C.P.D.

Control of libido in severe hypersexuality and/or sexual deviation in the adult male.

Posology

Adults

Generally, treatment is started with 1 tablet C.P.D. 50 mg twice daily, after the morning and evening meals. When a satisfactory result has been achieved, one should try to maintain the therapeutic effect with the lowest possible dose. When establishing the maintenance dose or when discontinuing the preparation, it is recommended to reduce the dose gradually.

Additional information on special populations

Paediatric population

C.P.D. is not recommended for use in male children and adolescents below 18 years of age due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.

C.P.D. must not be given before the conclusion of puberty since an unfavourable influence on longitudinal growth and the still unstabilised axes of endocrine function cannot be ruled out.

Older people

There are no data suggesting the need for a dosage adjustment in elderly patients.

Patients with hepatic impairment:

The use of C.P.D. is contraindicated in patients with liver diseases.

Patients with renal impairment:

The use of C.P.D. in patients with renal impairment has not been investigated. There are no data suggesting the need for dosage adjustment in patients with renal impairment.

Method of administration

The tablets are to be taken with some liquid after meals.

For oral administration.

C.P.D. must not be used in patients with:

C.P.D. should not be given to youths under 18 or to those whose bone maturation and testicular development are incomplete.

Liver: Direct hepatic toxicity, including jaundice, hepatitis and hepatic failure, has been observed in patients treated with C.P.D.. At dosages of 100mg and above, cases with fatal outcome have also been reported. Most reported fatal cases were in men with advanced prostatic cancer. Toxicity is dose-related and develops, usually, several months after treatment has begun. Liver function tests should be performed pre-treatment, regularly during treatment and whenever any symptoms or signs suggestive of hepatotoxicity occur. If hepatotoxicity is confirmed, C.P.D. should be withdrawn, unless the hepatotoxicity can be explained by another cause, e.g. metastatic disease, in which case C.P.D. should be continued only if the perceived benefit outweighs the risk.

In very rare cases benign and malignant liver tumours, which may lead to life-threatening intra-abdominal haemorrhage have been observed after the use of C.P.D.. If severe upper abdominal complaints, liver enlargement or signs of intra-abdominal haemorrhage occur, a liver tumour should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Thromboembolic events: The occurrence of thromboembolic events has been reported patients using C.P.D., although a causal relationship has not been established. Patients with previous arterial or venous thrombotic / thromboembolic events (e.g. deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction), with a history of cerebrovascular accidents or with advanced malignancies are at increased risk of further thromboembolic events, and may be at risk of recurrence of the disease during C.P.D. therapy.

Meningiomas: The occurrence of (multiple) meningiomas has been reported in association with longer term use (years) of cyproterone acetate at doses of 25 mg/day and above. If a patient treated with C.P.D. is diagnosed with meningioma, treatment with C.P.D. must be stopped.

Shortness of breaths: Shortness of breath may occur under high-dosed treatment with C.P.D.. This may be due to the stimulatory effect of progesterone and synthetic progestogens on breathing, which is accompanied by hypocapnia and compensatory alkalosis, and which is not considered to require treatment.

Adrenocortical function: During treatment adrenocortical function should be checked regularly, as preclinical data suggest a possible suppression due to the corticoid-like effect of C.P.D. with high doses.

Diabetes mellitus: Strict medical supervision is necessary if the patient suffers from diabetes as C.P.D. can influence carbohydrate metabolism. Parameters of carbohydrate metabolism should be examined carefully in all diabetics before and regularly during treatment because the requirement for oral antidiabetics or insulin can change.

Anaemia: Anaemia has been reported during long-term treatment. Therefore, the red blood count should be checked regularly during treatment.

Lactose: C.P.D. contains 105.5 mg lactose per tablet. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine. Patients who are on a lactose-free diet should take this amount into consideration.

Spermatogenesis: A spermatogram should be recorded before starting treatment in patients of procreative age, as a guard against attribution of pre-existing infertility to C.P.D. at a later stage. It should be noted that the decline in spermatogenesis is slow, and C.P.D. should, therefore, not be regarded as a male contraceptive.

Medico-legal considerations: Doctors are advised to ensure that the fully informed consent of the patient to C.P.D. treatment is witnessed and can be verified.

