Edistride

Edistride is indicated in adults aged 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glycaemic control as:

Monotherapy

When diet and exercise alone do not provide adequate glycaemic control in patients for whom use of metformin is considered inappropriate due to intolerance.

Add-on combination therapy

Edistride (dapagliflozin) is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Limitation Of Use

Edistride is not recommended for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus or for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Posology

Monotherapy and add-on combination therapy

The recommended dose is 10 mg dapagliflozin once daily for monotherapy and add-on combination therapy with other glucose-lowering medicinal products including insulin. When dapagliflozin is used in combination with insulin or an insulin secretagogue, such as a sulphonylurea, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be considered to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia.

Special populations

Renal impairment

The efficacy of dapagliflozin is dependent on renal function, and efficacy is reduced in patients who have moderate renal impairment and likely absent in patients with severe renal impairment.8, 5.1 and 5.2).

No dosage adjustment is indicated in patients with mild renal impairment.

Hepatic impairment

No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. In patients with severe hepatic impairment, a starting dose of 5 mg is recommended. If well tolerated, the dose may be increased to 10 mg.

Elderly (> 65 years)

In general, no dosage adjustment is recommended based on age. Renal function and risk of volume depletion should be taken into account. Due to the limited therapeutic experience in patients 75 years and older, initiation of dapagliflozin therapy is not recommended.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in children aged 0 to < 18 years have not yet been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

Edistride can be taken orally once daily at any time of day with or without food. Tablets are to be swallowed whole.

Recommended Dosing

The recommended starting dose of Edistride is 5 mg once daily, taken in the morning, with or without food. In patients tolerating Edistride 5 mg once daily who require additional glycemic control, the dose can be increased to 10 mg once daily.

In patients with volume depletion, correcting this condition prior to initiation of Edistride is recommended.

Patients With Renal Impairment

Assessment of renal function is recommended prior to initiation of Edistride therapy and periodically thereafter.

Initiation of Edistride is not recommended in patients with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m².

No dose adjustment is needed in patients with mild renal impairment (eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or greater).

Use of Edistride is not recommended in patients with an eGFR persistently between 30 and less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m².

Edistride is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m².

• History of a serious hypersensitivity reaction to Edistride.
• Severe renal impairment, (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) end-stage renal disease (ESRD), or patients on dialysis.

Renal impairment

The efficacy of dapagliflozin is dependent on renal function, and efficacy is reduced in patients who have moderate renal impairment and likely absent in patients with severe renal impairment. In subjects with moderate renal impairment (patients with CrCl < 60 ml/min or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²), a higher proportion of subjects treated with dapagliflozin had adverse reactions of increase in creatinine, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hypotension, compared with placebo. Edistride is not recommended for use in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (patients with CrCl < 60 ml/min or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²). Edistride has not been studied in severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 ml/min or eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m²) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Monitoring of renal function is recommended as follows:

- Prior to initiation of dapagliflozin and at least yearly, thereafter

- Prior to initiation of concomitant medicinal products that may reduce renal function and periodically thereafter

- For renal function approaching moderate renal impairment, at least 2 to 4 times per year. If renal function falls below CrCl < 60 ml/min or eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m², dapagliflozin treatment should be discontinued.

Hepatic impairment

There is limited experience in clinical trials in patients with hepatic impairment. Dapagliflozin exposure is increased in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Use in patients at risk for volume depletion, hypotension and/or electrolyte imbalances

Due to its mechanism of action, dapagliflozin increases diuresis associated with a modest decrease in blood pressure , which may be more pronounced in patients with very high blood glucose concentrations.

Dapagliflozin is not recommended for use in patients receiving loop diuretics or who are volume depleted, e.g. due to acute illness (such as gastrointestinal illness).

Caution should be exercised in patients for whom a dapagliflozin-induced drop in blood pressure could pose a risk, such as patients with known cardiovascular disease, patients on anti-hypertensive therapy with a history of hypotension or elderly patients.

For patients receiving dapagliflozin, in case of intercurrent conditions that may lead to volume depletion, careful monitoring of volume status (e.g. physical examination, blood pressure measurements, laboratory tests including haematocrit) and electrolytes is recommended. Temporary interruption of treatment with dapagliflozin is recommended for patients who develop volume depletion until the depletion is corrected.

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Rare cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including life-threatening and fatal cases, have been reported in patients treated with sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including dapagliflozin. In a number of cases, the presentation of the condition was atypical with only moderately increased blood glucose values, below 14 mmol/l (250 mg/dl). It is not known if DKA is more likely to occur with higher doses of dapagliflozin.

The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis must be considered in the event of non-specific symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, excessive thirst, difficulty breathing, confusion, unusual fatigue or sleepiness. Patients should be assessed for ketoacidosis immediately if these symptoms occur, regardless of blood glucose level.

In patients where DKA is suspected or diagnosed, treatment with dapagliflozin should be discontinued immediately.

Treatment should be interrupted in patients who are hospitalised for major surgical procedures or acute serious medical illnesses. In both cases, treatment with dapagliflozin may be restarted once the patient's condition has stabilised.

Before initiating dapagliflozin, factors in the patient history that may predispose to ketoacidosis should be considered.

Patients who may be at higher risk of DKA include patients with a low beta-cell function reserve (e.g. type 2 diabetes patients with low C-peptide or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) or patients with a history of pancreatitis), patients with conditions that lead to restricted food intake or severe dehydration, patients for whom insulin doses are reduced and patients with increased insulin requirements due to acute medical illness, surgery or alcohol abuse. SGLT2 inhibitors should be used with caution in these patients.

Restarting SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in patients with previous DKA while on SGLT2 inhibitor treatment is not recommended, unless another clear precipitating factor is identified and resolved.

The safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes have not been established and dapagliflozin should not be used for treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes. Limited data from clinical trials suggest that DKA occurs with common frequency when patients with type 1 diabetes are treated with SGLT2 inhibitors.

Urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections were more frequently reported for dapagliflozin 10 mg compared to placebo in a pooled analysis up to 24 weeks. Pyelonephritis was uncommon and occurred at a similar frequency to control. Urinary glucose excretion may be associated with an increased risk of urinary tract infection; therefore, temporary interruption of dapagliflozin should be considered when treating pyelonephritis or urosepsis.

Elderly (> 65 years)

Elderly patients are more likely to have impaired renal function, and/or to be treated with anti-hypertensive medicinal products that may cause changes in renal function such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB). The same recommendations for renal function apply to elderly patients as to all patients.

In subjects > 65 years of age, a higher proportion of subjects treated with dapagliflozin had adverse reactions related to renal impairment or failure compared with placebo. The most commonly reported adverse reaction related to renal function was serum creatinine increases, the majority of which were transient and reversible.

Elderly patients may be at a greater risk for volume depletion and are more likely to be treated with diuretics. In subjects > 65 years of age, a higher proportion of subjects treated with dapagliflozin had adverse reactions related to volume depletion.

