Components:
Medically reviewed by Militian Inessa Mesropovna, PharmD. Last updated on 22.05.2022
Attention! Information on this page is intended only for medical professionals! Information is collected in open sources and may contain significant errors! Be careful and double-check all the information on this page!
Top 20 medicines with the same components:
Clindamycin phosphate, USP is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria.
Clindamycin phosphate, USP is also indicated in the treatment of serious infections due to susceptible strains of streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci. Its use should be reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or other patients for whom, in the judgment of the physician, a penicillin is inappropriate. Because of the risk of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, as described in the WARNING box, before selecting clindamycin the physician should considere the nature of the infection and the suitability of less toxic alternatives (e.g., erythromycin).
Bacteriologic studies should be performed to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to clindamycin.
Indicated surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.
Clindamycin phosphate, USP is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated organisms in the conditions listed below:
Lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess caused by anaerobes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci (except E. faecalis), and Staphylococcus aureus.
Skin and skin structure infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobes.
Gynecological infections including endometritis, nongonococcal tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic cellulitis, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection caused by susceptible anaerobes.
Intra-abdominal infections including acute hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of chronic bone and joint infections due to susceptible organisms.
Septicemia caused by Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci (except Enterococcus faecalis), and susceptible anaerobes.
Bone and joint infections including acute hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and as adjunctive therapy in the surgical treatment of chronic bone and joint infections due to susceptible organisms.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of clindamycin and other antibacterial drugs, clindamycin should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
An indication is a term used for the list of condition or symptom or illness for which the medicine is prescribed or used by the patient. For example, acetaminophen or paracetamol is used for fever by the patient, or the doctor prescribes it for a headache or body pains. Now fever, headache and body pains are the indications of paracetamol. A patient should be aware of the indications of medications used for common conditions because they can be taken over the counter in the pharmacy meaning without prescription by the Physician.Clotrimazole® Troches are indicated for the local treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. The diagnosis should be confirmed by a KOH smear and/or culture prior to treatment.
Clotrimazole® Troches are also indicated prophylactically to reduce the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients immunocompromised by conditions that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or steroid therapy utilized in the treatment of leukemia, solid tumors, or renal transplantation. There are no data from adequate and well-controlled trials to establish the safety and efficacy of this product for prophylactic use in patients immunocompromised by etiologies other than those listed in the previous sentence.
An indication is a term used for the list of condition or symptom or illness for which the medicine is prescribed or used by the patient. For example, acetaminophen or paracetamol is used for fever by the patient, or the doctor prescribes it for a headache or body pains. Now fever, headache and body pains are the indications of paracetamol. A patient should be aware of the indications of medications used for common conditions because they can be taken over the counter in the pharmacy meaning without prescription by the Physician.Symptomatic Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole is indicated for the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis in females and males when the presence of thetrichomonad has been confirmed by appropriate laboratory procedures (wet smears and/or cultures).
Asymptomatic Trichomoniasis
Metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic females when the organism is associated with endocervi-citis, cervicitis, or cervical erosion. Since there is evidence that presence of the trichomonad can interfere with accurate assessment of abnormal cytological smears, additional smears should be performed after eradication of the parasite.
Treatment of Asymptomatic Consorts.
T. vagi-nalis infection is a venereal disease. Therefore, asymptomatic sexual partners of treated patients should be treated simultaneously if the organism has been found to be present, in order to prevent reinfection of the partner. The decision as to whether to treat an asymptomatic male partner who has a negative culture or one for whom no culture has been attempted is an individual one. In making this decision, it should be noted that there is evidence that a woman may become reinfected if her consort is not treated. Also, since there can be considerable difficulty in isolating the organism from the asymptomatic male carrier, negative smears and cultures cannot be relied upon in this regard. In any event, the consort should be treated with Metronidazole in cases of reinfection.
Amebiasis
Metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysen-tery)and amebic liver abscess.
In amebic liver abscess, Metronidazole therapy does not obviate the need for aspiration or drainage of pus.
Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
Metronidazole is indicated in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria. Indicated surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with Metronidazole therapy. In a mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection, antimicrobials appropriate for the treatment of the aerobic infection should be used in addition to Metronidazole.
