Epiral

Epilepsy

Adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above

- Adjunctive or monotherapy treatment of partial seizures and generalised seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures.

- Seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epiral is given as adjunctive therapy but may be the initial antiepileptic drug (AED) to start with in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years

- Adjunctive treatment of partial seizures and generalised seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures and the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

- Monotherapy of typical absence seizures.

Bipolar disorder

Adults aged 18 years and above

- Prevention of depressive episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder who experience predominantly depressive episodes.

Epiral is not indicated for the acute treatment of manic or depressive episodes.

Adjunctive Therapy

Epiral is indicated as adjunctive therapy for primary generalized tonic-clonic (PGTC) seizures and partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in patients aged 13 years and older.

Monotherapy

Epiral is indicated for conversion to monotherapy in patients aged 13 years and older with partial-onset seizures who are receiving treatment with a single antiepileptic drug (AED).

Safety and effectiveness of Epiral have not been established (1) as initial monotherapy or (2) for simultaneous conversion to monotherapy from 2 or more concomitant AEDs.

Limitation Of Use

Safety and effectiveness of Epiral for use in patients younger than 13 years have not been established.

Epilepsy

Adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above

- Adjunctive or monotherapy treatment of partial seizures and generalised seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures.

- Seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epiral is given as adjunctive therapy but may be the initial antiepileptic drug (AED) to start with in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years

- Adjunctive treatment of partial seizures and generalised seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures and the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

- Monotherapy of typical absence seizures.

Bipolar disorder

Adults aged 18 years and above

- Prevention of depressive episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder who experience predominantly depressive episodes.

Epiral is not indicated for the acute treatment of manic or depressive episodes.

Epilepsy

Adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above

- Adjunctive or monotherapy treatment of partial seizures and generalised seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures.

- Seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamictal is given as adjunctive therapy but may be the initial antiepileptic drug (AED) to start with in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years

- Adjunctive treatment of partial seizures and generalised seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures and the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

- Monotherapy of typical absence seizures.

Bipolar disorder

Adults aged 18 years and above

- Prevention of depressive episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder who experience predominantly depressive episodes.

Lamictal is not indicated for the acute treatment of manic or depressive episodes.

Epiral tablets should be swallowed whole, and should not be chewed or crushed.

Epiral chewable/dispersible tablets may be chewed, dispersed in a small volume of water (at least enough to cover the whole tablet) or swallowed whole with a little water.

If the calculated dose of lamotrigine (for example for treatment of children with epilepsy or patients with hepatic impairment) does not equate to whole tablets, the dose to be administered is that equal to the lower number of whole tablets.

Restarting therapy

Prescribers should assess the need for escalation to maintenance dose when restarting Epiral in patients who have discontinued Epiral for any reason, since the risk of serious rash is associated with high initial doses and exceeding the recommended dose escalation for lamotrigine. The greater the interval of time since the previous dose, the more consideration should be given to escalation to the maintenance dose. When the interval since discontinuing lamotrigine exceeds five half-lives , Epiral should generally be escalated to the maintenance dose according to the appropriate schedule.

It is recommended that Epiral not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with lamotrigine unless the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk.

Epilepsy

The recommended dose escalation and maintenance doses for adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above (Table 1) and for children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years (Table 2) are given below. Because of a risk of rash the initial dose and subsequent dose escalation should not be exceeded.

When concomitant AEDs are withdrawn or other AEDs/medicinal products are added on to treatment regimes containing lamotrigine, consideration should be given to the effect this may have on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics.

Table 1: Adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above - recommended treatment regimen in epilepsy

Table 2: Children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years - recommended treatment regimen in epilepsy (total daily dose in mg/kg body weight/day)

To ensure a therapeutic dose is maintained the weight of a child must be monitored and the dose reviewed as weight changes occur. It is likely that patients aged two to six years will require a maintenance dose at the higher end of the recommended range.

If epileptic control is achieved with adjunctive treatment, concomitant AEDs may be withdrawn and patients continued on Epiral monotherapy.

Children below 2 years

There are limited data on the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine for adjunctive therapy of partial seizures in children aged 1 month to 2 years.1 and 5.2.

Bipolar disorder

The recommended dose escalation and maintenance doses for adults of 18 years of age and above are given in the tables below. The transition regimen involves escalating the dose of lamotrigine to a maintenance stabilisation dose over six weeks (Table 3) after which other psychotropic medicinal products and/or AEDs can be withdrawn, if clinically indicated (Table 4). The dose adjustments following addition of other psychotropic medicinal products and/or AEDs are also provided below (Table 5). Because of the risk of rash the initial dose and subsequent dose escalation should not be exceeded.

Table 3: Adults aged 18 years and above - recommended dose escalation to the maintenance total daily stabilisation dose in treatment of bipolar disorder

* The Target stabilisation dose will alter depending on clinical response

Table 4: Adults aged 18 years and above - maintenance stabilisation total daily dose following withdrawal of concomitant medicinal products in treatment of bipolar disorder

Once the target daily maintenance stabilisation dose has been achieved, other medicinal products may be withdrawn as shown below.

* Dose may be increased to 400 mg/day as needed

Table 5: Adults aged 18 years and above - adjustment of lamotrigine daily dosing following the addition of other medicinal products in treatment of bipolar disorder

There is no clinical experience in adjusting the lamotrigine daily dose following the addition of other medicinal products. However, based on interaction studies with other medicinal products, the following recommendations can be made:

Discontinuation of Epiral in patients with bipolar disorder

In clinical trials, there was no increase in the incidence, severity or type of adverse reactions following abrupt termination of lamotrigine versus placebo. Therefore, patients may terminate Epiral without a step-wise reduction of dose.

Children and adolescents below 18 years

Epiral is not recommended for use in children below 18 years of age because a randomised withdrawal study demonstrated no significant efficacy and showed increased reporting of suicidality.

General dosing recommendations for Epiral in special patient populations

Women taking hormonal contraceptives

The use of an ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel (30 μg/150 μg) combination increases the clearance of lamotrigine by approximately two-fold, resulting in decreased lamotrigine levels. Following titration, higher maintenance doses of lamotrigine (by as much as two-fold) may be needed to attain a maximal therapeutic response. During the pill-free week, a two-fold increase in lamotrigine levels has been observed. Dose-related adverse events cannot be excluded. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy.

Starting hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and NOT taking inducers of lamotrigine glucuronidation

The maintenance dose of lamotrigine will in most cases need to be increased by as much as two-fold. It is recommended that from the time that the hormonal contraceptive is started, the lamotrigine dose is increased by 50 to 100 mg/day every week, according to the individual clinical response. Dose increases should not exceed this rate, unless the clinical response supports larger increases. Measurement of serum lamotrigine concentrations before and after starting hormonal contraceptives may be considered, as confirmation that the baseline concentration of lamotrigine is being maintained. If necessary, the dose should be adapted. In women taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment ("pill-free week"), serum lamotrigine level monitoring should be conducted during week 3 of active treatment, i.e. on days 15 to 21 of the pill cycle. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy.

Stopping hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and NOT taking inducers of lamotrigine glucuronidation

The maintenance dose of lamotrigine will in most cases need to be decreased by as much as 50%. It is recommended to gradually decrease the daily dose of lamotrigine by 50-100 mg each week (at a rate not exceeding 25% of the total daily dose per week) over a period of 3 weeks, unless the clinical response indicates otherwise. Measurement of serum lamotrigine concentrations before and after stopping hormonal contraceptives may be considered, as confirmation that the baseline concentration of lamotrigine is being maintained. In women who wish to stop taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment ("pill-free week"), serum lamotrigine level monitoring should be conducted during week 3 of active treatment, i.e. on days 15 to 21 of the pill cycle. Samples for assessment of lamotrigine levels after permanently stopping the contraceptive pill should not be collected during the first week after stopping the pill.

Starting lamotrigine in patients already taking hormonal contraceptives

Dose escalation should follow the normal dose recommendation described in the tables.

Starting and stopping hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and TAKING inducers of lamotrigine glucuronidation

Adjustment to the recommended maintenance dose of lamotrigine may not be required.

Use with atazanavir/ritonavir

No adjustments to the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine should be necessary when lamotrigine is added to the existing atazanavir/ritonavir therapy.

In patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the lamotrigine dose may need to be increased if atazanavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if atazanavir/ritonavir is discontinued. Plasma lamotrigine monitoring should be conducted before and during 2 weeks after starting or stopping atazanavir/ritonavir, in order to see if lamotrigine dose adjustment is needed.

Use with lopinavir/ritonavir

No adjustments to the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine should be necessary when lamotrigine is added to the existing lopinavir/ritonavir therapy.

In patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the lamotrigine dose may need to be increased if lopinavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if lopinavir/ritonavir is discontinued. Plasma lamotrigine monitoring should be conducted before and during 2 weeks after starting or stopping lopinavir/ritonavir, in order to see if lamotrigine dose adjustment is needed.

Elderly (above 65 years)

No dosage adjustment from the recommended schedule is required. The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in this age group do not differ significantly from a non-elderly adult population.

Renal impairment

Caution should be exercised when administering Epiral to patients with renal failure. For patients with end-stage renal failure, initial doses of lamotrigine should be based on patients' concomitant medicinal products; reduced maintenance doses may be effective for patients with significant renal functional impairment.

Hepatic impairment

Initial, escalation and maintenance doses should generally be reduced by approximately 50% in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh grade B) and 75% in severe (Child-Pugh grade C) hepatic impairment. Escalation and maintenance doses should be adjusted according to clinical response.

Epiral extended-release tablets are taken once daily, with or without food. Tablets must be swallowed whole and must not be chewed, crushed, or divided.

General Dosing Considerations

Rash

There are suggestions, yet to be proven, that the risk of severe, potentially life-threatening rash may be increased by (1) coadministration of Epiral with valproate, (2) exceeding the recommended initial dose of Epiral, or (3) exceeding the recommended dose escalation for Epiral. However, cases have occurred in the absence of these factors. Therefore, it is important that the dosing recommendations be followed closely.

The risk of nonserious rash may be increased when the recommended initial dose and/or the rate of dose escalation for Epiral is exceeded and in patients with a history of allergy or rash to other AEDs.

Epiral Patient Titration Kits provide Epiral at doses consistent with the recommended titration schedule for the first 5 weeks of treatment, based upon concomitant medications, for patients with partial-onset seizures and are intended to help reduce the potential for rash. The use of Epiral Patient Titration Kits is recommended for appropriate patients who are starting or restarting Epiral.

It is recommended that Epiral not be restarted in patients who discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with lamotrigine unless the potential benefits clearly outweigh the risks. If the decision is made to restart a patient who has discontinued Epiral, the need to restart with the initial dosing recommendations should be assessed. The greater the interval of time since the previous dose, the greater consideration should be given to restarting with the initial dosing recommendations. If a patient has discontinued lamotrigine for a period of more than 5 half-lives, it is recommended that initial dosing recommendations and guidelines be followed. The half-life of lamotrigine is affected by other concomitant medications.

Epiral Added to Drugs Known to Induce or Inhibit Glucuronidation

Because lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, drugs that are known to induce or inhibit glucuronidation may affect the apparent clearance of lamotrigine. Drugs that induce glucuronidation include carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin, estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Valproate inhibits glucuronidation. For dosing considerations for Epiral in patients on estrogen-containing contraceptives and atazanavir/ritonavir, see below and Table 5. For dosing considerations for Epiral in patients on other drugs known to induce or inhibit glucuronidation, see Table 1 and Table 5.

Target Plasma Levels

A therapeutic plasma concentration range has not been established for lamotrigine. Dosing of Epiral should be based on therapeutic response.

Women Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives

Starting Epiral in Women Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives: Although estrogen-containing oral contraceptives have been shown to increase the clearance of lamotrigine , no adjustments to the recommended dose-escalation guidelines for Epiral should be necessary solely based on the use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Therefore, dose escalation should follow the recommended guidelines for initiating adjunctive therapy with Epiral based on the concomitant AED or other concomitant medications (see Table 1). See below for adjustments to maintenance doses of Epiral in women taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.

Adjustments to the Maintenance Dose of Epiral in Women Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives:

1. Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives: In women not taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation , the maintenance dose of Epiral will in most cases need to be increased by as much as 2-fold over the recommended target maintenance dose to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level.
2. Starting Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives: In women taking a stable dose of Epiral and not taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation , the maintenance dose will in most cases need to be increased by as much as 2-fold to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level. The dose increases should begin at the same time that the oral contraceptive is introduced and continue, based on clinical response, no more rapidly than 50 to 100 mg/day every week. Dose increases should not exceed the recommended rate (see Table 1) unless lamotrigine plasma levels or clinical response support larger increases. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the week of inactive hormonal preparation (pill-free week), and these increases will be greater if dose increases are made in the days before or during the week of inactive hormonal preparation. Increased lamotrigine plasma levels could result in additional adverse reactions, such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia. If adverse reactions attributable to Epiral consistently occur during the pill-free week, dose adjustments to the overall maintenance dose may be necessary. Dose adjustments limited to the pill-free week are not recommended. For women taking Epiral in addition to carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation , no adjustment to the dose of Epiral should be necessary.
3. Stopping Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives: In women not taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation , the maintenance dose of Epiral will in most cases need to be decreased by as much as 50% in order to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level. The decrease in dose of Epiral should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over a 2-week period, unless clinical response or lamotrigine plasma levels indicate otherwise. In women taking Epiral in addition to carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation , no adjustment to the dose of Epiral should be necessary.

Women and Other Hormonal Contraceptive Preparations or Hormone Replacement Therapy

The effect of other hormonal contraceptive preparations or hormone replacement therapy on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine has not been systematically evaluated. It has been reported that ethinylestradiol, not progestogens, increased the clearance of lamotrigine up to 2-fold, and the progestin-only pills had no effect on lamotrigine plasma levels. Therefore, adjustments to the dosage of Epiral in the presence of progestogens alone will likely not be needed.

Patients Taking Atazanavir/Ritonavir

While atazanavir/ritonavir does reduce the lamotrigine plasma concentration, no adjustments to the recommended dose-escalation guidelines for Epiral should be necessary solely based on the use of atazanavir/ritonavir. Dose escalation should follow the recommended guidelines for initiating adjunctive therapy with Epiral based on concomitant AED or other concomitant medications (see Tables 1 and 5). In patients already taking maintenance doses of Epiral and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the dose of Epiral may need to be increased if atazanavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if atazanavir/ritonavir is discontinued.

Patients With Hepatic Impairment

Experience in patients with hepatic impairment is limited. Based on a clinical pharmacology study in 24 subjects with mild, moderate, and severe liver impairment , the following general recommendations can be made. No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild liver impairment. Initial, escalation, and maintenance doses should generally be reduced by approximately 25% in patients with moderate and severe liver impairment without ascites and 50% in patients with severe liver impairment with ascites. Escalation and maintenance doses may be adjusted according to clinical response.

Patients With Renal Impairment

Initial doses of Epiral should be based on patients' concomitant medications (see Table 1); reduced maintenance doses may be effective for patients with significant renal impairment. Few patients with severe renal impairment have been evaluated during chronic treatment with immediate-release lamotrigine. Because there is inadequate experience in this population, Epiral should be used with caution in these patients.

Discontinuation Strategy

For patients receiving Epiral in combination with other AEDs, a re-evaluation of all AEDs in the regimen should be considered if a change in seizure control or an appearance or worsening of adverse reactions is observed.

If a decision is made to discontinue therapy with Epiral, a step-wise reduction of dose over at least 2 weeks (approximately 50% per week) is recommended unless safety concerns require a more rapid withdrawal.

Discontinuing carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation should prolong the half-life of lamotrigine; discontinuing valproate should shorten the half-life of lamotrigine.

Adjunctive Therapy For Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic And Partial-Onset Seizures

This section provides specific dosing recommendations for patients aged 13 years and older. Specific dosing recommendations are provided depending upon concomitant AEDs or other concomitant medications.

Table 1: Escalation Regimen for Epiral in Patients Aged 13 Years and Older

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy To Monotherapy

The goal of the transition regimen is to attempt to maintain seizure control while mitigating the risk of serious rash associated with the rapid titration of Epiral.

To avoid an increased risk of rash, the recommended maintenance dosage range of Epiral as monotherapy is 250 to 300 mg given once daily.

The recommended initial dose and subsequent dose escalations for Epiral should not be exceeded.

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, or Primidone to Monotherapy With Epiral

After achieving a dose of 500 mg/day of Epiral using the guidelines in Table 1, the concomitant enzyme-inducing AED should be withdrawn by 20% decrements each week over a 4-week period. Two weeks after completion of withdrawal of the enzyme-inducing AED, the dosage of Epiral may be decreased no faster than 100 mg/day each week to achieve the monotherapy maintenance dosage range of 250 to 300 mg/day.

The regimen for the withdrawal of the concomitant AED is based on experience gained in the controlled monotherapy clinical trial using immediate-release lamotrigine.

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Valproate to Monotherapy With Epiral

The conversion regimen involves the 4 steps outlined in Table 2.

Table 2: Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Valproate to Monotherapy With Epiral in Patients Aged 13 Years and Older With Epilepsy

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Antiepileptic Drugs Other Than Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, or Valproate to Monotherapy With Epiral

After achieving a dosage of 250 to 300 mg/day of Epiral using the guidelines in Table 1, the concomitant AED should be withdrawn by 20% decrements each week over a 4-week period. No adjustment to the monotherapy dose of Epiral is needed.