Therapeutic experience in patients 75 years and older is limited. Initiation of dapagliflozin therapy in this population is not recommended.

Cardiac failure

Experience in NYHA class I-II is limited, and there is no experience in clinical studies with dapagliflozin in NYHA class III-IV.

Use in patients treated with pioglitazone

While a causal relationship between dapagliflozin and bladder cancer is unlikely , as a precautionary measure, dapagliflozin is not recommended for use in patients concomitantly treated with pioglitazone. Available epidemiological data for pioglitazone suggest a small increased risk of bladder cancer in diabetic patients treated with pioglitazone.

Elevated haematocrit

Haematocrit increase was observed with dapagliflozin treatment ; therefore, caution in patients with already elevated haematocrit is warranted.

Lower limb amputations

An increase in cases of lower limb amputation (primarily of the toe) has been observed in ongoing long-term, clinical studies with another SGLT2 inhibitor. It is unknown whether this constitutes a class effect. Like for all diabetic patients it is important to counsel patients on routine preventative foot care.

Urine laboratory assessments

Due to its mechanism of action, patients taking Edistride will test positive for glucose in their urine.

Lactose

The tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

WARNINGS

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

PRECAUTIONS

Hypotension

Edistride causes intravascular volume contraction. Symptomatic hypotension can occur after initiating Edistride particularly in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), elderly patients, or patients on loop diuretics. Before initiating Edistride in patients with one or more of these characteristics, volume status should be assessed and corrected. Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypotension after initiating therapy.

Ketoacidosis

Reports of ketoacidosis, a serious life-threatening condition requiring urgent hospitalization have been identified in postmarketing surveillance in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, including Edistride. Fatal cases of ketoacidosis have been reported in patients taking Edistride. Edistride is not indicated for the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Patients treated with Edistride who present with signs and symptoms consistent with severe metabolic acidosis should be assessed for ketoacidosis regardless of presenting blood glucose levels as ketoacidosis associated with Edistride may be present even if blood glucose levels are less than 250 mg/dL. If ketoacidosis is suspected, Edistride should be discontinued, the patient should be evaluated and prompt treatment should be instituted. Treatment of ketoacidosis may require insulin, fluid and carbohydrate replacement.

In many of the postmarketing reports, and particularly in patients with type 1 diabetes, the presence of ketoacidosis was not immediately recognized and the institution of treatment was delayed because the presenting blood glucose levels were below those typically expected for diabetic ketoacidosis (often less than 250 mg/dL). Signs and symptoms at presentation were consistent with dehydration and severe metabolic acidosis and included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, generalized malaise, and shortness of breath. In some but not all cases, factors predisposing to ketoacidosis such as insulin dose reduction, acute febrile illness, reduced caloric intake due to illness or surgery, pancreatic disorders suggesting insulin deficiency (e.g., type 1 diabetes, history of pancreatitis or pancreatic surgery), and alcohol abuse were identified.

Before initiating Edistride, consider factors in the patient history that may predispose to ketoacidosis including pancreatic insulin deficiency from any cause, caloric restriction and alcohol abuse. In patients treated with Edistride consider monitoring for ketoacidosis and temporarily discontinuing Edistride in clinical situations known to predispose to ketoacidosis (e.g., prolonged fasting due to acute illness or surgery).

Acute Kidney Injury And Impairment In Renal Function

Edistride causes intravascular volume contraction , and can cause renal impairment. There have been postmarketing reports of acute kidney injury, some requiring hospitalization and dialysis, in patients receiving Edistride; some reports involved patients younger than 65 years of age.

Before initiating Edistride, consider factors that may predispose patients to acute kidney injury including hypovolemia, chronic renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, and concomitant medications (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, NSAIDs). Consider temporarily discontinuing Edistride in any setting of reduced oral intake (such as acute illness or fasting) or fluid losses (gastrointestinal illness or excessive heat exposure); monitor patients for signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury. If acute kidney injury occurs, discontinue Edistride promptly and institute treatment.

Edistride increases serum creatinine and decreases eGFR. Elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function may be more susceptible to these changes. Adverse reactions related to renal function can occur after initiating Edistride. Renal function should be evaluated prior to initiation of Edistride and monitored periodically thereafter. Use of Edistride is not recommended in patients with an eGFR persistently between 30 and less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m².

Urosepsis And Pyelonephritis

There have been postmarketing reports of serious urinary tract infections including urosepsis and pyelonephritis requiring hospitalization in patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, including Edistride. Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors increases the risk for urinary tract infections. Evaluate patients for signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections and treat promptly, if indicated.

Hypoglycemia With Concomitant Use With Insulin And Insulin Secretagogues

Insulin and insulin secretagogues are known to cause hypoglycemia. Edistride can increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin or an insulin secretagogue. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia when these agents are used in combination with Edistride.

Genital Mycotic Infections

Edistride increases the risk of genital mycotic infections. Patients with a history of genital mycotic infections were more likely to develop genital mycotic infections. Monitor and treat appropriately.

Increases In Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)

Increases in LDL-C occur with Edistride. Monitor LDL-C and treat per standard of care after initiating Edistride.

Bladder Cancer

Across 22 clinical studies, newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer were reported in 10/6045 patients (0.17%) treated with Edistride and 1/3512 patient (0.03%) treated with placebo/comparator. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were 4 cases with Edistride and no cases with placebo/comparator. Bladder cancer risk factors and hematuria (a potential indicator of pre-existing tumors) were balanced between treatment arms at baseline. There were too few cases to determine whether the emergence of these events is related to Edistride.

There are insufficient data to determine whether Edistride has an effect on pre-existing bladder tumors. Consequently, Edistride should not be used in patients with active bladder cancer. In patients with prior history of bladder cancer, the benefits of glycemic control versus unknown risks for cancer recurrence with Edistride should be considered.

Macrovascular Outcomes

There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with Edistride.

Patient Counseling Information

See FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

Instructions

Instruct patients to read the Medication Guide before starting treatment with Edistride and to reread it each time the prescription is renewed.

Inform patients of the potential risks and benefits of Edistride and of alternative modes of therapy. Also inform patients about the importance of adherence to dietary instructions, regular physical activity, periodic blood glucose monitoring and HbA1c testing, recognition and management of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and assessment of diabetes complications. Advise patients to seek medical advice promptly during periods of stress such as fever, trauma, infection, or surgery, as medication requirements may change.

Instruct patients to take Edistride only as prescribed. If a dose is missed, advise patients to take it as soon as it is remembered unless it is almost time for the next dose, in which case patients should skip the missed dose and take the medicine at the next regularly scheduled time. Advise patients not to take two doses of Edistride at the same time.

Inform patients that the most common adverse reactions associated with use of Edistride are genital mycotic infections, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infections.

Instruct patient to immediately inform her healthcare provider if she is pregnant or plans to become pregnant. Based on animal data, Edistride may cause fetal harm in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Instruct patient to immediately inform her healthcare provider if she is breastfeeding or planning to breastfeed. It is not known if Edistride is excreted in breast milk; however, based on animal data, Edistride may cause harm to nursing infants.