In the treatment of most serious anaerobic infections, Metronidazole I.V. (metronidazole hydrochloride) or Metronidazole I.V. RTU® (metronidazole) is usually administered initially. This may be followed by oral ther-apy with Metronidazole (metronidazole) at the discretion of the physician.
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS, including peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and liver abscess, caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group (B. fragilis, B. distasonis,B. ovatus, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus), Clostrid-ium species, Eubacterium species, Peptococcus niger, and Peptostreptococcus species.
SKIN AND SKIN STRUCTURE INFECTIONS caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group, Clostridium species, Peptococcus niger,Peptostreptococcus species, and Fusobacte-rium species.
GYNECOLOGIC INFECTIONS, including endo-metritis, endomyometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection, caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group, Clostridium species, Peptococcusniger, and Pepto-streptococcus species.
BACTERIAL SEPTICEMIA caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group, and Clos-tridium species.
BONE AND JOINT INFECTIONS, as adjunctive therapy, caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) INFECTIONS, including meningitis and brain abscess, caused by Bacteroides species including the B.fragilis group.
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess, caused by Bacteroides species including the B. fragilis group.
ENDOCARDITIS caused by Bacteroides species including the B.fragilis group.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Metronidazole and other antibacterial drugs, Metronidazole should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Clindamycin is an antibiotic. Clindamycin phosphate prevents bacteria from growing on the skin.
Clindamycin phosphate (for the skin) is used to treat severe acne in adults and children who are at least 12 years old.
Clindamycin phosphate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Clotrimazole lozenges are dissolved slowly in the mouth to prevent and treat thrush. Thrush, also called candidiasis or white mouth, is a fungus infection of the mouth and throat. clotrimazole may also be used for other problems as determined by your doctor.
Clotrimazole is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Metronidazole is used to treat bacterial infections in different areas of the body. The extended-release tablets are used to treat women with vaginal infections (bacterial vaginosis).
Metronidazole belongs to the class of medicines known as antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. However, metronidazole will not work for colds, flu, or other virus infections.
metronidazole is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Once a medicine has been approved for marketing for a certain use, experience may show that it is also useful for other medical problems. Although these uses are not included in product labeling, metronidazole is used in certain patients with the following medical conditions:
- Clostridium difficile diarrhea or colitis (antibiotic-associated colitis).
- Crohn's disease (inflammatory bowel disease).
- Gastritis or stomach ulcers due to Helicobacter pylori.
- Giardiasis (parasite infection in the intestines).
Apply a thin film of Clindamycin Phosphate
Topical Solution twice daily to affected area. Keep all liquid dosage forms in containers tightly closed.
How supplied
Clindamycin Phosphate
Topical Solution, USP 1%
30 mL applicator bottles - NDC 0472-0987-91
60 mL applicator bottles - NDC 0472-0987-92
Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F). Protect from freezing.
Manufactured by: G&W Laboratories, Inc., 111 Coolidge Street, South Plainfield, NJ 07080. Distributed by: Actavis Pharma, Inc., Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA. Revised: Sep 2016
Usual Adult Dose for Tinea Corporis
Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 4 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Adult Dose for Tinea Cruris
Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 2 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Adult Dose for Tinea Pedis
Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 4 to 8 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Adult Dose for Cutaneous Candidiasis
Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 2 to 4 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Adult Dose for Tinea Versicolor
Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 2 to 4 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Adult Dose for Vaginal Candidiasis
Regimen 1: 100 mg (one 100 mg vaginal suppository) intravaginally once a day for 7 consecutive days alone or in combination with topical application of 1% Clotrimazole to affected area two times daily for 7 consecutive days.
Regimen 2: 200 mg (one 200 mg vaginal suppository) intravaginally once a day for 3 consecutive days alone or in combination with topical application of 1% Clotrimazole to affected area two times daily for 7 consecutive days.
Regimen 3: 500 mg (one 500 mg vaginal suppository) intravaginally once.
Regimen 4: One applicatorful of 1% clotrimazole vaginal cream intravaginally once daily (preferably at bedtime) for 7 consecutive days.
Regimen 5: One applicatorful of 2% clotrimazole vaginal cream intravaginally once daily (preferably at bedtime) for 3 consecutive days.
Studies have shown the three and seven day courses of clotrimazole to be equally effective. Patient compliance may be increased with a three day course. Patients who fail to achieve a cure with a single 500 mg dose should be treated with a 3 or 7 day course of clotrimazole.
