Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride Kobayashi

Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine neuroleptic. It is indicated in the following conditions:

- Schizophrenia and other psychoses (especially paranoid), mania and hypomania;

- In severe anxiety, psychomotor agitation, excitement and violent or dangerously impulsive behaviour. Chlorpromazine is used as an adjunct in the short term management of these conditions;

- Nausea and vomiting of terminal illness (where other drugs have failed or are not available);

- Childhood schizophrenia and autism;

- Intractable hiccups.

Posology

For oral administration only.

Dosage should be low to begin with and gradually increased under close supervision until the optimum dosage within the recommended range is reached. Individual response and dosage requirements may vary greatly.

Dosage for schizophrenia, other psychoses, mania, hypomania, anxiety, psychomotor agitation, excitement, violent or dangerously impulsive behaviour

Adults: Initially 25mg three times daily or 75mg at bedtime increasing daily by 25mg to an effective maintenance dose. This maintenance dose is usually 70 to 300mg daily, but may be up to 1g daily in some patients.

Children under 1 year: Not recommended unless the need is life saving.

Children 1 - 5 years: 0.5mg/Kg bodyweight every 4 - 6 hours to a maximum recommended dose of 40mg daily.

Children 6 - 12 years: 1/3 to 1/2 the adult dose up to a maximum recommended dose of 75 mg daily.

Elderly or disabled patients: Start with 1/3 to 1/2 the usual adult dose with a more gradual increase in dosage.

Dosage for Intractable Hiccup

Adults: 25 - 50mg tds or qds

Children: Not recommended/ no information available.

Dosage for Vomiting and Nausea of Terminal Illness

Adults: 10 - 25mg every 4 - 6 hours

Children under 1 year: Do not use unless need is life saving.

Children 1 - 5 years: 0.5mg/Kg every 4 - 6 hours. Maximum daily dosage should not exceed 40 mg.

Children 6 - 12 years: 0.5mg/Kg every 4 - 6 hours. Maximum daily dosage should not exceed 75mg.

Elderly or disabled patients: Initially 1/3 to 1/2 the adult dose. The clinician should then use his clinical judgement to obtain control.

- comatose states

- severe CNS depression

- history of blood dyscrasias

- severe cardiovascular disease

- hypersensitivity to any of the constituents

Chlorpromazine should be used with caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac disease, severe respiratory disease, renal failure, Parkinson's disease, history of narrow angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, epilepsy, myasthenia gravis, phaeochromocytoma and in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to phenothiazines. Chlorpromazine should be used with caution in the elderly, particularly during very hot or very cold weather due to the risk of hyper/hypothermia. The elderly are particularly susceptible to postural hypotension.

Close monitoring is required in patients with epilepsy or a history of seizures, as phenothiazines may lower the seizure threshold.

Chlorpromazine should be avoided in patients with liver dysfunction, hypothyroidism, cardiac failure and agranulocytosis.

In patients with impaired liver function, regular monitoring of liver function is necessary.

During the first few months of treatment if signs of blood dyscrasia appear, regular blood counts should be carried out.

Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid release.

It is imperative that treatment be discontinued in the event of unexplained fever, as this may be a sign of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (Pallor, hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction, altered consciousness, muscle rigidity). Signs of autonomic dysfunction, such as sweating and arterial instability, may precede the onset of hyperthermia and serve as early warning signs. Although neuroleptic malignant syndrome may be idiosyncratic in origin, dehydration and organic brains disease are predisposing factors.

As with all antipsychotic drugs, chlorpromazine should not be used alone where depression is predominant. However, it may be combined with antidepressant therapy to treat those conditions in which depression and psychosis coexist.

Because of the risk of photosensitisation, patients should be advised to avoid exposure to direct sunlight.

In those frequently handling preparations of phenothiazines, the greatest care must be taken to avoid contact of the drug with the skin.

An approximately 3-fold increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events have been seen in randomised placebo controlled clinical trials in the dementia population with some atypical antipsychotics. The mechanism for this increased risk is not known. Chlorpromazine should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for stroke.