Hypotension

Inform patients that symptomatic hypotension may occur with Edistride and advise them to contact their healthcare provider if they experience such symptoms. Inform patients that dehydration may increase the risk for hypotension, and to have adequate fluid intake.

Genital Mycotic Infections In Females (e.g., Vulvovaginitis)

Inform female patients that vaginal yeast infections may occur and provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of vaginal yeast infections. Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice.

Ketoacidosis

Inform patients that ketoacidosis is a serious life-threatening condition. Cases of ketoacidosis have been reported during use of Edistride. Instruct patients to check ketones (when possible) if symptoms consistent with ketoacidosis occur even if blood glucose is not elevated. If symptoms of ketoacidosis (including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, tiredness and labored breathing) occur, instruct patients to discontinue Edistride and seek medical advice immediately.

Acute Kidney Injury

Inform patients that acute kidney injury has been reported during use of Edistride. Advise patients to seek medical advice immediately if they have reduced oral intake (due to acute illness or fasting) or increased fluid losses (due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive heat exposure), as it may be appropriate to temporarily discontinue Edistride use in those settings.

Serious Urinary Tract Infections

Inform patients of the potential for urinary tract infections, which may be serious. Provide them with information on the symptoms of urinary tract infections. Advise them to seek medical advice promptly if such symptoms occur.

Genital Mycotic Infections In Males (e.g., Balanitis)

Inform male patients that yeast infections of the penis (e.g., balanitis or balanoposthitis) may occur, especially in patients with prior history. Provide them with information on the signs and symptoms of balanitis and balanoposthitis (rash or redness of the glans or foreskin of the penis). Advise them of treatment options and when to seek medical advice.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Inform patients that serious hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., urticaria and angioedema) have been reported with Edistride. Advise patients to immediately report any signs or symptoms suggesting allergic reaction or angioedema, and to take no more of the drug until they have consulted prescribing physicians.

Bladder Cancer

Inform patients to promptly report any signs of macroscopic hematuria or other symptoms potentially related to bladder cancer.

Pregnancy

Advise pregnant patients of the potential risk to a fetus with treatment with Edistride. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider if pregnant or planning to become pregnant.

Lactation

Advise patients that use of Edistride is not recommended while breastfeeding.

Laboratory Tests

Due to its mechanism of action, patients taking Edistride will test positive for glucose in their urine.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Dapagliflozin did not induce tumors in either mice or rats at any of the doses evaluated in 2-year carcinogenicity studies. Oral doses in mice consisted of 5, 15, and 40 mg/kg/day in males and 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day in females, and oral doses in rats were 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/kg/day for both males and females. The highest doses evaluated in mice were approximately 72 times (males) and 105 times (females) the clinical dose of 10 mg per day based on AUC exposure. In rats, the highest dose was approximately 131 times (males) and 186 times (females) the clinical dose of 10 mg per day based on AUC exposure.

Dapagliflozin was negative in the Ames mutagenicity assay and was positive in a series of in vitro clastogenicity assays in the presence of S9 activation and at concentrations ≥ 100 μg/mL. Dapagliflozin was negative for clastogenicity in a series of in vivo studies evaluating micronuclei or DNA repair in rats at exposure multiples >2100 times the clinical dose.

There was no carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal studies, suggesting that dapagliflozin does not represent a genotoxic risk to humans.

Dapagliflozin had no effects on mating, fertility, or early embryonic development in treated male or female rats at exposure multiples ≤ 1708 times and 998 times the maximum recommended human dose in males and females, respectively.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Based on animal data showing adverse renal effects, Edistride is not recommended during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Limited data with Edistride in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy.

In animal studies, adverse renal pelvic and tubule dilatations, that were not fully reversible, were observed in rats when dapagliflozin was administered during a period of renal development corresponding to the late second and third trimesters of human pregnancy, at all doses tested; the lowest of which provided an exposure 15-times the 10 mg clinical dose.

The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6-10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes with a HbA1c greater than 7% and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with HbA1c greater than 10%. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-Associated Maternal And/Or Embryo-Fetal Risk

Poorly controlled diabetes in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, preeclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, still birth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity.

Data

Animal Data

Dapagliflozin dosed directly to juvenile rats from postnatal day (PND) 21 until PND 90 at doses of 1, 15, or 75 mg/kg/day, increased kidney weights and increased the incidence of renal pelvic and tubular dilatations at all dose levels. Exposure at the lowest dose tested was 15-times the 10 mg clinical dose (based on AUC). The renal pelvic and tubular dilatations observed in juvenile animals did not fully reverse within a 1-month recovery period.

In a prenatal and postnatal development study, dapagliflozin was administered to maternal rats from gestation day 6 through lactation day 21 at doses of 1, 15, or 75 mg/kg/day, and pups were indirectly exposed in utero and throughout lactation. Increased incidence or severity of renal pelvic dilatation was observed in 21-day-old pups offspring of treated dams at 75 mg/kg/day (maternal and pup dapagliflozin exposures were 1415-times and 137-times, respectively, the human values at the 10 mg clinical dose, based on AUC). Dose-related reductions in pup body weights were observed at greater or equal to 29-times the 10 mg clinical dose (based on AUC). No adverse effects on developmental endpoints were noted at 1 mg/kg/day (19-times the 10 mg clinical dose, based on AUC).

In embryo-fetal development studies in rats and rabbits, dapagliflozin was administered throughout organogenesis, corresponding to the first trimester of human pregnancy. In rats, dapagliflozin was neither embryolethal nor teratogenic at doses greater than 75 mg/kg/day (1441-times the 10 mg clinical dose, based on AUC). Dose-related effects on the rat fetus (structural abnormalities and reduced body weight) occurred only at higher dosages, greater than 150 mg/kg (more than 2344-times the 10 mg clinical dose, based on AUC), which were associated with maternal toxicity. These outcomes occurred with drug exposure during periods of renal development in rats that corresponds to the late second and third trimester of human development. No developmental toxicities were observed in rabbits at doses up to 180 mg/kg/day (1191-times the 10 mg clinical dose, based on AUC).

Lactation

Risk Summary

There is no information regarding the presence of dapagliflozin in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. Dapagliflozin is present in the milk of lactating rats. However, due to species-specific differences in lactation physiology, the clinical relevance of these data are not clear. Since human kidney maturation occurs in utero and during the first 2 years of life when lactational exposure may occur, there may be risk to the developing human kidney.

Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infants, advise women that use of Edistride is not recommended while breastfeeding.

Data

It is not known whether Edistride is excreted in human milk. Dapagliflozin was present in rat milk at a milk/plasma ratio of 0.49 indicating that dapagliflozin and its metabolites are transferred into milk at a concentration that is approximately 50% of that in maternal plasma. Juvenile rats directly exposed to dapagliflozin showed risk to the developing kidney (renal pelvic and tubular dilatations) during maturation.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness of Edistride in pediatric patients under 18 years of age have not been established.