Conversion From Immediate-Release Lamotrigine Tablets To Epiral

Patients may be converted directly from immediate-release lamotrigine to Epiral extended-release tablets. The initial dose of Epiral should match the total daily dose of immediate-release lamotrigine. However, some subjects on concomitant enzyme-inducing agents may have lower plasma levels of lamotrigine on conversion and should be monitored.

Following conversion to Epiral, all patients (but especially those on drugs that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation) should be closely monitored for seizure control. Depending on the therapeutic response after conversion, the total daily dose may need to be adjusted within the recommended dosing instructions (Table 1).

Epiral dispersible tablets may be chewed, dispersed in a small volume of water (at least enough to cover the whole tablet) or swallowed whole with a little water.

If the calculated dose of Epiral (for example for treatment of children with epilepsy or patients with hepatic impairment) does not equate to whole tablets, the dose to be administered is that equal to the lower number of whole tablets.

Restarting therapy

Prescribers should assess the need for escalation to maintenance dose when restarting Epiral in patients who have discontinued Epiral for any reason, since the risk of serious rash is associated with high initial doses and exceeding the recommended dose escalation for Epiral. The greater the interval of time since the previous dose, the more consideration should be given to escalation to the maintenance dose. When the interval since discontinuing Epiral exceeds five half-lives , Epiral should generally be escalated to the maintenance dose according to the appropriate schedule.

It is recommended that Epiral not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with Epiral unless the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk.

Epilepsy

The recommended dose escalation and maintenance doses for adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above (Table 1) and for children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years (Table 2) are given below. Because of a risk of rash the initial dose and subsequent dose escalation should not be exceeded.

When concomitant AEDs are withdrawn or other AEDs/medicinal products are added on to treatment regimes containing Epiral, consideration should be given to the effect this may have on Epiral pharmacokinetics.

Table 1: Adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above - recommended treatment regimen in epilepsy

Table 2: Children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years - recommended treatment regimen in epilepsy (total daily dose in mg/kg body weight/day)

To ensure a therapeutic dose is maintained the weight of a child must be monitored and the dose reviewed as weight changes occur. It is likely that patients aged two to six years will require a maintenance dose at the higher end of the recommended range.

If epileptic control is achieved with adjunctive treatment, concomitant AEDs may be withdrawn and patients continued on Epiral monotherapy.

Epiral 5 mg dispersible tablets - where 2 mg dispersible tablets are not marketed and 5 mg dispersible tablets are the lowest marketed strength:

It should be noted that with the currently available Epiral 5 mg dispersible tablet strength, it is not possible to accurately initiate Epiral therapy using the recommended dosing guidelines in paediatric patients weighing less than 17 kg.

Children below 2 years

There are limited data on the efficacy and safety of Epiral for adjunctive therapy of partial seizures in children aged 1 month to 2 years.1 and 5.2.

Bipolar disorder

The recommended dose escalation and maintenance doses for adults of 18 years of age and above are given in the tables below. The transition regimen involves escalating the dose of Epiral to a maintenance stabilisation dose over six weeks (Table 3) after which other psychotropic medicinal products and/or AEDs can be withdrawn, if clinically indicated (Table 4). The dose adjustments following addition of other psychotropic medicinal products and/or AEDs are also provided below (Table 5). Because of the risk of rash the initial dose and subsequent dose escalation should not be exceeded.

Table 3: Adults aged 18 years and above - recommended dose escalation to the maintenance total daily stabilisation dose in treatment of bipolar disorder

* The Target stabilisation dose will alter depending on clinical response

Table 4: Adults aged 18 years and above - maintenance stabilisation total daily dose following withdrawal of concomitant medicinal products in treatment of bipolar disorder

Once the target daily maintenance stabilisation dose has been achieved, other medicinal products may be withdrawn as shown below.

* Dose may be increased to 400 mg/day as needed

Table 5: Adults aged 18 years and above - adjustment of Epiral daily dosing following the addition of other medicinal products in treatment of bipolar disorder

There is no clinical experience in adjusting the Epiral daily dose following the addition of other medicinal products. However, based on interaction studies with other medicinal products, the following recommendations can be made:

Discontinuation of Epiral in patients with bipolar disorder

In clinical trials, there was no increase in the incidence, severity or type of adverse reactions following abrupt termination of Epiral versus placebo. Therefore, patients may terminate Epiral without a step-wise reduction of dose.

Children and adolescents below 18 years

Epiral is not recommended for use in children below 18 years of age due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.

General dosing recommendations for Epiral in special patient populations

Women taking hormonal contraceptives

The use of an ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel (30 μg/150 μg) combination increases the clearance of Epiral by approximately two-fold, resulting in decreased Epiral levels. Following titration, higher maintenance doses of Epiral (by as much as two-fold) may be needed to attain a maximal therapeutic response. During the pill-free week, a two-fold increase in Epiral levels has been observed. Dose-related adverse events cannot be excluded. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy.

Starting hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of Epiral and NOT taking inducers of Epiral glucuronidation

The maintenance dose of Epiral will in most cases need to be increased by as much as two-fold. It is recommended that from the time that the hormonal contraceptive is started, the Epiral dose is increased by 50 to 100 mg/day every week, according to the individual clinical response. Dose increases should not exceed this rate, unless the clinical response supports larger increases. Measurement of serum Epiral concentrations before and after starting hormonal contraceptives may be considered, as confirmation that the baseline concentration of Epiral is being maintained. If necessary, the dose should be adapted. In women taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment ("pill-free week"), serum Epiral level monitoring should be conducted during week 3 of active treatment, i.e. on days 15 to 21 of the pill cycle. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy.

Stopping hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of Epiral and NOT taking inducers of Epiral glucuronidation

The maintenance dose of Epiral will in most cases need to be decreased by as much as 50%. It is recommended to gradually decrease the daily dose of Epiral by 50-100 mg each week (at a rate not exceeding 25% of the total daily dose per week) over a period of 3 weeks, unless the clinical response indicates otherwise. Measurement of serum Epiral concentrations before and after stopping hormonal contraceptives may be considered, as confirmation that the baseline concentration of Epiral is being maintained. In women who wish to stop taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment ("pill-free week"), serum Epiral level monitoring should be conducted during week 3 of active treatment, i.e. on days 15 to 21 of the pill cycle. Samples for assessment of Epiral levels after permanently stopping the contraceptive pill should not be collected during the first week after stopping the pill.

Starting Epiral in patients already taking hormonal contraceptives

Dose escalation should follow the normal dose recommendation described in the tables.

Starting and stopping hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of Epiral and TAKING inducers of Epiral glucuronidation

Adjustment to the recommended maintenance dose of Epiral may not be required.

Elderly (above 65 years)

No dosage adjustment from the recommended schedule is required. The pharmacokinetics of Epiral in this age group do not differ significantly from a non-elderly adult population.

Renal impairment

Caution should be exercised when administering Epiral to patients with renal failure. For patients with end-stage renal failure, initial doses of Epiral should be based on patients' concomitant medicinal products; reduced maintenance doses may be effective for patients with significant renal functional impairment.

Hepatic impairment

Initial, escalation and maintenance doses should generally be reduced by approximately 50% in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh grade B) and 75% in severe (Child-Pugh grade C) hepatic impairment. Escalation and maintenance doses should be adjusted according to clinical response.

Use with atazanavir/ritonavir

No adjustments to the recommended dose escalation of Epiral should be necessary when Epiral is added to the existing atazanavir/ritonavir therapy.

In patients already taking maintenance doses of Epiral and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the Epiral dose may need to be increased if atazanavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if atazanavir/ritonavir is discontinued. Plasma Epiral monitoring should be conducted before and during 2 weeks after starting or stopping atazanavir/ritonavir, in order to see if Epiral dose adjustment is needed.

Use with lopinavir/ritonavir

No adjustment to the recommended dose escalation of Epiral of Epiral should be necessary when Epiral is added to the existing lopinavir/ritonavir therapy.

In patients already taking maintenance dose of Epiral and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the Epiral dose may need to be increased if lopinavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if lopinavir/ritonavir is discontinued. Plasma Epiral monitoring should be conducted before and during 2 weeks after starting or stopping lopinavir/ritonavir, in order to see if Epiral dose adjustment is needed.

Lamictal tablets should be swallowed whole, and should not be chewed or crushed.

Lamictal chewable/dispersible tablets may be chewed, dispersed in a small volume of water (at least enough to cover the whole tablet) or swallowed whole with a little water.

