NSABP B-31 and NCCTG 9831 trials at the time of the definitive analysis of DFS^* are summarized in Table 7. The median duration of follow up was 1.8 years for the patients in the AC→P arm and 2.0 years for patients in the AC→PH arm.

Table 7 Summary of Efficacy results from the joint analysis of the NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 trials at the time of the definitive DFS analysis^*

A: doxorubicin; C: cyclophosphamide; P: paclitaxel; H: trastuzumab

* At median duration of follow up of 1.8 years for the patients in the AC→P arm and 2.0 years for patients in the AC→PH arm

** p value for OS did not cross the pre-specified statistical boundary for comparison of AC→PH vs. AC→P

For the primary endpoint, DFS, the addition of Герцептин to paclitaxel chemotherapy resulted in a 52 % decrease in the risk of disease recurrence. The hazard ratio translates into an absolute benefit, in terms of 3-year disease-free survival rate estimates of 11.8 percentage points (87.2 % versus 75.4 %) in favour of the AC→PH (Герцептин) arm.

At the time of a safety update after a median of 3.5-3.8 years follow up, an analysis of DFS reconfirms the magnitude of the benefit shown in the definitive analysis of DFS. Despite the cross-over to Герцептин in the control arm, the addition of Герцептин to paclitaxel chemotherapy resulted in a 52 % decrease in the risk of disease recurre

The pharmacokinetics of trastuzumab were evaluated in a population pharmacokinetic model analysis using pooled data from 1,582 subjects, including patients with HER2 positive MBC, EBC, AGC or other tumor types, and healthy volunteers, in 18 Phase I, II and III trials receiving Герцептин IV. A two-compartment model with parallel linear and non-linear elimination from the central compartment described the trastuzumab concentration-time profile. Due to non-linear elimination, total clearance increased with decreasing concentration. Therefore, no constant value for half-life of trastuzumab can be deduced. The t_1/2 decreases with decreasing concentrations within a dosing interval (see Table 16). MBC and EBC patients had similar PK parameters (e.g. clearance (CL), the central compartment volume (V_c)) and population-predicted steady-state exposures (C_min, C_max and AUC). Linear clearance was 0.136 L/day for MBC, 0.112 L/day for EBC and 0.176 L/day for AGC. The non-linear elimination parameter values were 8.81 mg/day for the maximum elimination rate (V_max) and 8.92 µg/mL for the Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) for the MBC, EBC, and AGC patients. The central compartment volume was 2.62 L for patients with MBC and EBC and 3.63 L for patients with AGC. In the final population PK model, in addition to primary tumor type, body-weight, serum aspartate aminotransferase and albumin were identified as a statistically significant covariates affecting the exposure of trastuzumab. However, the magnitude of effect of these covariates on trastuzumab exposure suggests that these covariates are unlikely to have a clinically meaningful effect on trastuzumab concentrations.

The population predicted PK exposure values (median with 5th - 95th Percentiles) and PK parameter values at clinically relevant concentrations (C_max and C_min) for MBC, EBC and AGC patients treated with the approved q1w and q3w dosing regimens are shown in Table 14 (Cycle 1), Table 15 (steady-state), and Table 16 (PK parameters).

Table 14 Population Predicted Cycle 1 PK Exposure Values (median with 5th - 95th Percentiles) for Герцептин IV Dosing Regimens in MBC, EBC and AGC Patients

Table 15 Population Predicted Steady State PK Exposure Values (median with 5th - 95th Percentiles) for Герцептин IV Dosing Regimens in MBC, EBC and AGC Patients

*C_min,ss - C_min at steady state

**C_max,ss = C_max at steady state

*** time to 90% of steady-state

Table 16 Population Predicted PK Parameter Values at Steady State for Герцептин IV Dosing Regimens in MBC, EBC and AGC Patients

Trastuzumab washout

Trastuzumab washout period was assessed following q1w or q3w intravenous administration using the population PK model. The results of these simulations indicate that at least 95% of patients will reach concentrations that are <1 μg/mL (approximately 3% of the population predicted C_min,ss, or about 97% washout) by 7 months.

Circulating shed HER2 ECD

The exploratory analyses of covariates with information in only a subset of patients suggested that patients with greater shed HER2-ECD level had faster nonlinear clearance (lower K_m) (P < 0.001). There was a correlation between shed antigen and SGOT/AST levels; part of the impact of shed antigen on clearance may have been explained by SGOT/AST levels.

Baseline levels of the shed HER2-ECD observed in MGC patients were comparable to those in MBC and EBC patients and no apparent impact on trastuzumab clearance was observed.

There was no evidence of acute or multiple dose-related toxicity in studies of up to 6 months, or reproductive toxicity in teratology, female fertility or late gestational toxicity/placental transfer studies. Герцептин is not genotoxic. A study of trehalose, a major formulation excipient did not reveal any toxicities.

No long-term animal studies have been performed to establish the carcinogenic potential of Герцептин, or to determine its effects on fertility in males.

Do not dilute with glucose solutions since these cause aggregation of the protein.

Appropriate aseptic technique should be used. Each vial of Герцептин is reconstituted with 7.2 mL of sterile water for injection (not supplied). Use of other reconstitution solvents should be avoided.

This yields a 7.4 mL solution for single-dose use, containing approximately 21 mg/mL trastuzumab, at a pH of approximately 6.0. A volume overage of 4 % ensures that the labelled dose of 150 mg can be withdrawn from each vial.

Герцептин should be carefully handled during reconstitution. Causing excessive foaming during reconstitution or shaking the reconstituted solution may result in problems with the amount of Герцептин that can be withdrawn from the vial.

The reconstituted solution should not be frozen.

Instructions for reconstitution:

1) Using a sterile syringe, slowly inject 7.2 mL of sterile water for injection in the vial containing the lyophilised Герцептин, directing the stream into the lyophilised cake.

2) Swirl the vial gently to aid reconstitution. DO NOT SHAKE!

Slight foaming of the product upon reconstitution is not unusual. Allow the vial to stand undisturbed for approximately 5 minutes. The reconstituted Герцептин results in a colourless to pale yellow transparent solution and should be essentially free of visible particulates.

Determine the volume of the solution required:

- based on a loading dose of 4 mg trastuzumab/kg body weight, or a subsequent weekly dose of 2 mg trastuzumab/kg body weight:

- based on a loading dose of 8 mg trastuzumab/kg body weight, or a subsequent 3-weekly dose of 6 mg trastuzumab/kg body weight:

The appropriate amount of solution should be withdrawn from the vial and added to an infusion bag containing 250 mL of 0.9 % sodium chloride solution. Do not use with glucose-containing solutions. The bag should be gently inverted to mix the solution in order to avoid foaming. Once the infusion is prepared it should be administered immediately. If diluted aseptically, it may be stored for 24 hours (do not store above 30°C).

Parenteral medicinal products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.

Герцептин is for single-use only, as the product contains no preservatives. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

No incompatibilities between Герцептин and polyvinylchloride, polyethylene or polypropylene bags have been observed.