Geriatric Use

No Edistride dosage change is recommended based on age. A total of 1424 (24%) of the 5936 Edistride-treated patients were 65 years and older and 207 (3.5%) patients were 75 years and older in a pool of 21 double-blind, controlled, clinical safety and efficacy studies of Edistride. After controlling for level of renal function (eGFR), efficacy was similar for patients under age 65 years and those 65 years and older. In patients ≥ 65 years of age, a higher proportion of patients treated with Edistride had adverse reactions related to volume depletion and renal impairment or failure compared to patients treated with placebo.

Renal Impairment

The safety and efficacy of Edistride were evaluated in a study that included patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²). Compared to placebo-treated patients, patients with moderate renal impairment treated with Edistride did not have improvement in glycemic control and had more renal-related adverse reactions and more bone fractures ; therefore, Edistride initiation is not recommended in this population.

Based on its mechanism of action, Edistride is not expected to be effective in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) or ESRD.

Hepatic Impairment

No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment. However, the benefit-risk for the use of dapagliflozin in patients with severe hepatic impairment should be individually assessed since the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin have not been specifically studied in this population.

Summary of the safety profile

In a pre-specified pooled analysis of 13 placebo-controlled studies, 2,360 subjects were treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg and 2,295 were treated with placebo.

The most frequently reported adverse reaction was hypoglycaemia, which depended on the type of background therapy used in each study. The frequency of minor episodes of hypoglycaemia was similar between treatment groups, including placebo, with the exceptions of studies with add-on sulphonylurea (SU) and add-on insulin therapies. Combination therapies with sulphonylurea and add-on insulin had higher rates of hypoglycaemia (see Hypoglycaemia below).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The following adverse reactions have been identified in the placebo-controlled clinical trials. None were found to be dose-related. Adverse reactions listed below are classified according to frequency and system organ class (SOC). Frequency categories are defined according to the following convention: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table 1. Adverse reactions in placebo-controlled clinical studies^a and postmarketing experience

^aThe table shows up to 24-week (short-term) data regardless of glycaemic rescue.

^bSee corresponding subsection below for additional information.

^cVulvovaginitis, balanitis and related genital infections includes, e.g. the predefined preferred terms: vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vaginal infection, balanitis, genital infection fungal, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vulvovaginitis, balanitis candida, genital candidiasis, genital infection, genital infection male, penile infection, vulvitis, vaginitis bacterial, vulval abscess.

^dUrinary tract infection includes the following preferred terms, listed in order of frequency reported: urinary tract infection, cystitis, Escherichia urinary tract infection, genitourinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, trigonitis, urethritis, kidney infection and prostatitis.

^eVolume depletion includes, e.g. the predefined preferred terms: dehydration, hypovolaemia, hypotension.

^fPolyuria includes the preferred terms: pollakiuria, polyuria, urine output increased.

^gMean changes from baseline in haematocrit were 2.30% for dapagliflozin 10 mg versus-0.33% for placebo. Haematocrit values >55% were reported in 1.3% of the subjects treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg versus 0.4% of placebo subjects.

^hMean percent change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg versus placebo, respectively, was: total cholesterol 2.5% versus 0.0%; HDL cholesterol 6.0% versus 2.7%; LDL cholesterol 2.9% versus -1.0%; triglycerides -2.7% versus -0.7%.

^jAdverse reaction was identified through postmarketing surveillance. Rash includes the following preferred terms, listed in order of frequency in clinical trials: rash, rash generalised, rash pruritic, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash pustular, rash vesicular, and rash erythematous. In active- and placebo-controlled clinical trials (dapagliflozin, N=5936, All control, N=3403), the frequency of rash was similar for dapagliflozin (1.4 %) and all control (1.4%), respectively.

^*Reported in > 2% of subjects and > 1% more and at least 3 more subjects treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg compared to placebo.

^**Reported by the investigator as possibly related, probably related or related to study treatment and reported in > 0.2% of subjects and > 0.1% more and at least 3 more subjects treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg compared to placebo.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Hypoglycaemia

The frequency of hypoglycaemia depended on the type of background therapy used in each study.

For studies of dapagliflozin in monotherapy, as add-on to metformin or as add-on to sitagliptin (with or without metformin), the frequency of minor episodes of hypoglycaemia was similar (< 5%) between treatment groups, including placebo up to 102 weeks of treatment. Across all studies, major events of hypoglycaemia were uncommon and comparable between the groups treated with dapagliflozin or placebo. Studies with add-on sulphonylurea and add-on insulin therapies had higher rates of hypoglycaemia.

In an add-on to glimepiride study, at weeks 24 and 48, minor episodes of hypoglycaemia were reported more frequently in the group treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg plus glimepiride (6.0% and 7.9%, respectively) than in the placebo plus glimepiride group (2.1% and 2.1%, respectively).

In an add-on to insulin study, episodes of major hypoglycaemia were reported in 0.5% and 1.0% of subjects treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg plus insulin at Weeks 24 and 104, respectively, and in 0.5% of subjects treated with placebo plus insulin groups at Weeks 24 and 104. At Weeks 24 and 104, minor episodes of hypoglycaemia were reported, respectively, in 40.3% and 53.1% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg plus insulin and in 34.0% and 41.6% of the subjects who received placebo plus insulin.

In an add-on to metformin and a sulphonylurea study, up to 24 weeks, no episodes of major hypoglycaemia were reported. Minor episodes of hypoglycaemia were reported in 12.8% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg plus metformin and a sulphonylurea and in 3.7% of subjects who received placebo plus metformin and a sulphonylurea.

Volume depletion

Reactions related to volume depletion (including, reports of dehydration, hypovolaemia or hypotension) were reported in 1.1% and 0.7% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively; serious reactions occurred in < 0.2% of subjects balanced between dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo.

Vulvovaginitis, balanitis and related genital infections

Vulvovaginitis, balanitis and related genital infections were reported in 5.5% and 0.6% of subjects who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. Most infections were mild to moderate, and subjects responded to an initial course of standard treatment and rarely resulted in discontinuation from dapagliflozin treatment. These infections were more frequent in females (8.4% and 1.2% for dapagliflozin and placebo, respectively), and subjects with a prior history were more likely to have a recurrent infection.

Urinary tract infections

Increased creatinine

Adverse reactions related to increased creatinine were grouped (e.g. decreased renal creatinine clearance, renal impairment, increased blood creatinine and decreased glomerular filtration rate). This grouping of reactions was reported in 3.2% and 1.8% of patients who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. In patients with normal renal function or mild renal impairment (baseline eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73m²) this grouping of reactions were reported in 1.3% and 0.8% of patients who received dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. These reactions were more common in patients with baseline eGFR > 30 and < 60 ml/min/1.73m² (18.5% dapagliflozin 10 mg vs 9.3% placebo).