Weekly or monthly clotrimazole vaginal suppositories appear to be effective topical regimens for chronic suppressive therapy in female patients with HIV.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Tinea Corporis
> 3 years: Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 4 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Tinea Cruris
> 3 years: Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 2 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Tinea Pedis
> 3 years: Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 4 to 8 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cutaneous Candidiasis
> 3 years: Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 2 to 4 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Tinea Versicolor
> 3 years: Apply clotrimazole topical in a quantity sufficient to cover the affected area and immediately surrounding skin twice a day for 2 to 4 weeks, depending on the nature and severity of the infection.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Vaginal Candidiasis
> 12 years: Regimen 1: 100 mg (one 100 mg vaginal suppository) intravaginally once a day for 7 consecutive days alone or in combination with topical application of 1% Clotrimazole to affected area two times daily for 7 consecutive days.
Regimen 2: 200 mg (one 200 mg vaginal suppository) intravaginally once a day for 3 consecutive days alone or in combination with topical application of 1% Clotrimazole to affected area two times daily for 7 consecutive days.
Regimen 3: 500 mg (one 500 mg vaginal suppository) intravaginally once.
Regimen 4: One applicatorful of 1% clotrimazole vaginal cream intravaginally once daily (preferably at bedtime) for 7 consecutive days.
Studies have shown the three and seven day courses of clotrimazole to be equally effective. Patient compliance may be increased with a three day course. Patients who fail to achieve a cure with a single 500 mg dose should be treated with a 3 or 7 day course of clotrimazole.
Weekly or monthly clotrimazole vaginal suppositories appear to be effective topical regimens for chronic suppressive therapy in female patients with HIV.
Renal Dose Adjustments
Data not available
Liver Dose Adjustments
Data not available
Dialysis
Data not available
Usual Adult Dose for Acne Rosacea
Metronidazole topical 1% gel or cream: Apply a thin film to the affected area once a day.
Metronidazole topical 0.75% gel, cream, or lotion: Apply a thin film to the affected area twice a day.
Usual Adult Dose for Bacterial Vaginosis
Insert one applicatorful of metronidazole topical 0.75% vaginal gel intravaginally once (at bedtime) or twice a day for 5 consecutive days.
Renal Dose Adjustments
Data not available
Liver Dose Adjustments
Gel, cream, lotion: Data not available
Vaginal gel: The manufacturer recommends caution when administering this drug to patients with severe hepatic disease.
Dose Adjustments
The duration of topical therapy is 4 to 10 weeks depending on the nature and severity of the condition.
Precautions
Patients should be advised to use metronidazole topical less frequently or discontinue use if a reaction suggesting local irritation occurs.
Convulsive seizures and peripheral neuropathy have been reported in patients receiving oral or IV metronidazole. If abnormal neurologic signs appear, metronidazole topical vaginal gel should be discontinued at once. The use of metronidazole topical 1% gel should be reevaluated at once if abnormal neurologic signs appear. Metronidazole topical should be used with caution in patients with central nervous system diseases.
Metronidazole topical should be used with caution in patients with evidence of, or history of blood dyscrasia.
Although disulfiram-like reactions have not been reported in patients receiving vaginal metronidazole, the manufacturer recommends that alcohol be avoided. Metronidazole topical vaginal gel should not be used in patients who have taken disulfiram within the last 2 weeks.
Safety and efficacy have not been established in pediatric patients (less than 18 years of age).
Dialysis
Data not available
Other Comments
Metronidazole topical may cause eye irritation if applied too close to the eyes. Contact with the eyes should be avoided.
Topical areas to be treated should be washed with a mild cleanser prior to application.
The manufacturer recommends avoidance of vaginal intercourse during treatment with metronidazole topical vaginal gel.
See also:
What is the most important information I should know about Clindamycin phosphate?
Clindamycin phosphate, clindamycin phosphate topical gel and clindamycin phosphate topical lotion are contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to preparations containing clindamycin or lincomycin, a history of regional enteritis or ulcerative colitis, or a history of antibiotic-associated colitis.
See also:
What is the most important information I should know about Clotrimazole?
Possible sensitivity to clotrimazole.
Rosacea, acne, perioral dermatitis, tuberculosis of the skin and varicose ulcers.