If the calculated dose of lamotrigine (for example for treatment of children with epilepsy or patients with hepatic impairment) does not equate to whole tablets, the dose to be administered is that equal to the lower number of whole tablets.

Restarting therapy

Prescribers should assess the need for escalation to maintenance dose when restarting Lamictal in patients who have discontinued Lamictal for any reason, since the risk of serious rash is associated with high initial doses and exceeding the recommended dose escalation for lamotrigine. The greater the interval of time since the previous dose, the more consideration should be given to escalation to the maintenance dose. When the interval since discontinuing lamotrigine exceeds five half-lives , Lamictal should generally be escalated to the maintenance dose according to the appropriate schedule.

It is recommended that Lamictal not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with lamotrigine unless the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk.

Epilepsy

The recommended dose escalation and maintenance doses for adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above (Table 1) and for children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years (Table 2) are given below. Because of a risk of rash the initial dose and subsequent dose escalation should not be exceeded.

When concomitant AEDs are withdrawn or other AEDs/medicinal products are added on to treatment regimes containing lamotrigine, consideration should be given to the effect this may have on lamotrigine pharmacokinetics.

Table 1: Adults and adolescents aged 13 years and above - recommended treatment regimen in epilepsy

Table 2: Children and adolescents aged 2 to 12 years - recommended treatment regimen in epilepsy (total daily dose in mg/kg body weight/day)

To ensure a therapeutic dose is maintained the weight of a child must be monitored and the dose reviewed as weight changes occur. It is likely that patients aged two to six years will require a maintenance dose at the higher end of the recommended range.

If epileptic control is achieved with adjunctive treatment, concomitant AEDs may be withdrawn and patients continued on Lamictal monotherapy.

Children below 2 years

There are limited data on the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine for adjunctive therapy of partial seizures in children aged 1 month to 2 years.1 and 5.2.

Bipolar disorder

The recommended dose escalation and maintenance doses for adults of 18 years of age and above are given in the tables below. The transition regimen involves escalating the dose of lamotrigine to a maintenance stabilisation dose over six weeks (Table 3) after which other psychotropic medicinal products and/or AEDs can be withdrawn, if clinically indicated (Table 4). The dose adjustments following addition of other psychotropic medicinal products and/or AEDs are also provided below (Table 5). Because of the risk of rash the initial dose and subsequent dose escalation should not be exceeded.

Table 3: Adults aged 18 years and above - recommended dose escalation to the maintenance total daily stabilisation dose in treatment of bipolar disorder

* The Target stabilisation dose will alter depending on clinical response

Table 4: Adults aged 18 years and above - maintenance stabilisation total daily dose following withdrawal of concomitant medicinal products in treatment of bipolar disorder

Once the target daily maintenance stabilisation dose has been achieved, other medicinal products may be withdrawn as shown below.

* Dose may be increased to 400 mg/day as needed

Table 5: Adults aged 18 years and above - adjustment of lamotrigine daily dosing following the addition of other medicinal products in treatment of bipolar disorder

There is no clinical experience in adjusting the lamotrigine daily dose following the addition of other medicinal products. However, based on interaction studies with other medicinal products, the following recommendations can be made:

Discontinuation of Lamictal in patients with bipolar disorder

In clinical trials, there was no increase in the incidence, severity or type of adverse reactions following abrupt termination of lamotrigine versus placebo. Therefore, patients may terminate Lamictal without a step-wise reduction of dose.

Children and adolescents below 18 years

Lamictal is not recommended for use in children below 18 years of age because a randomised withdrawal study demonstrated no significant efficacy and showed increased reporting of suicidality.

General dosing recommendations for Lamictal in special patient populations

Women taking hormonal contraceptives

The use of an ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel (30 μg/150 μg) combination increases the clearance of lamotrigine by approximately two-fold, resulting in decreased lamotrigine levels. Following titration, higher maintenance doses of lamotrigine (by as much as two-fold) may be needed to attain a maximal therapeutic response. During the pill-free week, a two-fold increase in lamotrigine levels has been observed. Dose-related adverse events cannot be excluded. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy.

Starting hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and NOT taking inducers of lamotrigine glucuronidation

The maintenance dose of lamotrigine will in most cases need to be increased by as much as two-fold. It is recommended that from the time that the hormonal contraceptive is started, the lamotrigine dose is increased by 50 to 100 mg/day every week, according to the individual clinical response. Dose increases should not exceed this rate, unless the clinical response supports larger increases. Measurement of serum lamotrigine concentrations before and after starting hormonal contraceptives may be considered, as confirmation that the baseline concentration of lamotrigine is being maintained. If necessary, the dose should be adapted. In women taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment ("pill-free week"), serum lamotrigine level monitoring should be conducted during week 3 of active treatment, i.e. on days 15 to 21 of the pill cycle. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy.

Stopping hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and NOT taking inducers of lamotrigine glucuronidation

The maintenance dose of lamotrigine will in most cases need to be decreased by as much as 50%. It is recommended to gradually decrease the daily dose of lamotrigine by 50-100 mg each week (at a rate not exceeding 25% of the total daily dose per week) over a period of 3 weeks, unless the clinical response indicates otherwise. Measurement of serum lamotrigine concentrations before and after stopping hormonal contraceptives may be considered, as confirmation that the baseline concentration of lamotrigine is being maintained. In women who wish to stop taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment ("pill-free week"), serum lamotrigine level monitoring should be conducted during week 3 of active treatment, i.e. on days 15 to 21 of the pill cycle. Samples for assessment of lamotrigine levels after permanently stopping the contraceptive pill should not be collected during the first week after stopping the pill.

Starting lamotrigine in patients already taking hormonal contraceptives

Dose escalation should follow the normal dose recommendation described in the tables.

Starting and stopping hormonal contraceptives in patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and TAKING inducers of lamotrigine glucuronidation

Adjustment to the recommended maintenance dose of lamotrigine may not be required.

Use with atazanavir/ritonavir

No adjustments to the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine should be necessary when lamotrigine is added to the existing atazanavir/ritonavir therapy.

In patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the lamotrigine dose may need to be increased if atazanavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if atazanavir/ritonavir is discontinued. Plasma lamotrigine monitoring should be conducted before and during 2 weeks after starting or stopping atazanavir/ritonavir, in order to see if lamotrigine dose adjustment is needed.

Use with lopinavir/ritonavir

No adjustments to the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine should be necessary when lamotrigine is added to the existing lopinavir/ritonavir therapy.

In patients already taking maintenance doses of lamotrigine and not taking glucuronidation inducers, the lamotrigine dose may need to be increased if lopinavir/ritonavir is added, or decreased if lopinavir/ritonavir is discontinued. Plasma lamotrigine monitoring should be conducted before and during 2 weeks after starting or stopping lopinavir/ritonavir, in order to see if lamotrigine dose adjustment is needed.

Elderly (above 65 years)

No dosage adjustment from the recommended schedule is required. The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in this age group do not differ significantly from a non-elderly adult population.

Renal impairment

Caution should be exercised when administering Lamictal to patients with renal failure. For patients with end-stage renal failure, initial doses of lamotrigine should be based on patients' concomitant medicinal products; reduced maintenance doses may be effective for patients with significant renal functional impairment.

Hepatic impairment

Initial, escalation and maintenance doses should generally be reduced by approximately 50% in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh grade B) and 75% in severe (Child-Pugh grade C) hepatic impairment. Escalation and maintenance doses should be adjusted according to clinical response.

Skin rash

There have been reports of adverse skin reactions, which have generally occurred within the first eight weeks after initiation of lamotrigine treatment. The majority of rashes are mild and self-limiting, however serious rashes requiring hospitalisation and discontinuation of lamotrigine have also been reported. These have included potentially life-threatening rashes such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS); also known as hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS).

In adults enrolled in studies utilizing the current lamotrigine dosing recommendations the incidence of serious skin rashes is approximately 1 in 500 in epilepsy patients. Approximately half of these cases have been reported as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1 in 1000). In clinical trials in patients with bipolar disorder, the incidence of serious rash is approximately 1 in 1000.

The risk of serious skin rashes in children is higher than in adults. Available data from a number of studies suggest the incidence of rashes associated with hospitalisation in children is from 1 in 300 to 1 in 100.

In children, the initial presentation of a rash can be mistaken for an infection, physicians should consider the possibility of a reaction to lamotrigine treatment in children that develop symptoms of rash and fever during the first eight weeks of therapy.

Additionally the overall risk of rash appears to be strongly associated with:

- high initial doses of lamotrigine and exceeding the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine therapy

- concomitant use of valproate.

Caution is also required when treating patients with a history of allergy or rash to other AEDs as the frequency of non-serious rash after treatment with lamotrigine was approximately three times higher in these patients than in those without such history.