Further evaluation of patients who had renal-related adverse events showed that most had serum creatinine changes of ≤ 0.5 mg/dl from baseline. The increases in creatinine were generally transient during continuous treatment or reversible after discontinuation of treatment.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Small increases in serum PTH levels were observed with increases being larger in subjects with higher baseline PTH concentrations. Bone mineral density measurements in patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function did not indicate bone loss over a treatment period of two years.

Malignancies

During clinical trials, the overall proportion of subjects with malignant or unspecified tumours was similar between those treated with dapagliflozin (1.50%) and placebo/comparator (1.50%), and there was no carcinogenicity or mutagenicity signal in animal data. When considering the cases of tumours occurring in the different organ systems, the relative risk associated with dapagliflozin was above 1 for some tumours (bladder, prostate, breast) and below 1 for others (e.g. blood and lymphatic, ovary, renal tract), not resulting in an overall increased tumour risk associated with dapagliflozin. The increased/decreased risk was not statistically significant in any of the organ systems. Considering the lack of tumour findings in non-clinical studies as well as the short latency between first drug exposure and tumour diagnosis, a causal relationship is considered unlikely. Since the numerical imbalance of breast, bladder and prostate tumours must be considered with caution, it will be further investigated in post-authorisation studies.

Special populations

Elderly (> 65 years)

In subjects > 65 years of age, adverse reactions related to renal impairment or failure were reported in 7.7% of subjects treated with dapagliflozin and 3.8% of subjects treated with placebo. The most commonly reported adverse reaction related to renal function was increased serum creatinine. The majority of these reactions were transient and reversible. In subjects > 65 years of age, adverse reactions of volume depletion, most commonly reported as hypotension, were reported in 1.7% and 0.8% of dapagliflozin-treated subjects and placebo-treated subjects, respectively.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:

United Kingdom

Yellow Card Scheme

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

Ireland

HPRA Pharmacovigilance

Earlsfort Terrace

IRL - Dublin 2

Tel: +353 1 6764971

Fax: +353 1 6762517

Website: www.hpra.ie

e-mail: [email protected]

Malta

ADR Reporting

Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal

The following important adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:

• Hypotension
• Ketoacidosis
• Acute Kidney Injury and Impairment in Renal Function
• Urosepsis and Pyelonephritis
• Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin and Insulin Secretagogues
• Genital Mycotic Infections
• Increases in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
• Bladder Cancer

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Pool Of 12 Placebo-Controlled Studies For Edistride 5 And 10 mg

The data in Table 1 is derived from 12 placebo-controlled studies ranging from 12 to 24 weeks. In 4 studies Edistride was used as monotherapy, and in 8 studies Edistride was used as add-on to background antidiabetic therapy or as combination therapy with metformin.

These data reflect exposure of 2338 patients to Edistride with a mean exposure duration of 21 weeks. Patients received placebo (N=1393), Edistride 5 mg (N=1145), or Edistride 10 mg (N=1193) once daily. The mean age of the population was 55 years and 2% were older than 75 years of age. Fifty percent (50%) of the population were male; 81% were White, 14% were Asian, and 3% were Black or African American. At baseline, the population had diabetes for an average of 6 years, had a mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 8.3%, and 21% had established microvascular complications of diabetes. Baseline renal function was normal or mildly impaired in 92% of patients and moderately impaired in 8% of patients (mean eGFR 86 mL/min/1.73 m²).

Table 1 shows common adverse reactions associated with the use of Edistride. These adverse reactions were not present at baseline, occurred more commonly on Edistride than on placebo, and occurred in at least 2% of patients treated with either Edistride 5 mg or Edistride 10 mg.

Table 1: Adverse Reactions in Placebo-Controlled Studies Reported in ≥ 2% of Patients Treated with Edistride

Pool Of 13 Placebo-Controlled Studies For Edistride 10 mg

The safety and tolerability of Edistride 10 mg was also evaluated in a larger placebo-controlled study pool. This pool combined 13 placebo-controlled studies, including 3 monotherapy studies, 9 add-on to background antidiabetic therapy studies, and an initial combination with metformin study. Across these 13 studies, 2360 patients were treated once daily with Edistride 10 mg for a mean duration of exposure of 22 weeks. The mean age of the population was 59 years and 4% were older than 75 years. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of the population were male; 84% were White, 9% were Asian, and 3% were Black or African American. At baseline, the population had diabetes for an average of 9 years, had a mean HbA1c of 8.2%, and 30% had established microvascular disease. Baseline renal function was normal or mildly impaired in 88% of patients and moderately impaired in 11% of patients (mean eGFR 82 mL/min/1.73 m²).

Volume Depletion

Edistride causes an osmotic diuresis, which may lead to reductions in intravascular volume. Adverse reactions related to volume depletion (including reports of dehydration, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension, or hypotension) are shown in Table 2 for the 12-study and 13-study, short-term, placebo-controlled pools.

Table 2: Adverse Reactions of Volume Depletion* in Clinical Studies with Edistride

Impairment Of Renal Function

Use of Edistride was associated with increases in serum creatinine and decreases in eGFR (see Table 3). In patients with normal or mildly impaired renal function at baseline, serum creatinine and eGFR returned to baseline values at Week 24. Renal-related adverse reactions, including renal failure and blood creatinine increase, were more frequent in patients treated with Edistride (see Table 4). Elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function were more susceptible to these adverse reactions (see Table 4). Sustained decreases in eGFR were seen in patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²).

Table 3: Changes in Serum Creatinine and eGFR Associated with Edistride in the Pool of 12 Placebo-Controlled Studies and Moderate Renal Impairment Study

Table 4: Proportion of Patients with at Least One Renal Impairment-Related Adverse Reaction

The safety of Edistride was evaluated in a study of patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²). In this study 13 patients experienced bone fractures for treatment durations up to 104 weeks. No fractures occurred in the placebo group, 5 occurred in the Edistride 5 mg group, and 8 occurred in the Edistride 10 mg group. Eight of these 13 fractures were in patients who had a baseline eGFR of 30 to 45 mL/min/1.73 m². Eleven of the 13 fractures were reported within the first 52 weeks. There was no apparent pattern with respect to the anatomic site of fracture.

Hypoglycemia

The frequency of hypoglycemia by study is shown in Table 5. Hypoglycemia was more frequent when Edistride was added to sulfonylurea or insulin.

Table 5: Incidence of Major* and Minor† Hypoglycemia in Controlled Clinical Studies

Genital Mycotic Infections

Genital mycotic infections were more frequent with Edistride treatment. Genital mycotic infections were reported in 0.9% of patients on placebo, 5.7% on Edistride 5 mg, and 4.8% on Edistride 10 mg, in the 12-study placebo-controlled pool. Discontinuation from study due to genital infection occurred in 0% of placebo-treated patients and 0.2% of patients treated with Edistride 10 mg. Infections were more frequently reported in females than in males (see Table 1). The most frequently reported genital mycotic infections were vulvovaginal mycotic infections in females and balanitis in males. Patients with a history of genital mycotic infections were more likely to have a genital mycotic infection during the study than those with no prior history (10.0%, 23.1%, and 25.0% versus 0.8%, 5.9%, and 5.0% on placebo, Edistride 5 mg, and Edistride 10 mg, respectively).