Clotrimazole is not indicated for ophthalmic use and should be used with caution around the eyes.
Teratogenicity: Corticosteroids have been shown to be teratogenic in animals following dermal application. As these agents are absorbed percutaneously, teratogenicity following topical application cannot be excluded.
Use in pregnancy: Clotrimazole should not be used during pregnancy.
See also:
What is the most important information I should know about Metronidazole?
Hypersensitivity
Metronidazole 375 mg are contraindicated in patients with a prior history of hypersensitivity to metronidazole or other nitroimidazole derivatives.
In patients with trichomoniasis, Metronidazole 375 mg are contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Psychotic Reaction with Disulfiram
Use of oral metronidazole is associated with psychotic reactions in alcoholic patients who were using disulfiram concurrently. Do not administer metronidazole to patients who have taken disulfiram within the last two weeks.
Interaction with Alcohol
Use of oral metronidazole is associated with a disulfiram-like reaction to alcohol, including abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and flushing. Discontinue consumption of alcohol or products containing propylene glycol during and for at least three days after therapy with metronidazole.
Use Clindamycin phosphate as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
- An extra patient leaflet is available with Clindamycin phosphate. Talk to your pharmacist if you have questions about this information.
- Clindamycin phosphate is for topical use on the skin only.
- Wash the affected areas to be treated with mild soap and water and allow the skin to dry thoroughly.
- To use Clindamycin phosphate, hold the can upright and dispense the amount of medicine to be used directly into the cap or onto a cool surface. Pick up small amounts of the foam with your fingertips and gently massage it into the affected areas until the foam disappears.
- If the can seems warm or the foam seems runny, hold the can under cold running water to cool it. Do not dispense the medicine directly onto your skin or hands because it will melt too soon.
- Throw away any unused medicine that has been dispensed out of the can.
- Wash your hands immediately after using Clindamycin phosphate.
- Use Clindamycin phosphate on a regular schedule to get the most benefit from it.
- If you miss a dose of Clindamycin phosphate, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Clindamycin phosphate.
Use Clotrimazole as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
- An extra patient leaflet is available with Clotrimazole. Talk to your pharmacist if you have questions about this information.
- Clotrimazole is for vaginal use only. Do not use in the eyes or take by mouth.
- Some forms of this product come with 3 disposable applicators. If this product contains disposable applicators, throw away each applicator after use.
- Some forms of this product come with one applicator to be used for all 3 days of treatment. If this product contains only one applicator, do not throw it away after use. Separate the pieces of the applicator and wash with warm, soapy water immediately after use. Rinse thoroughly. Make sure the applicator is completely dry before the next use.
- If you are using this cream externally, squeeze a small amount onto your fingertip and gently apply to the irritated skin around the vagina.
- Wash your hands immediately after using Clotrimazole.
- To clear up your infection completely, use Clotrimazole for the full course of treatment. Keep using it even if you feel better in a few days.
- If you miss a dose of Clotrimazole, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Clotrimazole.
Use Metronidazole as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
- An extra patient leaflet is available with Metronidazole. Talk to your pharmacist if you have questions about this information.
- If you are using Metronidazole once daily, use it at bedtime.
- Remove the cap from the tube and break the metal seal on the tube with the pointed tip of the cap. Screw the end of the applicator onto the tube. Slowly squeeze gel out of the tube and into the applicator. The plunger will stop when the applicator is full. Unscrew applicator and replace the cap on the tube.
- You may insert Metronidazole lying on your back with your knees bent or in any comfortable position. Hold the filled applicator by the barrel, and gently insert into the vagina as far as it will comfortably go. Slowly press the plunger until it stops, and then remove the applicator.
- If you will be using Metronidazole twice daily, you will need to clean the applicator after your first dose of the day and use it again for your second dose. To clean the applicator, pull the plunger out of the barrel. Wash both the plunger and barrel in warm, soapy water and rinse well. To put the applicator back together, gently push the plunger back into the barrel.
- Wash your hands immediately after using Metronidazole.
- When you throw the applicator away, be sure that it is out of the reach of children and pets.
- Using Metronidazole at the same time each day will help you remember to use it.
- To clear up your infection completely, use Metronidazole for the full course of treatment. Keep using it even if you feel better in a few days.
- If you miss a dose of Metronidazole, use it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not use 2 doses at once.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Metronidazole.