All patients (adults and children) who develop a rash should be promptly evaluated and Epiral withdrawn immediately unless the rash is clearly not related to lamotrigine treatment. It is recommended that Epiral not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with lamotrigine unless the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk. If the patient has developed SJS, TEN or DRESS with the use of lamotrigine, treatment with lamotrigine must not be restarted in this patient at any time.

Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, facial oedema, abnormalities of the blood and liver and aseptic meningitis. The syndrome shows a wide spectrum of clinical severity and may, rarely, lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (for example fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs and symptoms are present the patient should be evaluated immediately and Epiral discontinued if an alternative aetiology cannot be established.

Aseptic meningitis was reversible on withdrawal of the drug in most cases, but recurred in a number of cases on re-exposure to lamotrigine. Re-exposure resulted in a rapid return of symptoms that were frequently more severe. Lamotrigine should not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to aseptic meningitis associated with prior treatment of lamotrigine.

Clinical worsening and suicide risk

Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with AEDs in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of AEDs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for lamotrigine.

Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

In patients with bipolar disorder, worsening of depressive symptoms and/or the emergence of suicidality may occur whether or not they are taking medications for bipolar disorder, including Epiral. Therefore patients receiving Epiral for bipolar disorder should be closely monitored for clinical worsening (including development of new symptoms) and suicidality, especially at the beginning of a course of treatment, or at the time of dose changes. Certain patients, such as those with a history of suicidal behaviour or thoughts, young adults, and those patients exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment, may be at a greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment.

Consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients who experience clinical worsening (including development of new symptoms) and/or the emergence of suicidal ideation/behaviour, especially if these symptoms are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms.

Hormonal contraceptives

Effects of hormonal contraceptives on lamotrigine efficacy

The use of an ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel (30 μg/150 μg) combination increases the clearance of lamotrigine by approximately two-fold resulting in decreased lamotrigine levels. A decrease in lamotrigine levels has been associated with loss of seizure control. Following titration, higher maintenance doses of lamotrigine (by as much as two-fold) will be needed in most cases to attain a maximal therapeutic response. When stopping hormonal contraceptives, the clearance of lamotrigine may be halved. Increases in lamotrigine concentrations may be associated with dose-related adverse events. Patients should be monitored with respect to this.

In women not already taking an inducer of lamotrigine glucuronidation and taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment (for example "pill-free week"), gradual transient increases in lamotrigine levels will occur during the week of inactive treatment. Variations in lamotrigine levels of this order may be associated with adverse effects. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy (for example, continuous hormonal contraceptives or non-hormonal methods).

The interaction between other oral contraceptive or HRT treatments and lamotrigine have not been studied, though they may similarly affect lamotrigine pharmacokinetic parameters.

Effects of lamotrigine on hormonal contraceptive efficacy

An interaction study in 16 healthy volunteers has shown that when lamotrigine and a hormonal contraceptive (ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel combination) are administered in combination, there is a modest increase in levonorgestrel clearance and changes in serum FSH and LH. The impact of these changes on ovarian ovulatory activity is unknown. However, the possibility of these changes resulting in decreased contraceptive efficacy in some patients taking hormonal preparations with lamotrigine cannot be excluded. Therefore patients should be instructed to promptly report changes in their menstrual pattern, i.e. breakthrough bleeding.

Dihydrofolate reductase

Lamotrigine has a slight inhibitory effect on dihydrofolic acid reductase, hence there is a possibility of interference with folate metabolism during long-term therapy. However, during prolonged human dosing, lamotrigine did not induce significant changes in the haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, or serum or red blood cell folate concentrations up to 1 year or red blood cell folate concentrations for up to 5 years.

Renal failure

In single dose studies in subjects with end stage renal failure, plasma concentrations of lamotrigine were not significantly altered. However, accumulation of the glucuronide metabolite is to be expected; caution should therefore be exercised in treating patients with renal failure.

Patients taking other preparations containing lamotrigine

Epiral should not be administered to patients currently being treated with any other preparation containing lamotrigine without consulting a doctor.

25, 50, 100 and 200 mg tablets:

Excipient of Epiral tablets

Epiral tablets contain lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Development in children

There are no data on the effect of lamotrigine on growth, sexual maturation and cognitive, emotional and behavioural developments in children.

Precautions relating to epilepsy

As with other AEDs, abrupt withdrawal of Epiral may provoke rebound seizures. Unless safety concerns (for example rash) require an abrupt withdrawal, the dose of Epiral should be gradually decreased over a period of two weeks.

There are reports in the literature that severe convulsive seizures including status epilepticus may lead to rhabdomyolysis, multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation, sometimes with fatal outcome. Similar cases have occurred in association with the use of lamotrigine.

A clinically significant worsening of seizure frequency instead of an improvement may be observed. In patients with more than one seizure type, the observed benefit of control for one seizure type should be weighed against any observed worsening in another seizure type.

Myoclonic seizures may be worsened by lamotrigine.

There is a suggestion in the data that responses in combination with enzyme inducers is less than in combination with non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic agents. The reason is unclear.

In children taking lamotrigine for the treatment of typical absence seizures, efficacy may not be maintained in all patients.

Precautions relating to bipolar disorder

Children and adolescents below 18 years

Treatment with antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behaviour in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders.

Skin rash

There have been reports of adverse skin reactions, which have generally occurred within the first eight weeks after initiation of Epiral treatment. The majority of rashes are mild and self-limiting, however serious rashes requiring hospitalisation and discontinuation of Epiral have also been reported.

Life-threatening cutaneous reactions Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported with the use of Epiral. Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions. The highest risk for occurrence of SJS or TEN is within the first weeks of treatment. If symptoms or signs of SJS or TEN (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present, Epiral treatment should be discontinued. The best results in managing SJS and TEN come from early diagnosis and immediate discontinuation of any suspect drug. Early withdrawal is associated with a better prognosis. If the patient has developed SJS or TEN with the use of Epiral, Epiral must not be re-started in this patient at any time.

In adults enrolled in studies utilizing the current Epiral dosing recommendations the incidence of serious skin rashes is approximately 1 in 500 in epilepsy patients. Approximately half of these cases have been reported as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1 in 1000). In clinical trials in patients with bipolar disorder, the incidence of serious rash is approximately 1 in 1000.

The risk of serious skin rashes in children is higher than in adults. Available data from a number of studies suggest the incidence of rashes associated with hospitalisation in epileptic children is from 1 in 300 to 1 in 100.

In children, the initial presentation of a rash can be mistaken for an infection, physicians should consider the possibility of a reaction to Epiral treatment in children that develop symptoms of rash and fever during the first eight weeks of therapy.

Additionally the overall risk of rash appears to be strongly associated with:

- high initial doses of Epiral and exceeding the recommended dose escalation of Epiral therapy

- concomitant use of valproate.

Caution is also required when treating patients with a history of allergy or rash to other AEDs as the frequency of non-serious rash after treatment with Epiral was approximately three times higher in these patients than in those without such history.

All patients (adults and children) who develop a rash should be promptly evaluated and Epiral withdrawn immediately unless the rash is clearly not related to Epiral treatment. It is recommended that Epiral not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with Epiral unless the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk.

Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, facial oedema and abnormalities of the blood and liver. The syndrome shows a wide spectrum of clinical severity and may, rarely, lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (for example fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs and symptoms are present the patient should be evaluated immediately and Epiral discontinued if an alternative aetiology cannot be established.

Clinical worsening and suicide risk

Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with AEDs in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of AEDs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for Epiral.

Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

In patients with bipolar disorder, worsening of depressive symptoms and/or the emergence of suicidality may occur whether or not they are taking medications for bipolar disorder, including Epiral. Therefore patients receiving Epiral for bipolar disorder should be closely monitored for clinical worsening (including development of new symptoms) and suicidality, especially at the beginning of a course of treatment, or at the time of dose changes. Certain patients, such as those with a history of suicidal behaviour or thoughts, young adults, and those patients exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment, may be at a greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment.

Consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients who experience clinical worsening (including development of new symptoms) and/or the emergence of suicidal ideation/behaviour, especially if these symptoms are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms.

Hormonal contraceptives

Effects of hormonal contraceptives on Epiral efficacy

The use of an ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel (30 μg/150 μg) combination increases the clearance of Epiral by approximately two-fold resulting in decreased Epiral levels. A decrease in Epiral levels has been associated with loss of seizure control. Following titration, higher maintenance doses of Epiral (by as much as two-fold) will be needed in most cases to attain a maximal therapeutic response. When stopping hormonal contraceptives, the clearance of Epiral may be halved. Increases in Epiral concentrations may be associated with dose-related adverse events. Patients should be monitored with respect to this.

In women not already taking an inducer of Epiral glucuronidation and taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment (for example "pill-free week"), gradual transient increases in Epiral levels will occur during the week of inactive treatment. Variations in Epiral levels of this order may be associated with adverse effects. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy (for example, continuous hormonal contraceptives or non-hormonal methods).