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., angioedema, urticaria, hypersensitivity) were reported with Edistride treatment. Across the clinical program, serious anaphylactic reactions and severe cutaneous adverse reactions and angioedema were reported in 0.2% of comparator-treated patients and 0.3% of Edistride-treated patients. If hypersensitivity reactions occur, discontinue use of Edistride; treat per standard of care and monitor until signs and symptoms resolve.

Laboratory Tests

Increase In Hematocrit

In the pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies, increases from baseline in mean hematocrit values were observed in Edistride-treated patients starting at Week 1 and continuing up to Week 16, when the maximum mean difference from baseline was observed. At Week 24, the mean changes from baseline in hematocrit were -0.33% in the placebo group and 2.30% in the Edistride 10 mg group. By Week 24, hematocrit values >55% were reported in 0.4% of placebo-treated patients and 1.3% of Edistride 10 mg-treated patients.

Increase In Serum Inorganic Phosphorus

In the pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies, increases from baseline in mean serum phosphorus levels were reported at Week 24 in Edistride-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients (mean increase of 0.13 versus -0.04 mg/dL, respectively). Higher proportions of patients with marked laboratory abnormalities of hyperphosphatemia (≥ 5.6 mg/dL for age 17-65 years or ≥ 5.1 mg/dL for age ≥ 66 years) were reported on Edistride at Week 24 (0.9% versus 1.7% for placebo and Edistride 10 mg, respectively).

Increase In Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

In the pool of 13 placebo-controlled studies, changes from baseline in mean lipid values were reported in Edistride-treated patients compared to placebo-treated patients. Mean percent changes from baseline at Week 24, were 0.0% versus 2.5% for total cholesterol and -1.0% versus 2.9% for LDL cholesterol, in the placebo and Edistride 10 mg groups, respectively.

Decrease In Serum Bicarbonate

In a study of concomitant therapy of Edistride 10 mg with exenatide extended-release (on a background of metformin), four patients (1.7%) on concomitant therapy had a serum bicarbonate value of less than or equal to 13 mEq/L compared to one each (0.4%) in the Edistride and exenatide-extended release treatment groups.

Postmarketing Experience

Additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Edistride. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

• Ketoacidosis
• Acute Kidney Injury and Impairment in Renal Function
• Urosepsis and Pyelonephritis
• Rash

Dapagliflozin did not show any toxicity in healthy subjects at single oral doses up to 500 mg (50 times the maximum recommended human dose). These subjects had detectable glucose in the urine for a dose-related period of time (at least 5 days for the 500 mg dose), with no reports of dehydration, hypotension or electrolyte imbalance, and with no clinically meaningful effect on QTc interval. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was similar to placebo. In clinical studies where once-daily doses of up to 100 mg (10 times the maximum recommended human dose) were administered for 2 weeks in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetes subjects, the incidence of hypoglycaemia was slightly higher than placebo and was not dose-related. Rates of adverse events including dehydration or hypotension were similar to placebo, and there were no clinically meaningful dose-related changes in laboratory parameters, including serum electrolytes and biomarkers of renal function.

In the event of an overdose, appropriate supportive treatment should be initiated as dictated by the patient's clinical status. The removal of dapagliflozin by haemodialysis has not been studied.

There were no reports of overdose during the clinical development program for Edistride.

In the event of an overdose, contact the Poison Control Center. It is also reasonable to employ supportive measures, as dictated by the patient's clinical status. The removal of dapagliflozin by hemodialysis has not been studied.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, ATC code: A10BK01

Mechanism of action

Dapagliflozin is a highly potent (K_i: 0.55 nM), selective and reversible inhibitor of SGLT2.

The SGLT2 is selectively expressed in the kidney with no expression detected in more than 70 other tissues including liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, breast, bladder and brain. SGLT2 is the predominant transporter responsible for reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate back into the circulation. Despite the presence of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, reabsorption of filtered glucose continues. Dapagliflozin improves both fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose levels by reducing renal glucose reabsorption leading to urinary glucose excretion. This glucose excretion (glucuretic effect) is observed after the first dose, is continuous over the 24-hour dosing interval and is sustained for the duration of treatment. The amount of glucose removed by the kidney through this mechanism is dependent upon the blood glucose concentration and GFR. Dapagliflozin does not impair normal endogenous glucose production in response to hypoglycaemia. Dapagliflozin acts independently of insulin secretion and insulin action. Improvement in homeostasis model assessment for beta cell function (HOMA beta-cell) has been observed in clinical studies with Edistride.

Urinary glucose excretion (glucuresis) induced by dapagliflozin is associated with caloric loss and reduction in weight. Inhibition of glucose and sodium co-transport by dapagliflozin is also associated with mild diuresis and transient natriuresis.

Dapagliflozin does not inhibit other glucose transporters important for glucose transport into peripheral tissues and is > 1,400 times more selective for SGLT2 versus SGLT1, the major transporter in the gut responsible for glucose absorption.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Increases in the amount of glucose excreted in the urine were observed in healthy subjects and in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus following the administration of dapagliflozin. Approximately 70 g of glucose was excreted in the urine per day (corresponding to 280 kcal/day) at a dapagliflozin dose of 10 mg/day in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 12 weeks. Evidence of sustained glucose excretion was seen in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus given dapagliflozin 10 mg/day for up to 2 years.

This urinary glucose excretion with dapagliflozin also results in osmotic diuresis and increases in urinary volume in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Urinary volume increases in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg were sustained at 12 weeks and amounted to approximately 375 ml/day. The increase in urinary volume was associated with a small and transient increase in urinary sodium excretion that was not associated with changes in serum sodium concentrations.

Urinary uric acid excretion was also increased transiently (for 3-7 days) and accompanied by a sustained reduction in serum uric acid concentration. At 24 weeks, reductions in serum uric acid concentrations ranged from -48.3 to -18.3 micromoles/l (-0.87 to -0.33 mg/dl).

Clinical efficacy and safety

Fourteen double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trials were conducted with 7,056 subjects with type 2 diabetes to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Edistride; 4,737 subjects in these studies were treated with dapagliflozin. Twelve studies had a treatment period of 24 weeks duration, 8 with long-term extensions ranging from 24 to 80 weeks (up to a total study duration of 104 weeks), one study had a 28-week treatment period, and one study was 52 weeks in duration with long-term extensions of 52 and 104 weeks (total study duration of 208 weeks). Mean duration of diabetes ranged from 1.4 to 16.9 years. Fifty percent (50%) had mild renal impairment and 11% had moderate renal impairment. Fifty-one percent (51%) of the subjects were men, 84% were White, 8% were Asian, 4% were Black and 4% were of other racial groups. Eighty-one percent (81%) of the subjects had a body mass index (BMI) > 27. Furthermore, two 12-week, placebo-controlled studies were conducted in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

Glycaemic control

Monotherapy

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 24-week duration (with an additional extension period) was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of monotherapy with Edistride in subjects with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Once-daily treatment with dapagliflozin resulted in statistically significant (p < 0.0001) reductions in HbA1c compared to placebo (Table 2).