There are specific as well as general uses of a drug or medicine. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease over a period or cure a disease. It can also be used to treat the particular symptom of the disease. The drug use depends on the form the patient takes it. It may be more useful in injection form or sometimes in tablet form. The drug can be used for a single troubling symptom or a life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after few days, some drugs need to be continued for prolonged period to get the benefit from it.This medication is used to treat acne. It helps to decrease the number of acne lesions. Clindamycin is an antibiotic which works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
How to use Clindamycin phosphate topical
Use this medication only on the skin. Clean and dry the affected area first. Follow all directions on the product package, or use as directed by your doctor.
If you are using the lotion, shake the bottle well before using. Apply a thin layer of medication usually twice a day or as directed by your doctor.
If you are using the medicated pad or swab, apply to the the affected area gently with it, then discard. Depending on the size of the area to be treated, more than one pad or swab may be necessary.
If you are using the foam, apply it once daily to the affected areas. Use enough to cover the entire affected area. Do not spray the foam directly onto your hands or face, because the foam will begin to melt on contact with warm skin. Instead spray the amount needed directly into the cap or onto a cool surface such as a counter top. If the can seems warm or the foam seems runny, run the can under cold water. Please read the patient information leaflet available from your pharmacist for specific instructions on how to use the foam, and ask about any information that is unclear.
Wash your hands after use.
Avoid contact with your eyes, nose, mouth or any areas of broken skin. If you accidentally get medication in these areas, rinse well with plenty of cool water.
It may take between 2-6 weeks to notice an improvement in your condition, and up to 12 weeks to see the full benefit.
Inform your doctor if your condition does not improve or worsens.
There are specific as well as general uses of a drug or medicine. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease over a period or cure a disease. It can also be used to treat the particular symptom of the disease. The drug use depends on the form the patient takes it. It may be more useful in injection form or sometimes in tablet form. The drug can be used for a single troubling symptom or a life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after few days, some drugs need to be continued for prolonged period to get the benefit from it.This product is a combination of B vitamins used to treat or prevent vitamin deficiency due to poor diet, certain illnesses, alcoholism, or during pregnancy. Vitamins are important building blocks of the body and help keep you in good health. B vitamins include thiamine, riboflavin, niacin/niacinamide, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, and pantothenic acid.
Some brands of B vitamins also contain ingredients such as vitamin C, vitamin E, biotin, or zinc. Consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions about the ingredients in your brand.
How to use Bco
Take this medication by mouth, usually once daily or as directed. Follow all directions on the product package. If you are uncertain about any of the information, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
If you are taking a brand that contains vitamin C, take this medication by mouth with a full glass of water (8 ounces/240 milliliters) unless your doctor directs you otherwise.
If you are taking chewable tablets, chew the tablet thoroughly before swallowing.
If you are taking extended-release capsules, swallow them whole. Do not crush or chew extended-release capsules or tablets. Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing.
If you are taking a liquid product, use a medication-measuring device to carefully measure the dose. Do not use a household spoon. Some liquid products need to be shaken before each dose. Some products that contain vitamin B12 need to be placed under the tongue and held there before swallowing. Follow label directions carefully to get the most benefit.
Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time each day.
There are specific as well as general uses of a drug or medicine. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease over a period or cure a disease. It can also be used to treat the particular symptom of the disease. The drug use depends on the form the patient takes it. It may be more useful in injection form or sometimes in tablet form. The drug can be used for a single troubling symptom or a life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after few days, some drugs need to be continued for prolonged period to get the benefit from it.Use: Labeled Indications
Amebiasis: Treatment of acute intestinal amebiasis (amebic dysentery) and extraintestinal amebiasis (liver abscess)
Limitations of use: When used for amebic liver abscess, may be used concurrently with percutaneous needle aspiration when clinically indicated.
Anaerobic bacterial infections (caused by Bacteroides spp., including the B. fragilis group):
Bacterial septicemia: Treatment of bacterial septicemia (also caused by Clostridium spp.)
Bone and joint infections: Treatment (adjunctive therapy) of bone and joint infections
CNS Infections: Treatment of CNS infections, including meningitis and brain abscess
Endocarditis: Treatment of endocarditis
Gynecologic infections: Treatment of gynecologic infections including endometritis, endomyometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and postsurgical vaginal cuff infection (also caused by Clostridium spp., Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., and Fusobacterium spp.)