The interaction between other oral contraceptive or HRT treatments and Epiral have not been studied, though they may similarly affect Epiral pharmacokinetic parameters.

Effects of Epiral on hormonal contraceptive efficacy

An interaction study in 16 healthy volunteers has shown that when Epiral and a hormonal contraceptive (ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel combination) are administered in combination, there is a modest increase in levonorgestrel clearance and changes in serum FSH and LH. The impact of these changes on ovarian ovulatory activity is unknown. However, the possibility of these changes resulting in decreased contraceptive efficacy in some patients taking hormonal preparations with Epiral cannot be excluded. Therefore patients should be instructed to promptly report changes in their menstrual pattern, i.e. breakthrough bleeding.

Dihydrofolate reductase

Epiral has a slight inhibitory effect on dihydrofolic acid reductase, hence there is a possibility of interference with folate metabolism during long-term therapy. However, during prolonged human dosing, Epiral did not induce significant changes in the haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, or serum or red blood cell folate concentrations up to 1 year or red blood cell folate concentrations for up to 5 years.

Renal failure

In single dose studies in subjects with end stage renal failure, plasma concentrations of Epiral were not significantly altered. However, accumulation of the glucuronide metabolite is to be expected; caution should therefore be exercised in treating patients with renal failure.

Patients taking other preparations containing Epiral

Epiral should not be administered to patients currently being treated with any other preparation containing Epiral without consulting a doctor.

Development in children

There are no data on the effect of Epiral on growth, sexual maturation and cognitive, emotional and behavioural developments in children.

Precautions relating to epilepsy

As with other AEDs, abrupt withdrawal of Epiral may provoke rebound seizures. Unless safety concerns (for example rash) require an abrupt withdrawal, the dose of Epiral should be gradually decreased over a period of two weeks.

There are reports in the literature that severe convulsive seizures including status epilepticus may lead to rhabdomyolysis, multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation, sometimes with fatal outcome. Similar cases have occurred in association with the use of Epiral.

A clinically significant worsening of seizure frequency instead of an improvement may be observed. In patients with more than one seizure type, the observed benefit of control for one seizure type should be weighed against any observed worsening in another seizure type.

Myoclonic seizures may be worsened by Epiral.

There is a suggestion in the data that responses in combination with enzyme inducers is less than in combination with non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic agents. The reason is unclear.

In children taking Epiral for the treatment of typical absence seizures, efficacy may not be maintained in all patients.

Precautions relating to bipolar disorder

Children and adolescents below 18 years

Treatment with antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behaviour in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders.

Skin rash

There have been reports of adverse skin reactions, which have generally occurred within the first eight weeks after initiation of lamotrigine treatment. The majority of rashes are mild and self-limiting, however serious rashes requiring hospitalisation and discontinuation of lamotrigine have also been reported. These have included potentially life-threatening rashes such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS); also known as hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS).

In adults enrolled in studies utilizing the current lamotrigine dosing recommendations the incidence of serious skin rashes is approximately 1 in 500 in epilepsy patients. Approximately half of these cases have been reported as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1 in 1000). In clinical trials in patients with bipolar disorder, the incidence of serious rash is approximately 1 in 1000.

The risk of serious skin rashes in children is higher than in adults. Available data from a number of studies suggest the incidence of rashes associated with hospitalisation in children is from 1 in 300 to 1 in 100.

In children, the initial presentation of a rash can be mistaken for an infection, physicians should consider the possibility of a reaction to lamotrigine treatment in children that develop symptoms of rash and fever during the first eight weeks of therapy.

Additionally the overall risk of rash appears to be strongly associated with:

- high initial doses of lamotrigine and exceeding the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine therapy

- concomitant use of valproate.

Caution is also required when treating patients with a history of allergy or rash to other AEDs as the frequency of non-serious rash after treatment with lamotrigine was approximately three times higher in these patients than in those without such history.

All patients (adults and children) who develop a rash should be promptly evaluated and Lamictal withdrawn immediately unless the rash is clearly not related to lamotrigine treatment. It is recommended that Lamictal not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with lamotrigine unless the potential benefit clearly outweighs the risk. If the patient has developed SJS, TEN or DRESS with the use of lamotrigine, treatment with lamotrigine must not be restarted in this patient at any time.

Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, facial oedema, abnormalities of the blood and liver and aseptic meningitis. The syndrome shows a wide spectrum of clinical severity and may, rarely, lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (for example fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs and symptoms are present the patient should be evaluated immediately and Lamictal discontinued if an alternative aetiology cannot be established.

Aseptic meningitis was reversible on withdrawal of the drug in most cases, but recurred in a number of cases on re-exposure to lamotrigine. Re-exposure resulted in a rapid return of symptoms that were frequently more severe. Lamotrigine should not be restarted in patients who have discontinued due to aseptic meningitis associated with prior treatment of lamotrigine.

Clinical worsening and suicide risk

Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with AEDs in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials of AEDs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for lamotrigine.

Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

In patients with bipolar disorder, worsening of depressive symptoms and/or the emergence of suicidality may occur whether or not they are taking medications for bipolar disorder, including Lamictal. Therefore patients receiving Lamictal for bipolar disorder should be closely monitored for clinical worsening (including development of new symptoms) and suicidality, especially at the beginning of a course of treatment, or at the time of dose changes. Certain patients, such as those with a history of suicidal behaviour or thoughts, young adults, and those patients exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment, may be at a greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment.

Consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients who experience clinical worsening (including development of new symptoms) and/or the emergence of suicidal ideation/behaviour, especially if these symptoms are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms.

Hormonal contraceptives

Effects of hormonal contraceptives on lamotrigine efficacy

The use of an ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel (30 μg/150 μg) combination increases the clearance of lamotrigine by approximately two-fold resulting in decreased lamotrigine levels. A decrease in lamotrigine levels has been associated with loss of seizure control. Following titration, higher maintenance doses of lamotrigine (by as much as two-fold) will be needed in most cases to attain a maximal therapeutic response. When stopping hormonal contraceptives, the clearance of lamotrigine may be halved. Increases in lamotrigine concentrations may be associated with dose-related adverse events. Patients should be monitored with respect to this.

In women not already taking an inducer of lamotrigine glucuronidation and taking a hormonal contraceptive that includes one week of inactive treatment (for example "pill-free week"), gradual transient increases in lamotrigine levels will occur during the week of inactive treatment. Variations in lamotrigine levels of this order may be associated with adverse effects. Therefore, consideration should be given to using contraception without a pill-free week, as first-line therapy (for example, continuous hormonal contraceptives or non-hormonal methods).

The interaction between other oral contraceptive or HRT treatments and lamotrigine have not been studied, though they may similarly affect lamotrigine pharmacokinetic parameters.

Effects of lamotrigine on hormonal contraceptive efficacy

An interaction study in 16 healthy volunteers has shown that when lamotrigine and a hormonal contraceptive (ethinyloestradiol/levonorgestrel combination) are administered in combination, there is a modest increase in levonorgestrel clearance and changes in serum FSH and LH. The impact of these changes on ovarian ovulatory activity is unknown. However, the possibility of these changes resulting in decreased contraceptive efficacy in some patients taking hormonal preparations with lamotrigine cannot be excluded. Therefore patients should be instructed to promptly report changes in their menstrual pattern, i.e. breakthrough bleeding.

Dihydrofolate reductase

Lamotrigine has a slight inhibitory effect on dihydrofolic acid reductase, hence there is a possibility of interference with folate metabolism during long-term therapy. However, during prolonged human dosing, lamotrigine did not induce significant changes in the haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, or serum or red blood cell folate concentrations up to 1 year or red blood cell folate concentrations for up to 5 years.

Renal failure

In single dose studies in subjects with end stage renal failure, plasma concentrations of lamotrigine were not significantly altered. However, accumulation of the glucuronide metabolite is to be expected; caution should therefore be exercised in treating patients with renal failure.

Patients taking other preparations containing lamotrigine

Lamictal should not be administered to patients currently being treated with any other preparation containing lamotrigine without consulting a doctor.

25, 50, 100 and 200 mg tablets:

Excipient of Lamictal tablets

Lamictal tablets contain lactose monohydrate. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Development in children

There are no data on the effect of lamotrigine on growth, sexual maturation and cognitive, emotional and behavioural developments in children.

Precautions relating to epilepsy

As with other AEDs, abrupt withdrawal of Lamictal may provoke rebound seizures. Unless safety concerns (for example rash) require an abrupt withdrawal, the dose of Lamictal should be gradually decreased over a period of two weeks.