Fatigue and lassitude are common - patients should be warned about this and if affected should not drive or operate machinery.

The most frequently observed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients receiving C.P.D. are decreased libido, erectile dysfunction and reversible inhibition of spermatogenesis.

The most serious ADRs in patients receiving C.P.D. are hepatic toxicity, benign and malignant liver tumours which may lead to intra-abdominal haemorrhage and thromboembolic events.

The following approximate incidences were estimated from published reports of a number of small clinical trials and spontaneous ADR reports:

- very common: incidence > 1:10

- common: incidence < 1:10 but > 1:100

- uncommon: incidence < 1:100 but > 1:1,000

- rare: incidence < 1:1,000 but > 1:10,000

- very rare: incidence < 1:10,000

- not known (cannot be estimated from available data)

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

There have been no reports of ill-effects from overdosage, which it is, therefore, generally unnecessary to treat. There are no specific antidotes and if treatment is required it should be symptomatic.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: sex hormones and modulators of the genital system, antiandrogens, plain, ATC code: G03HA01

Cyproterone acetate acts as an antiandrogen by blocking androgen receptors. It also has progestogenic activity, which exerts a negative feedback effect on hypothalamic receptors, so leading to a reduction in gonadotrophin release, and hence to diminished production of testicular androgens. Sexual drive and potency are reduced and gonadal function is inhibited.

An occasional tendency for the prolactin levels to increase slightly has been observed under higher doses of cyproterone acetate.

Following oral administration, cyproterone acetate is completely absorbed over a wide dose range. The ingestion of two cyproterone acetate 50 mg tablets gives maximum serum levels of about 285 ng/ml at about 3 hours. Thereafter, drug serum levels declined during a time interval of typically 24 to 120 h, with a terminal half-life of 43.9 ± 12.8 h. The total clearance of cyproterone acetate from serum is 3.5 ± 1.5 ml/min/kg. Cyproterone acetate is metabolised by various pathways, including hydroxylations and conjugations. The main metabolite in human plasma is the 15ß-hydroxy derivative.

Some drug is excreted unchanged with bile fluid. Most of the dose is excreted in the form of metabolites at a urinary to biliary ratio of 3:7. The renal and biliary excretion proceeds with a half-life of 1.9 days. Metabolites from plasma are eliminated at a similar rate (half-life of 1.7 days).

Cyproterone acetate is almost exclusively bound to plasma albumin. About 3.5 - 4 % of total drug levels are present unbound. Because protein binding is non-specific, changes in SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin) levels do not affect the pharmacokinetics of cyproterone acetate.

The absolute bioavailability of cyproterone acetate is almost complete (88 % of dose).

Systemic toxicity

Preclinical data reveal no specific risk for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity beyond those discussed in other sections of the SPC.

Experimental investigations produced corticoid-like effects on the adrenal glands in rats and dogs following higher dosages, which could indicate similar effects in humans at the highest given dose (300mg/day).

Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity

Recognised first-line tests of genotoxicity gave negative results when conducted with cyproterone acetate. However, further tests showed that cyproterone acetate was capable of producing adducts with DNA (and an increase in DNA repair activity) in liver cells from rats and monkeys and also in freshly isolated human hepatocytes the DNA-adduct level in the dog liver cells was extremely low.

This DNA-adduct formation occurred at exposures that might be expected to occur in the recommended dose regimens for cyproterone acetate. In vivo consequences of cyproterone acetate treatment were the increased incidence of focal, possibly preneoplastic, liver lesions in which cellular enzymes were altered in female rats, and an increase of mutation frequency in transgenic rats carrying a bacterial gene as target for mutation. The clinical relevance of these findings is presently uncertain.

In long-term carcinogenicity studies in rats cyproterone acetate increased the incidence of liver tumours including carcinomas at high doses which concomitantly caused liver toxicity and exceeded the maximum human dose. Further investigations into rodents at lower, non-hepatotoxic doses revealed benign liver proliferations similar to effects described for other steroid hormones. However, it must be borne in mind that sex steroids can promote the growth of certain hormone dependent tissues and tumours.

None known

No special requirements.