Intra-abdominal infections: Treatment of intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis, intra-abdominal abscess, and liver abscess (also caused by Clostridium spp., Eubacterium spp., Peptococcus spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp.)
Lower respiratory tract infections: Treatment of lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, empyema, and lung abscess
Skin and skin structure infections: Treatment of skin and skin structure infections (also caused by Clostridium spp., Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., and Fusobacterium spp.)
Surgical prophylaxis (colorectal surgery): Injection: Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of postoperative infection in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery classified as contaminated or potentially contaminated
Trichomoniasis: Treatment of infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, including treatment of asymptomatic sexual partners
Off Label Uses
Balantidiasis
Data from a single case report of one immunocompromised patient with pulmonary infection treated with metronidazole suggest that metronidazole may be beneficial for the treatment of balantidiasis.
See also:
What other drugs will affect Clindamycin phosphate?
Inform the physician or pharmacist if the patient is taking or has recently taken other medication (ie, with/without prescription). The solution and lotion of Dalacin T should not be used concomitantly with any skin treatment containing benzoyl peroxide.
Clindamycin has been shown to have neuromuscular blocking properties that may enhance the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore, it should be used with caution in patients receiving such agents.
Warfarin or similar medicines-used to thin the blood. The patient may be more likely to have a bleed. The physician may need to take regular blood tests to check how well the blood can clot.
See also:
What other drugs will affect Clotrimazole?
Clotrimazole should be used cautiously in patients with hyperthyroidism, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. All vasopressors should be used cautiously in patients taking monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
Clotrimazole should not be administered concomitantly with other sympathomimetic drugs (such as isoproterenol) because of possible additive effects and increased toxicity.
Combined effects may induce serious cardiac arrhythmias. They may be administered alternately when the preceding effect of other such drug has subsided.
Administration of epinephrine to patients receiving cyclopropane or halogenated hydrocarbon general anesthetics such as halothane which sensitize the myocardium, may induce cardiac arrhythmia.. When encountered, such arrhythmias may respond to administration of a beta-adrenergic blocking drug. Clotrimazole also should be used cautiously with other drugs (e.g., digitalis, glycosides) that sensitize the myocardium to the actions of sympathomimetic drugs.
Diuretic agents may decrease vascular response to pressor drugs such as epinephrine.
Clotrimazole may antagonize the neuron blockade produced by guanethidine resulting in decreased antihypertensive effect and requiring increased dosage of the latter.
See also:
What other drugs will affect Metronidazole?
Disulfiram
Psychotic reactions have been reported in alcoholic patients who are using metronidazole and disulfiram concurrently. Metronidazole should not be given to patients who have taken disulfiram within the last two weeks.
Alcoholic Beverages
Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and flushing may occur if alcoholic beverages or products containing propylene glycol are consumed during or following metronidazole therapy.
Warfarin And Other
Oral Anticoagulants
Metronidazole has been reported to potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and other oral coumarin anticoagulants, resulting in a prolongation of prothrombin time. When Metronidazole is prescribed for patients on this type of anticoagulant therapy, prothrombin time and INR should be carefully monitored.
Lithium
In patients stabilized on relatively high doses of lithium, short-term metronidazole therapy has been associated with elevation of serum lithium and, in a few cases, signs of lithium toxicity. Serum lithium and serum creatinine levels should be obtained several days after beginning metronidazole to detect any increase that may precede clinical symptoms of lithium intoxication.
Busulfan
Metronidazole has been reported to increase plasma concentrations of busulfan, which can result in an increased risk for serious busulfan toxicity. Metronidazole should not be administered concomitantly with busulfan unless the benefit outweighs the risk. If no therapeutic alternatives to metronidazole are available, and concomitant administration with busulfan is medically needed, frequent monitoring of busulfan plasma concentration should be performed and the busulfan dose should be adjusted accordingly.
Drugs That Inhibit CYP450 Enzymes
The simultaneous administration of drugs that decrease microsomal liver enzyme activity, such as cimetidine, may prolong the half-life and decrease plasma clearance of metronidazole.