In the extension period, HbA1c reductions were sustained through Week 102 (-0.61%, and -0.17% adjusted mean change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively).

Table 2. Results at Week 24 (LOCF^a) of a placebo-controlled study of dapagliflozin as monotherapy

Add-on combination therapy

In a 52-week, active-controlled non-inferiority study (with 52- and 104-week extension periods), Edistride was evaluated as add-on therapy to metformin compared with a sulphonylurea (glipizide) as add-on therapy to metformin in subjects with inadequate glycaemic control (HbA1c > 6.5% and ≤ 10%). The results showed a similar mean reduction in HbA1c from baseline to Week 52, compared to glipizide, thus demonstrating non-inferiority (Table 3). At Week 104, adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.32% for dapagliflozin and -0.14% for glipizide. At Week 208, adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.10% for dapagliflozin and 0.20% for glipizide. At 52, 104 and 208 weeks, a significantly lower proportion of subjects in the group treated with dapagliflozin (3.5%, 4.3% and 5.0%, respectively) experienced at least one event of hypoglycaemia compared to the group treated with glipizide (40.8%, 47.0% and 50%, respectively). The proportion of subjects remaining in the study at Week 104 and Week 208 was 56.2% and 39.7% for the group treated with dapagliflozin and 50.0% and 34.6% for the group treated with glipizide.

Table 3. Results at Week 52 (LOCF^a) in an active-controlled study comparing dapagliflozin to glipizide as add-on to metformin

Dapagliflozin as an add-on with either metformin, glimepiride, metformin and a sulphonylurea, sitagliptin (with or without metformin) or insulin resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c at 24 weeks compared with subjects receiving placebo (p < 0.0001; Tables 4, 5 and 6).

The reductions in HbA1c observed at Week 24 were sustained in add-on combination studies (glimepiride and insulin) with 48-week data (glimepiride) and up to 104-week data (insulin). At Week 48 when added to sitagliptin (with or without metformin), the adjusted mean change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo was -0.30% and 0.38%, respectively. For the add-on to metformin study, HbA1c reductions were sustained through Week 102 (-0.78% and 0.02% adjusted mean change from baseline for 10 mg and placebo, respectively). At Week 104 for insulin (with or without additional oral glucose-lowering medicinal products), the HbA1c reductions were -0.71% and -0.06% adjusted mean change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. At Weeks 48 and 104, the insulin dose remained stable compared to baseline in subjects treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg at an average dose of 76 IU/day. In the placebo group there was a mean increase of 10.5 IU/day and 18.3 IU/day from baseline (mean average dose of 84 and 92 IU/day) at Weeks 48 and 104, respectively. The proportion of subjects remaining in the study at Week 104 was 72.4% for the group treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg and 54.8% for the placebo group.

Table 4. Results of 24-week (LOCF^a) placebo-controlled studies of dapagliflozin in add-on combination with metformin or sitagliptin (with or without metformin)

Table 5. Results of 24-week placebo-controlled studies of dapagliflozin in add-on combination with sulphonylurea (glimepiride) or metformin and a sulphonylurea

Table 6. Results at Week 24 (LOCF^a) in a placebo-controlled study of dapagliflozin in combination with insulin (alone or with oral glucose-lowering medicinal products)

In combination with metformin in drug-naive patients

A total of 1,236 drug-naive patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c > 7.5% and ≤ 12%) participated in two active-controlled studies of 24 weeks duration to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin (5 mg or 10 mg) in combination with metformin in drug-naive patients versus therapy with the monocomponents.

Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg in combination with metformin (up to 2000 mg per day) provided significant improvements in HbA1c compared to the individual components (Table 7), and led to greater reductions in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (compared to the individual components) and body weight (compared to metformin).

Table 7: Results at Week 24 (LOCF^a) in an active-controlled study of dapagliflozin and metformin combination therapy in drug-naive patients

Combination therapy with prolonged-release exenatide

In a 28-week, double-blind, active comparator-controlled study, the combination of dapagliflozin and prolonged-release exenatide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) was compared to dapagliflozin alone and prolonged-release exenatide alone in subjects with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin alone (HbA1c > 8% and ≤ 12%). All treatment groups had a reduction in HbA1c compared to baseline. The combination treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide group showed superior reductions in HbA1c from baseline compared to dapagliflozin alone and prolonged-release exenatide alone (Table 8).

Table 8. Results of one 28-week trial of dapagliflozin and prolonged-release exenatide versus dapagliflozin alone and prolonged-release exenatide alone, in combination with metformin (intent to treat patients)

QD=once daily, QW=once weekly, N=number of patients, CI=confidence interval.

^aAdjusted least squares means (LS Means) and treatment group difference(s) in the change from baseline values at Week 28 are modelled using a mixed model with repeated measures (MMRM) including treatment, region, baseline HbA1c stratum (< 9.0% or > 9.0%), week, and treatment by week interaction as fixed factors, and baseline value as a covariate.

^*p < 0.001, ^**p < 0.01.

P-values are all adjusted p-values for multiplicity.

Analyses exclude measurements post rescue therapy and post premature discontinuation of study medicinal product.

Fasting plasma glucose

Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg as a monotherapy or as an add-on to either metformin, glimepiride, metformin and a sulphonylurea, sitagliptin (with or without metformin) or insulin resulted in statistically significant reductions in FPG (-1.90 to -1.20 mmol/l [-34.2 to -21.7 mg/dl]) compared to placebo (-0.33 to 0.21 mmol/l [-6.0 to 3.8 mg/dl]). This effect was observed at Week 1 of treatment and maintained in studies extended through Week 104.

Combination therapy of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide resulted in significantly greater reductions in FPG at Week 28: -3.66 mmol/l (-65.8 mg/dl), compared to -2.73 mmol/l (-49.2 mg/dl) for dapagliflozin alone (p < 0.001) and -2.54 mmol/l (-45.8 mg/dl) for exenatide alone (p < 0.001).

Post-prandial glucose

Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to glimepiride resulted in statistically significant reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose at 24 weeks that were maintained up to Week 48.

Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to sitagliptin (with or without metformin) resulted in reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose at 24 weeks that were maintained up to Week 48.

Combination therapy of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide resulted in significantly greater reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose at Week 28 compared to either agent alone.

Body weight

Dapagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to metformin, glimepiride, metformin and a sulphonylurea, sitagliptin (with or without metformin) or insulin resulted in statistically significant body weight reduction at 24 weeks (p < 0.0001, Tables 4 and 5). These effects were sustained in longer-term trials. At 48 weeks, the difference for dapagliflozin as add-on to sitagliptin (with or without metformin) compared with placebo was -2.22 kg. At 102 weeks, the difference for dapagliflozin as add-on to metformin compared with placebo, or as add-on to insulin compared with placebo was -2.14 and -2.88 kg, respectively.