There are reports in the literature that severe convulsive seizures including status epilepticus may lead to rhabdomyolysis, multiorgan dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation, sometimes with fatal outcome. Similar cases have occurred in association with the use of lamotrigine.

A clinically significant worsening of seizure frequency instead of an improvement may be observed. In patients with more than one seizure type, the observed benefit of control for one seizure type should be weighed against any observed worsening in another seizure type.

Myoclonic seizures may be worsened by lamotrigine.

There is a suggestion in the data that responses in combination with enzyme inducers is less than in combination with non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic agents. The reason is unclear.

In children taking lamotrigine for the treatment of typical absence seizures, efficacy may not be maintained in all patients.

Precautions relating to bipolar disorder

Children and adolescents below 18 years

Treatment with antidepressants is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thinking and behaviour in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders.

As there is individual variation in response to all AED therapy, patients taking Epiral to treat epilepsy should consult their physician on the specific issues of driving and epilepsy.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. Two volunteer studies have demonstrated that the effect of lamotrigine on fine visual motor co-ordination, eye movements, body sway and subjective sedative effects did not differ from placebo. In clinical trials with lamotrigine adverse reactions of a neurological character such as dizziness and diplopia have been reported. Therefore, patients should see how Epiral therapy affects them before driving or operating machinery.

As there is individual variation in response to all AED therapy, patients taking Epiral to treat epilepsy should consult their physician on the specific issues of driving and epilepsy.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. Two volunteer studies have demonstrated that the effect of Epiral on fine visual motor co-ordination, eye movements, body sway and subjective sedative effects did not differ from placebo. In clinical trials with Epiral adverse reactions of a neurological character such as dizziness and diplopia have been reported. Therefore, patients should see how Epiral s therapy affects them before driving or operating machinery.

As there is individual variation in response to all AED therapy, patients taking Lamictal to treat epilepsy should consult their physician on the specific issues of driving and epilepsy.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. Two volunteer studies have demonstrated that the effect of lamotrigine on fine visual motor co-ordination, eye movements, body sway and subjective sedative effects did not differ from placebo. In clinical trials with lamotrigine adverse reactions of a neurological character such as dizziness and diplopia have been reported. Therefore, patients should see how Lamictal therapy affects them before driving or operating machinery.

The undesirable effects for epilepsy and bipolar disorder indications are based on available data from controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience and are listed in the table below. Frequency categories are derived from controlled clinical studies (epilepsy monotherapy (identified by^†) and bipolar disorder (identified by ^§)). Where frequency categories differ between clinical trial data from epilepsy and bipolar disorder the most conservative frequency is shown. However, where no controlled clinical trial data are available, frequency categories have been obtained from other clinical experience.

The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects:- Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Description of selected adverse reactions

¹ Haematological abnormalities and lymphadenopathy may or may not be associated with the hypersensitivity syndrome (see Immune system disorders).

² Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, facial oedema and abnormalities of the blood and liver. The syndrome shows a wide spectrum of clinical severity and may, rarely, lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (for example fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs and symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately and Epiral discontinued if an alternative aetiology cannot be established.

³ These effects have been reported during other clinical experience.

There have been reports that lamotrigine may worsen parkinsonian symptoms in patients with pre-existing Parkinson's disease, and isolated reports of extrapyramidal effects and choreoathetosis in patients without this underlying condition.

⁴ Hepatic dysfunction usually occurs in association with hypersensitivity reactions but isolated cases have been reported without overt signs of hypersensitivity.

⁵ In clinical trials in adults, skin rashes occurred in up to 8-12% of patients taking lamotrigine and in 5-6% of patients taking placebo. The skin rashes led to the withdrawal of lamotrigine treatment in 2% of patients. The rash, usually macropapular in appearance, generally appears within eight weeks of starting treatment and resolves on withdrawal of Epiral.

Serious potentially life-threatening skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's Syndrome) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) have been reported. Although the majority recover on withdrawal of lamotrigine treatment, some patients experience irreversible scarring and there have been rare cases of associated death.

The overall risk of rash, appears to be strongly associated with:

- high initial doses of lamotrigine and exceeding the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine therapy

- concomitant use of valproate.

Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms (see Immune system disorders).

There have been reports of decreased bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in patients on long-term therapy with lamotrigine. The mechanism by which lamotrigine affects bone metabolism has not been identified.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

The following adverse reactions are described in more detail in the WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS section of the label:

• Serious skin rashes
• Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions and organ failure
• Blood dyscrasias
• Suicidal behavior and ideation
• Aseptic meningitis
• Withdrawal seizures
• Status epilepticus
• Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy

Clinical Trial Experience With Epiral For Treatment Of Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic And Partial-Onset Seizures

Most Common Adverse Reactions In Clinical Trials

Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Epilepsy: Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In these 2 trials, adverse reactions led to withdrawal of 4 (2%) patients in the group receiving placebo and 10 (5%) patients in the group receiving Epiral. Dizziness was the most common reason for withdrawal in the group receiving Epiral (5 patients [3%]). The next most common adverse reactions leading to withdrawal in 2 patients each (1%) were rash, headache, nausea, and nystagmus.

Table 4 displays the incidence of adverse reactions in these two 19-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of patients with PGTC and partial onset seizures.

Table 4: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trials in Patients With Epilepsy^a

Note: In these trials the incidence of nonserious rash was 2% for Epiral and 3% for placebo. In clinical trials evaluating immediate-release lamotrigine, the rate of serious rash was 0.3% in adults on adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.

Adverse reactions were also analyzed to assess the incidence of the onset of an event in the titration period, and in the maintenance period, and if adverse reactions occurring in the titration phase persisted in the maintenance phase.

The incidence for many adverse reactions caused by treatment with Epiral was increased relative to placebo (i.e., treatment difference between Epiral and placebo ≥ 2%) in either the titration or maintenance phases of the trial. During the titration phase, an increased incidence (shown in descending order of % treatment difference) was observed for diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, somnolence, vertigo, myalgia, hot flush, and anxiety. During the maintenance phase, an increased incidence was observed for dizziness, tremor, and diplopia. Some adverse reactions developing in the titration phase were notable for persisting ( > 7 days) into the maintenance phase. These persistent adverse reactions included somnolence and dizziness.

There were inadequate data to evaluate the effect of dose and/or concentration on the incidence of adverse reactions because, although patients were randomized to different target doses based upon concomitant AEDs, the plasma exposure was expected to be generally similar among all patients receiving different doses. However, in a randomized, parallel trial comparing placebo with 300 and 500 mg/day of immediate-release lamotrigine, the incidence of the most common adverse reactions ( ≥ 5%) such as ataxia, blurred vision, diplopia, and dizziness were dose related. Less common adverse reactions ( < 5%) were not assessed for dose-response relationships.

Monotherapy in Patients With Epilepsy: Adverse reactions observed in this trial were generally similar to those observed and attributed to drug in adjunctive and monotherapy immediate-release lamotrigine and adjunctive Epiral placebo-controlled trials. Only 2 adverse events, nasopharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection, were observed at a rate of ≥ 3% and not reported at a similar rate in previous trials. Because this trial did not include a placebo control group, causality could not be established.

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During The Clinical Development Of Immediate-Release Lamotrigine

All reported reactions are included except those already listed in the previous tables or elsewhere in the labeling, those too general to be informative, and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug.

Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Epilepsy

In addition to the adverse reactions reported above from the development of Epiral, the following adverse reactions with an uncertain relationship to lamotrigine were reported during the clinical development of immediate-release lamotrigine for treatment of epilepsy in adults. These reactions occurred in ≥ 2% of patients receiving immediate-release lamotrigine and more frequently than in the placebo group.

Body as a Whole: Headache, flu syndrome, fever, neck pain.

Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia.

Nervous: Insomnia, convulsion, irritability, speech disorder, concentration disturbance.

Respiratory: Pharyngitis, cough increased.

Skin and Appendages: Rash, pruritus.

Urogenital (female patients only): Vaginitis, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Monotherapy in Adults With Epilepsy

In addition to the adverse reactions reported above from the development of Epiral, the following adverse reactions with an uncertain relationship to lamotrigine were reported during the clinical development of immediate-release lamotrigine for treatment of epilepsy in adults. These reactions occurred in > 2% of patients receiving immediate-release lamotrigine and more frequently than in the placebo group.

Body as a Whole: Chest pain.

Digestive: Rectal hemorrhage, peptic ulcer.

Metabolic and Nutritional: Weight decrease, peripheral edema.

Nervous: Hypesthesia, libido increase, decreased reflexes.

Respiratory: Epistaxis, dyspnea.

Skin and Appendages: Contact dermatitis, dry skin, sweating.

Special Senses: Vision abnormality.

Urogenital (female patients only): Dysmenorrhea.

Other Clinical Trial Experience

Immediate-release lamotrigine has been administered to 6,694 individuals for whom complete adverse reaction data was captured during all clinical trials, only some of which were placebo controlled.