As with other drugs belonging to the therapeutic class of antipsychotics, chlorpromazine may cause QT prolongation. Persistently prolonged QT intervals may increase the risk of malignant arrhythmias. Therefore, chlorpromazine should be used with caution in susceptible individuals (with hypokalaemia, hypomagnesia or genetic predisposition) and in patients with a history of cardiovascular disorders, e.g. QT prolongation, significant bradycardia (<50 beats per minute), a recent acute myocardial infarction, uncompensated heart failure, or cardiac arrhythmia. Concomitant treatment with other antipsychotics should be avoided.

Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic drugs. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with chlorpromazine and preventive measures undertaken.

Concomitant use of chlorpromazine with other neuroleptics should be avoided.

Increased Mortality in Elderly people with Dementia

Data from two large observational studies showed that elderly people with dementia who are treated with antipsychotics are at a small increased risk of death compared with those who are not treated. There are insufficient data to give a firm estimate of the precise magnitude of the risk and the cause of the increased risk is not known.

Chlorpromazine is not licensed for the treatment of dementia-related behavioural disturbances.

Excipients in the formulation

This product contains small amounts of ethanol (alcohol), less than 100mg per dose.

This product contains hydroxybenzoate esters. These may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed).

It also contains sorbitol and sucrose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine. It may have a mild laxative effect. The calorific value provided by sorbitol in the maximum daily dose of the product is 36kcal. Each 5ml dose contains 2.25g of sucrose. This should be taken into account in patients with diabetes mellitus. It may be harmful to teeth.

Chlorpromazine causes drowsiness, particularly at the start of treatment.

If affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery.

Side effects of Chlorpromazine include insomnia, nightmares, depression, agitation, dry mouth, nasal stuffiness, apathy, pallor, convulsions and hypothermia.

Hypotension, usually postural, is a common side effect and elderly or debilitated patients are more susceptible. Cardiac arrhythmias, possibly dose related, have been reported with neuroleptic therapy and include atrial arrhythmia, A-V block, ventricular tachycardia (rare), and fibrillation. Pre-disposing factors including pre-existing cardiac disease, hypokalaemia, old age and concurrent use of tricyclic anti-depressants. ECG changes have been reported, including prolongation of the Q-T interval, S-T depression, T wave changes , Torsades de pointes and appearance of U waves. Sudden unexplained death and cardiac arrest have been reported.

In a small percentage of patients taking chlorpromazine, jaundice, which is usually transient, occurs and may be preceded by the sudden onset of fever after one to three weeks of treatment. Chlorpromazine-induced jaundice shares the biochemical and other characteristics of obstructive jaundice. The frequently accompanying eosinophilia indicates the allergic nature of this phenomenon. Treatment with chlorpromazine should be withdrawn if jaundice develops. Liver function may also be affected. Liver damage, sometimes fatal, has been reported rarely in patients treated with chlorpromazine.

Transient leucopenia may occur and agranulocytosis has been reported very rarely, most often during the first three months of treatment, but occasionally later. If a patient shows signs of persistent infection, blood counts should be performed.

Extrapyramidal actions may occur with chlorpromazine. Acute dystonias or dyskinesias, which are usually transient are more common in children and young adults. They usually occur within the first four days of treatment or after increase in dosage.

Parkinsonism is more common in adults and elderly patients and usually develops after weeks or months of treatment. One or more of the characteristics of Parkinsonism may be apparent (e.g. tremor, rigidity, akinesia). Tremor is common.

Akathisia characteristically occurs after administration of large initial doses. Tardive dyskinesia may occur with chlorpromazine. The possible risk of developing this should be considered whenever an antipsychotic agent is used and the patient monitored for early signs.

The potential seriousness and unpredictability of tardive dyskinesia and the fact that occasionally, it has been reported to occur when neuroleptic antipsychotic agents have been prescribed for relatively short periods in low dosage, means that prescribing of such agents requires especially careful assessment of risks versus benefit. Tardive dyskinesia can be precipitated or aggravated by anti-parkinsonian drugs. Short lived dyskinesias may occur after abrupt drug withdrawal.

Contact sensitisation is a rare but serious complication in those who frequently handle phenothiazine preparations. Extreme care must be taken to avoid contact of the drug with the skin.

Immune system disorders: allergic phenomena such as angiodema, bronchospasm and urticaria have occurred with phenothiazines but anaphylactic reactions have been exceedingly rare. In very rare cases, treatment with chlorpromazine may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Patients treated with chlorpromazine may develop skin rashes of various kinds. Patients taking higher doses should be warned that they may develop photosensitivity and should avoid exposure to direct sunlight.