As an add-on therapy to metformin in an active-controlled non-inferiority study, dapagliflozin resulted in a statistically significant body weight reduction compared with glipizide of -4.65 kg at 52 weeks (p < 0.0001, Table 3) that was sustained at 104 and 208 weeks (-5.06 kg and -4.38 kg, respectively).

The combination of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide demonstrated significantly greater weight reductions compared to either agent alone (Table 8).

A 24-week study in 182 diabetic subjects using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to evaluate body composition demonstrated reductions with dapagliflozin 10 mg plus metformin compared with placebo plus metformin, respectively, in body weight and body fat mass as measured by DXA rather than lean tissue or fluid loss. Treatment with Edistride plus metformin showed a

General

Increases in the amount of glucose excreted in the urine were observed in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following the administration of dapagliflozin (see Figure 1). Dapagliflozin doses of 5 or 10 mg per day in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 12 weeks resulted in excretion of approximately 70 grams of glucose in the urine per day at Week 12. A near maximum glucose excretion was observed at the dapagliflozin daily dose of 20 mg. This urinary glucose excretion with dapagliflozin also results in increases in urinary volume.

Figure 1: Scatter Plot and Fitted Line of Change from Baseline in 24-Hour Urinary Glucose Amount versus Dapagliflozin Dose in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (Semi-Log Plot)

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Dapagliflozin was not associated with clinically meaningful prolongation of QTc interval at daily doses up to 150 mg (15 times the recommended maximum dose) in a study of healthy subjects. In addition, no clinically meaningful effect on QTc interval was observed following single doses of up to 500 mg (50 times the recommended maximum dose) of dapagliflozin in healthy subjects.

Absorption

Dapagliflozin was rapidly and well absorbed after oral administration. Maximum dapagliflozin plasma concentrations (C_max) were usually attained within 2 hours after administration in the fasted state. Geometric mean steady-state dapagliflozin C_max and AUC values following once daily 10 mg doses of dapagliflozin were 158 ng/ml and 628 ng h/ml, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of dapagliflozin following the administration of a 10 mg dose is 78%. Administration with a high-fat meal decreased dapagliflozin C_max by up to 50% and prolonged T_max by approximately 1 hour, but did not alter AUC as compared with the fasted state. These changes are not considered to be clinically meaningful. Hence, Edistride can be administered with or without food.

Distribution

Dapagliflozin is approximately 91% protein bound. Protein binding was not altered in various disease states (e.g. renal or hepatic impairment). The mean steady-state volume of distribution of dapagliflozin was 118 litres.

Biotransformation

Dapagliflozin is extensively metabolised, primarily to yield dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide, which is an inactive metabolite. Dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide or other metabolites do not contribute to the glucose-lowering effects. The formation of dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide is mediated by UGT1A9, an enzyme present in the liver and kidney, and CYP-mediated metabolism was a minor clearance pathway in humans.

Elimination

The mean plasma terminal half-life (t_1/2) for dapagliflozin was 12.9 hours following a single oral dose of dapagliflozin 10 mg to healthy subjects. The mean total systemic clearance of dapagliflozin administered intravenously was 207 ml/min. Dapagliflozin and related metabolites are primarily eliminated via urinary excretion with less than 2% as unchanged dapagliflozin. After administration of a 50 mg [¹⁴C]-dapagliflozin dose, 96% was recovered, 75% in urine and 21% in faeces. In faeces, approximately 15% of the dose was excreted as parent drug.

Linearity

Dapagliflozin exposure increased proportional to the increment in dapagliflozin dose over the range of 0.1 to 500 mg and its pharmacokinetics did not change with time upon repeated daily dosing for up to 24 weeks.

Special populations

Renal impairment

At steady-state (20 mg once-daily dapagliflozin for 7 days), subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild, moderate or severe renal impairment (as determined by iohexol plasma clearance) had mean systemic exposures of dapagliflozin of 32%, 60% and 87% higher, respectively, than those of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal renal function. The steady-state 24-hour urinary glucose excretion was highly dependent on renal function and 85, 52, 18 and 11 g of glucose/day was excreted by subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal renal function or mild, moderate or severe renal impairment, respectively. The impact of hemodialysis on dapagliflozin exposure is not known.

Hepatic impairment

In subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classes A and B), mean C_max and AUC of dapagliflozin were up to 12% and 36% higher, respectively, compared to healthy matched control subjects. These differences were not considered to be clinically meaningful. In subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C) mean C_max and AUC of dapagliflozin were 40% and 67% higher than matched healthy controls, respectively.

Elderly (> 65 years)

There is no clinically meaningful increase in exposure based on age alone in subjects up to 70 years old. However, an increased exposure due to age-related decrease in renal function can be expected. There are insufficient data to draw conclusions regarding exposure in patients > 70 years old.

Paediatric population

Pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population have not been studied.

Gender

The mean dapagliflozin AUC_ss in females was estimated to be about 22% higher than in males.

Race

There were no clinically relevant differences in systemic exposures between White, Black or Asian races.

Body weight

Dapagliflozin exposure was found to decrease with increased weight. Consequently, low-weight patients may have somewhat increased exposure and patients with high weight somewhat decreased exposure. However, the differences in exposure were not considered clinically meaningful.

Absorption

Following oral administration of dapagliflozin, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) is usually attained within 2 hours under fasting state. The Cmax and AUC values increase dose proportionally with increase in dapagliflozin dose in the therapeutic dose range. The absolute oral bioavailability of dapagliflozin following the administration of a 10 mg dose is 78%. Administration of dapagliflozin with a high-fat meal decreases its Cmax by up to 50% and prolongs Tmax by approximately 1 hour, but does not alter AUC as compared with the fasted state. These changes are not considered to be clinically meaningful and dapagliflozin can be administered with or without food.

Distribution

Dapagliflozin is approximately 91% protein bound. Protein binding is not altered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

Metabolism

The metabolism of dapagliflozin is primarily mediated by UGT1A9; CYP-mediated metabolism is a minor clearance pathway in humans. Dapagliflozin is extensively metabolized, primarily to yield dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide, which is an inactive metabolite. Dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide accounted for 61% of a 50 mg [14C]-dapagliflozin dose and is the predominant drug-related component in human plasma.

Elimination

Dapagliflozin and related metabolites are primarily eliminated via the renal pathway. Following a single 50 mg dose of [¹⁴C]-dapagliflozin, 75% and 21% total radioactivity is excreted in urine and feces, respectively. In urine, less than 2% of the dose is excreted as parent drug. In feces, approximately 15% of the dose is excreted as parent drug. The mean plasma terminal half-life (t½) for dapagliflozin is approximately 12.9 hours following a single oral dose of Edistride 10 mg.