Drugs That Induce CYP450 Enzymes
The simultaneous administration of drugs that induce microsomal liver enzymes, such as phenytoin or phenobarbital, may accelerate the elimination of metronidazole, resulting in reduced plasma levels; impaired clearance of phenytoin has also been reported.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Metronidazole may interfere with certain types of determinations of serum chemistry values, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides, and glucose hexokinase. Values of zero may be observed. All of the assays in which interference has been reported involve enzymatic coupling of the assay to oxidation-reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD- NADH). Interference is due to the similarity in absorbance peaks of NADH (340 nm) and metronidazole (322 nm) at pH 7.
See also:
What are the possible side effects of Clindamycin phosphate?
Clinical Trials
In clinical trials, 3 (0.5%) of 589 nonpregnant women who received treatment with Clindamycin phosphate discontinued therapy due to drug-related adverse events. Adverse events judged to have a reasonable possibility of having been caused by clindamycin phosphate vaginal suppositories were reported for 10.5% of patients. Events reported by 1% or more of patients receiving Clindamycin phosphate were as follows:
Urogenital system: Vulvovaginal disorder (3.4%), vaginal pain (1.9%), and vaginal moniliasis (1.5%).
Body as a whole: Fungal infection (1.0%).
Other events reported by < 1% of patients included:
Urogenital system: Menstrual disorder, dysuria, pyelonephritis, vaginal discharge, and vaginitis/vaginal infection.
Body as a whole: Abdominal cramps, localized abdominal pain, fever, flank pain, generalized pain, headache, localized edema, and moniliasis.
Digestive system: Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Skin: Nonapplication-site pruritis, rash, application-site pain, and application-site pruritis.
Other clindamycin formulations
The overall systemic exposure to clindamycin from Clindamycin phosphate is substantially lower than the systemic exposure from therapeutic doses of oral clindamycin hydrochloride (two-fold to 20-fold lower) or parenteral clindamycin phosphate (40-fold to 50-fold lower). Although these lower levels of exposure are less likely to produce the common reactions seen with oral or parenteral clindamycin, the possibility of these and other reactions cannot be excluded.
The following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported with the oral or parenteral use of clindamycin and may also occur following administration of Clindamycin phosphate:
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, esophagitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Hematopoietic: Transient neutropenia (leukopenia), eosinophilia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia have been reported. No direct etiologic relationship to concurrent clindamycin therapy could be made in any of these reports.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Maculopapular rash and urticaria have been observed during drug therapy. Generalized mild to moderate morbilliform-like skin rashes are the most frequently reported of all adverse reactions. Rare instances of erythema multiforme, some resembling Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been associated with clindamycin. A few cases of anaphylactoid reactions have been reported. If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs, the drug should be discontinued.
Liver: Jaundice and abnormalities in liver function tests have been observed during clindamycin therapy.
Musculoskeletal: Rare instances of polyarthritis have been reported.
Renal: Although no direct relationship of clindamycin to renal damage has been established, renal dysfunction as evidenced by azotemia, oliguria, and/or proteinuria has been observed in rare instances.
See also:
What are the possible side effects of Clotrimazole?
Applies to clotrimazole: lozenge/troche
In addition to its needed effects, some unwanted effects may be caused by clotrimazole (the active ingredient contained in Clotrimazole). In the event that any of these side effects do occur, they may require medical attention.
Minor Side Effects
Some of the side effects that can occur with clotrimazole may not need medical attention. As your body adjusts to the medicine during treatment these side effects may go away. Your health care professional may also be able to tell you about ways to reduce or prevent some of these side effects. If any of the following side effects continue, are bothersome or if you have any questions about them, check with your health care professional:
More common:
Note: Some of the side effects, such as abdominal or stomach cramping or pain or diarrhea, usually occur only when the medicine is swallowed
- Abdominal or stomach cramping or pain
- diarrhea
- itching
- nausea or vomiting
- unpleasant mouth sensations
See also:
What are the possible side effects of Metronidazole?
Two serious adverse reactions reported in patients treated with Metronidazole (metronidazole) have been convulsive seizures and peripheral neuropathy, the latter characterized mainly by numbness or paresthesia of an extremity. Since persistent peripheral neuropathy has been reported in some patients receiving prolonged administration of Metronidazole, patients should be specifically warned about these reactions and should be told to stop the drug and report immediately to their physicians if any neu-rologic symptoms occur.