Ocular changes including corneal and lens opacities and development of a metallic greyish-mauve colouration of exposed skin, the cornea, the retina and conjunctiva have been reported in patients receiving long-term chlorpromazine therapy.

Antipsychotic agents including chlorpromazine, may cause hyperprolactinaemia, resulting in galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia and oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea. Impotence and weight gain may occur.

Phenothiazines have been reported to cause hyperglycaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, faecal impaction, severe paralytic ileus and megacolon.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome characterised by hyperthermia, rigidity, autonomic dysfunction and altered consciousness may occur with any neuroleptic. Treatment involves immediate cessation of the neuroleptic and symptomatic management as appropriate.

Clinical doses of neuroleptics usually have little effect on respiration, but respiratory depression may occur in susceptible individuals.

Reproductive system and breast disorders: Priapism has been very rarely reported in patients treated with chlorpromazine.

Cases of venous thromboembolism, including cases of pulmonary embolism and cases of deep vein thrombosis have been reported with antipsychotic drugs - Frequency unknown

Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions:

Not known: Drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal (see 4.6).

Acute overdosage usually results in coma with shallow breathing, hypotension, hypothermia, absence of reflexes tachycardia, ECG changes and ventricular arrhythmias. Motor restlessness, hyperflexia, epileptiform convulsions and severe extrapyramidal dyskinesias may occur.

Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. If the patient is seen soon after the overdose (up to six hours), after ingestion of a toxic dose, gastric lavage may be attempted. Pharmacological induction of emesis is unlikely to be of any use. Activated charcoal should be given. There is no specific antidote.

Generalised vasodilation may result in circulatory collapse; raising the patient's legs may suffice. In severe cases, volume expansion by intravenous fluids may be needed; infusion fluids should be warmed before administration in order not to aggravate hypothermia. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems should be monitored and supported. Acute hypotension should be treated with plasma expanders. If treatment with a vasopressor is necessary, the patient should be carefully monitored, particularly cardiac function. Adrenaline should not be used. Peripheral vasoconstriction agents are not generally recommended. Attention should be paid to symptoms of metabolic acidosis and delayed cardiac effects. Ventricular or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias usually respond to restoration of normal body temperature and correction of circulatory or metabolic disturbances.

Anti-arrhythmic therapy may be considered for persistent or life- threatening arrhythmias. Lidocaine should be avoided and, as far as possible, so should long acting anti-arrhythmics. Pronounced central nervous system depression requires airway maintenance or, in extreme circumstances, assisted respiration. If severe dystonic reactions occur, they usually respond to procyclidine 5 - 10mg or orphenadrine 20 - 40mg IM or IV. Convulsions may be treated with intravenous diazepam. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome may be treated with dantrolene sodium together with cooling and general supportive measures. Chlorpromazine is not dialysable.

Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine with an aliphatic side chain. Its pharmacological profile of activity includes pronounced sedative and hypotensive properties, with fairly marked anti-cholinergic and anti-emetic activity and a moderate tendency to cause extrapyramidal reactions.

As an antipsychotic, it is thought to improve psychotic conditions by blocking post-synaptic dopamine receptors in the brain. Also produces an alpha-adrenergic blocking effect and depresses the release of hypothalamic, pituitary and hypophyseal hormones.

As an anti- emetic, it inhibits the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone.

As a sedative, it is thought to cause indirect reduction of stimuli to the brain stem reticular system.

Peak plasma concentrations attained in 2 - 4 hours. The drug is highly lipophilic, highly membrane or protein bound, and accumulates in the brain, lung and other tissues with good blood supply.

Pharmacokinetics follow a multiphasic pattern. The elimination half life with respect to total concentrations in plasma are typically 20 - 40 hours. Biological effects of single doses usually persist for at least 24 hours.

Elimination from plasma may be more rapid than sites of high lipid content and binding, notably the CNS.

Main route of metabolism is by oxidation, this is mediated by hepatic microsomal and other enzymes. Conjugation with glucuronic acid is prominent. Hydrophilic metabolites are excreted in urine, and to some extent in the bile.

Oral dose bioavailability: 32 +/- 19%, 95 - 98% plasma bound. Half life 30 +/- 7 hours.

Not applicable

None known

Keep out of the reach of children