Adverse reactions are further classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent adverse reactions are defined as those occurring in at least 1/100 patients; Infrequent adverse reactions are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients; rare adverse reactions are those occurring in fewer than 1/1,000 patients.

Cardiovascular System: Infrequent: Hypertension, palpitations, postural hypotension, syncope, tachycardia, vasodilation.

Dermatological: Infrequent: Acne, alopecia, hirsutism, maculopapular rash, urticaria. Rare: Leukoderma, multiforme erythema, petechial rash, pustular rash.

Digestive System: Infrequent: Dysphagia, liver function tests abnormal, mouth ulceration. Rare: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hemorrhagic colitis, hepatitis, melena and stomach ulcer.

Endocrine System: Rare: Goiter, hypothyroidism.

Hematologic and Lymphatic System: Infrequent: Ecchymosis, leukopenia. Rare: Anemia, eosinophilia, fibrin decrease, fibrinogen decrease, iron deficiency anemia, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, macrocytic anemia, petechia, thrombocytopenia.

Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: Infrequent: Aspartate transaminase increased. Rare: Alcohol intolerance, alkaline phosphatase increase, alanine transaminase increase, bilirubinemia, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase increase, hyperglycemia.

Musculoskeletal System: Rare: Muscle atrophy, pathological fracture, tendinous contracture.

Nervous System: Frequent: Confusion.

Infrequent: Akathisia, apathy, aphasia, depersonalization, dysarthria, dyskinesia, euphoria, hallucinations, hostility, hyperkinesia, hypertonia, libido decreased, memory decrease, mind racing, movement disorder, myoclonus, panic attack, paranoid reaction, personality disorder, psychosis, stupor. Rare: Choreoathetosis, delirium, delusions, dysphoria, dystonia, extrapyramidal syndrome, hemiplegia, hyperalgesia, hyperesthesia, hypokinesia, hypotonia, manic depression reaction, neuralgia, paralysis, peripheral neuritis.

Respiratory System: Rare: Hiccup, hyperventilation.

Special Senses: Frequent: Amblyopia. Infrequent: Abnormality of accommodation, conjunctivitis, dry eyes, ear pain, photophobia, taste perversion, tinnitus. Rare: Deafness, lacrimation disorder, oscillopsia, parosmia, ptosis, strabismus, taste loss, uveitis, visual field defect.

Urogenital System: Infrequent: Abnormal ejaculation, hematuria, impotence, menorrhagia, polyuria, urinary incontinence. Rare: Acute kidney failure, breast neoplasm, creatinine increase, female lactation, kidney failure, kidney pain, nocturia, urinary retention, urinary urgency.

Postmarketing Experience With Immediate-Release Lamotrigine

The following adverse events (not listed above in clinical trials or other sections of the prescribing information) have been identified during postapproval use of immediate-release lamotrigine. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Blood and Lymphatic

Agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, lymphadenopathy not associated with hypersensitivity disorder.

Gastrointestinal

Esophagitis.

Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas

Pancreatitis.

Immunologic

Lupus-like reaction, vasculitis.

Lower Respiratory

Apnea.

Musculoskeletal

Rhabdomyolysis has been observed in patients experiencing hypersensitivity reactions.

Nervous System

Aggression, exacerbation of Parkinsonian symptoms in patients with pre-existing Parkinson's disease, tics.

Non-site Specific

Progressive immunosuppression.

The undesirable effects have been divided into epilepsy and bipolar specific sections based on the data currently available. However, both sections should be consulted when considering the overall safety profile of Epiral.

The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects:- Very common (>1/10), common (>1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>1/1000, <1/100), rare (>1/10,000, <1/1000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Epilepsy

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Haematological abnormalities and lymphadenopathy may or may not be associated with the hypersensitivity syndrome (see Immune system disorders**).

Immune system disorders

**Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, facial oedema and abnormalities of the blood and liver. The syndrome shows a wide spectrum of clinical severity and may, rarely, lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (for example fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs and symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately and Epiral dispersible tablets discontinued if an alternative aetiology cannot be established.

Psychiatric disorders

Nervous system disorders

During monotherapy clinical trials:

During other clinical experience:

There have been reports that Epiral may worsen parkinsonian symptoms in patients with pre-existing Parkinson's disease, and isolated reports of extrapyramidal effects and choreoathetosis in patients without this underlying condition.

Eye disorders

During monotherapy clinical trials:

During other clinical experience:

Gastrointestinal disorders

During monotherapy clinical trials:

During other clinical experience:

Hepato-biliary disorders

Hepatic dysfunction usually occurs in association with hypersensitivity reactions but isolated cases have been reported without overt signs of hypersensitivity.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

In double-blind, adjunctive clinical trials in adults, skin rashes occurred in up to 10% of patients taking Epiral and in 5% of patients taking placebo. The skin rashes led to the withdrawal of Epiral treatment in 2% of patients. The rash, usually maculopapular in appearance, generally appears within eight weeks of starting treatment and resolves on withdrawal of Epiral dispersible tablets.

Serious potentially life-threatening skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's Syndrome) have been reported. Although the majority recover on withdrawal of Epiral treatment, some patients experience irreversible scarring and there have been rare cases of associated death.

The overall risk of rash appears to be strongly associated with:

- high initial doses of Epiral and exceeding the recommended dose escalation of Epiral therapy

- concomitant use of valproate.

Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms (see Immune system disorders**).

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

There have been reports of decreased bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in patients on long-term therapy with Epiral Dispersible Tablets. The mechanism by which Epiral Dispersible Tablets affects bone metabolism has not been identified.

General disorders and administration site conditions

Bipolar Disorder

The undesirable effects below should be considered alongside those seen in epilepsy for an overall safety profile of Epiral.

Nervous system disorders

During bipolar disorder clinical trials:

Gastrointestinal disorders

During bipolar disorder clinical trials:

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

During bipolar disorder clinical trials:

When all bipolar disorder studies (controlled and uncontrolled) conducted with Epiral are considered, skin rashes occurred in 12% of patients on Epiral. Whereas, in controlled clinical trials with bipolar disorder patients, skin rashes occurred in 8% of patients taking Epiral and in 6% of patients taking placebo.

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

During bipolar disorder clinical trials:

There have been reports of decreased bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in patients on long-term therapy with Epiral Dispersible Tablets. The mechanism by which Epiral Dispersible Tablets affects bone metabolism has not been identified.

General disorders and administration site conditions

During bipolar disorder clinical trials:

The undesirable effects for epilepsy and bipolar disorder indications are based on available data from controlled clinical studies and other clinical experience and are listed in the table below. Frequency categories are derived from controlled clinical studies (epilepsy monotherapy (identified by^†) and bipolar disorder (identified by ^§)). Where frequency categories differ between clinical trial data from epilepsy and bipolar disorder the most conservative frequency is shown. However, where no controlled clinical trial data are available, frequency categories have been obtained from other clinical experience.

The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects:- Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Description of selected adverse reactions

¹ Haematological abnormalities and lymphadenopathy may or may not be associated with the hypersensitivity syndrome (see Immune system disorders).

² Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms including fever, lymphadenopathy, facial oedema and abnormalities of the blood and liver. The syndrome shows a wide spectrum of clinical severity and may, rarely, lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (for example fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs and symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately and Lamictal discontinued if an alternative aetiology cannot be established.

³ These effects have been reported during other clinical experience.

There have been reports that lamotrigine may worsen parkinsonian symptoms in patients with pre-existing Parkinson's disease, and isolated reports of extrapyramidal effects and choreoathetosis in patients without this underlying condition.

⁴ Hepatic dysfunction usually occurs in association with hypersensitivity reactions but isolated cases have been reported without overt signs of hypersensitivity.

⁵ In clinical trials in adults, skin rashes occurred in up to 8-12% of patients taking lamotrigine and in 5-6% of patients taking placebo. The skin rashes led to the withdrawal of lamotrigine treatment in 2% of patients. The rash, usually macropapular in appearance, generally appears within eight weeks of starting treatment and resolves on withdrawal of Lamictal.

Serious potentially life-threatening skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell's Syndrome) and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) have been reported. Although the majority recover on withdrawal of lamotrigine treatment, some patients experience irreversible scarring and there have been rare cases of associated death.

The overall risk of rash, appears to be strongly associated with:

- high initial doses of lamotrigine and exceeding the recommended dose escalation of lamotrigine therapy

- concomitant use of valproate.

Rash has also been reported as part of a hypersensitivity syndrome associated with a variable pattern of systemic symptoms (see Immune system disorders).

There have been reports of decreased bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis and fractures in patients on long-term therapy with lamotrigine. The mechanism by which lamotrigine affects bone metabolism has not been identified.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.