The most common adverse reactions reported have been referable to the gastrointestinal tract, particularly nausea reported by about 12% of patients, sometimes accompanied by headache, anorexia, and occasionally vomiting; diarrhea; epi-gastric distress; and abdominal cramping. Constipation has also been reported.
The following reactions have also been reported during treatment with Metronidazole (metronidazole):
Mouth: A sharp, unpleasant metallic taste is not unusual. Furry tongue, glossitis, and sto-matitis have occurred; these may be associated with a sudden overgrowth of Candida which may occur during therapy.
Hematopoietic: Reversible neutropenia (leuko-penia); rarely, reversible thrombocytopenia.
Cardiovascular: Flattening of the T-wave may be seen in electrocardiographic tracings.
Central Nervous System: Convulsive seizures, peripheral neuropathy, dizziness, vertigo, incoordination, ataxia, confusion, irritability, depression, weakness, and insomnia.
Hypersensitivity: Urticaria, erythematous rash, flushing, nasal congestion, dryness of the mouth (or vagina or vulva), and fever.
Renal: Dysuria, cystitis, polyuria, incontinence, and a sense of pelvic pressure. Instances of darkened urine have been reported by approximately one patient in 100,000. Although the pigment which is probably responsible for this phenomenon has not been positively identified, it is almost certainly a metabolite of metronidazole and seems to have no clinical significance.
Other: Proliferation of Candida in the vagina, dyspareunia, decrease of libido, proctitis, and fleeting joint pains sometimes resembling &ldquoserum sickness.” If patients receiving Metronidazole drink alcoholic beverages, they may experience abdominal distress, nausea, vomiting, flushing, or headache. A modification of the taste of alcoholic beverages has also been reported. Rare cases of pan-creatitis, which generally abated on withdrawal of the drug, have been reported.
Crohn’s disease patients are known to have an increased incidence of gastrointestinal and certain extraintestinal cancers. There have been some reports in the medical literature of breast and colon cancer in Crohn’s disease patients who have been treated with metronidazole at high doses for extended periods of time. A cause and effect relationship has not been established. Crohn’s disease is not an approved indication for Metronidazole.
Each mL of Dalacin T
Topical Solution contains clindamycin phosphate 10 mg. Dalacin T
Topical Solution also contains the following excipients: Isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and water.
Each mL of Dalacin T
Topical Lotion contains clindamycin 10 mg. Dalacin T
Topical Lotion also contains the following excipients: Glycerol, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, stearic acid, glyceryl stearate SE (with potassium monostearate), cetostearyl alcohol, isostearyl alcohol, methylparaben and water.
Each topical gel contains clindamycin phosphate at a concentration equivalent to clindamycin 10 mg/g. Dalacin T
Topical Gel also contains the following excipients: Allantoin, carbomer 934P, methylparaben, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide and purified water.
Clindamycin phosphate is a water-soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic produced by a 7(S)-chloro-substitution of the 7(R)-hydroxyl group of the parent antibiotic, lincomycin.
The chemical name for clindamycin phosphate is 7(S)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin-2-phosphate. It has a molecular formula of C18H34ClN2O8PS and a molecular weight of 504.96.
Clotrimazole is used as a topical ointment or cream in the treatment of Tinea infections. Tinea infections are superficial fungal infections caused by three species of fungi collectively known as dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton). Commonly these infections are named for the body part affected, including tinea corporis (general skin), tinea cruris (groin), and tinea pedis (feet). Clotrimazole is a halogenated phenolic ether administered topically for dermotaphytic infections. The mechanism of action is unknown, but also presumed to interfere with yeast membrane structure and function.
Each 100 mL contains metronidazole USP 500 mg, sodium chloride USP 0.72% w/v, water for injection USP as needed.
Metronidazole injection, USP is a parenteral dosage form of the synthetic antibacterial agent 1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. The empirical formula is C6H9N3O3 and the molecular weight is 171.15.
Metronidazole injection, USP in 100 mL is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, iso-osmotic, buffered solution of 500 mg metronidazole, USP, 790 mg sodium chloride, USP, 47.6 mg dried dibasic sodium phosphate, USP and 22.9 mg anhydrous citric acid, USP. Metronidazole injection, USP has an osmolarity of 310 mOsmol/L (calc) and a pH of 5.5 (4.5 to 7).