Betmiga

Betmiga 25 mg prolonged-release tablets

Betmiga 50 mg prolonged-release tablets

Betmiga 25 mg prolonged-release tablets

Each tablet contains 25 mg of mirabegron.

Betmiga 50 mg prolonged-release tablets

Each tablet contains 50 mg of mirabegron.

Prolonged-release tablet.

Betmiga 25 mg tablets

Oval, brown tablet, debossed with the company logo and “325” on the same side.

Betmiga 50 mg tablets

Oval, yellow tablet, debossed with the company logo and “355” on the same side.

Symptomatic treatment of urgency, increased micturition frequency and/or urgency incontinence as may occur in adult patients with overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome.

Posology

Adults (including elderly patients)

The recommended dose is 50 mg once daily

Special populations

Renal and hepatic impairment

Betmiga has not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m² or patients requiring haemodialysis) or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) and it is therefore not recommended for use in these patient populations.

The following table provides the daily dosing recommendations for subjects with renal or hepatic impairment in the absence and presence of strong CYP3A inhibitors.

Table 1: Daily dosing recommendations for subjects with renal or hepatic impairment in the absence and presence of strong CYP3A inhibitors

1. Mild: GFR 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m²; moderate: GFR 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m²; severe: GFR 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m².

2. Mild: Child-Pugh Class A; Moderate: Child-Pugh Class B.

3.

Gender

No dose adjustment is necessary according to gender.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of mirabegron in children below 18 years of age have not yet been established.

No data are available.

Method of administration

The tablet is to be taken with liquids, swallowed whole and is not to be chewed, divided, or crushed. It may be taken with or without food.

- Severe uncontrolled hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure > 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 110 mm Hg.

Renal impairment

Betmiga has not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m² or patients requiring haemodialysis) and, therefore, it is not recommended for use in this patient population. Data are limited in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m²); based on a pharmacokinetic study a dose reduction to 25 mg is recommended in this population. This medicinal product is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m²) concomitantly receiving strong CYP3A inhibitors.

Hepatic impairment

Betmiga has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) and, therefore, it is not recommended for use in this patient population. This medicinal product is not recommended for use in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) concomitantly receiving strong CYP3A inhibitors.

Hypertension

Mirabegron can increase blood pressure. Blood pressure should be measured at baseline and periodically during treatment with mirabegron, especially in hypertensive patients.

Data are limited in patients with stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg).

Patients with congenital or acquired QT prolongation

Betmiga, at therapeutic doses, has not demonstrated clinically relevant QT prolongation in clinical studies. However, since patients with a known history of QT prolongation or patients who are taking medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval were not included in these studies, the effects of mirabegron in these patients is unknown. Caution should be exercised when administering mirabegron in these patients.

Patients with bladder outlet obstruction and patients taking antimuscarinics medicinal products for OAB

Urinary retention in patients with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and in patients taking antimuscarinic medicinal products for the treatment of OAB has been reported in postmarketing experience in patients taking mirabegron. A controlled clinical safety study in patients with BOO did not demonstrate increased urinary retention in patients treated with Betmiga; however, Betmiga should be administered with caution to patients with clinically significant BOO. Betmiga should also be administered with caution to patients taking antimuscarinic medicinal products for the treatment of OAB.

In vitro data

Mirabegron is transported and metabolised through multiple pathways. Mirabegron is a substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP2D6, butyrylcholinesterase, uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the influx organic cation transporters (OCT) OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3. Studies of mirabegron using human liver microsomes and recombinant human CYP enzymes showed that mirabegron is a moderate and time-dependent inhibitor of CYP2D6 and a weak inhibitor of CYP3A. Mirabegron inhibited P-gp-mediated drug transport at high concentrations.

In vivo data

Drug-drug interactions

The effect of co-administered medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of mirabegron and the effect of mirabegron on the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products was studied in single and multiple dose studies. Most drug-drug interactions were studied using a dose of 100 mg mirabegron given as oral controlled absorption system (OCAS) tablets. Interaction studies of mirabegron with metoprolol and with metformin used mirabegron immediate-release (IR) 160 mg.

Clinically relevant drug interactions between mirabegron and medicinal products that inhibit, induce or are a substrate for one of the CYP isozymes or transporters are not expected except for the inhibitory effect of mirabegron on the metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates.

Effect of enzyme inhibitors

Mirabegron exposure (AUC) was increased 1.8-fold in the presence of the strong inhibitor of CYP3A/P-gp ketoconazole in healthy volunteers. No dose-adjustment is needed when Betmiga is combined with inhibitors of CYP3A and/or P-gp. However, in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (GFR 30 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m²) or mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) concomitantly receiving strong CYP3A inhibitors, such as itraconazole, ketoconazole, ritonavir and clarithromycin, the recommended dose is 25 mg once daily with or without food. Betmiga is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m²) or patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) concomitantly receiving strong CYP3A inhibitors.

Effect of enzyme inducers

Substances that are inducers of CYP3A or P-gp decrease the plasma concentrations of mirabegron. No dose adjustment is needed for mirabegron when administered with therapeutic doses of rifampicin or other CYP3A or P-gp inducers.

Effect of CYP2D6 polymorphism

CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism has minimal impact on the mean plasma exposure to mirabegron. Interaction of mirabegron with a known CYP2D6 inhibitor is not expected and was not studied. No dose adjustment is needed for mirabegron when administered with CYP2D6 inhibitors or in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolisers.

Effect of mirabegron on CYP2D6 substrates

In healthy volunteers, the inhibitory potency of mirabegron towards CYP2D6 is moderate and the CYP2D6 activity recovers within 15 days after discontinuation of mirabegron. Multiple once daily dosing of mirabegron IR resulted in a 90% increase in C_max and a 229% increase in AUC of a single dose of metoprolol. Multiple once daily dosing of mirabegron resulted in a 79% increase in C_max and a 241% increase in AUC of a single dose of desipramine.

Caution is advised if mirabegron is co-administered with medicinal products with a narrow therapeutic index and significantly metabolised by CYP2D6, such as thioridazine, Type 1C antiarrhythmics (e.g., flecainide, propafenone) and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., imipramine, desipramine). Caution is also advised if mirabegron is co-administered with CYP2D6 substrates that are individually dose titrated.

Effect of mirabegron on transporters

Mirabegron is a weak inhibitor of P-gp. Mirabegron increased C_max and AUC by 29% and 27%, respectively, of the P-gp substrate digoxin in healthy volunteers. For patients who are initiating a combination of mirabegron and digoxin, the lowest dose for digoxin should be prescribed initially. Serum digoxin concentrations should be monitored and used for titration of the digoxin dose to obtain the desired clinical effect. The potential for inhibition of P-gp by mirabegron should be considered when Betmiga is combined with sensitive P-gp substrates e.g. dabigatran.

Other interactions

No clinically relevant interactions have been observed when mirabegron was co-administered with therapeutic doses of solifenacin, tamsulosin, warfarin, metformin or a combined oral contraceptive medicinal product containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. Dose-adjustment is not recommended.

Increases in mirabegron exposure due to drug-drug interactions may be associated with increases in pulse rate.

Woman of childbearing potential

Betmiga is not recommended in women of childbearing potential not using contraception.

Pregnancy

There are limited amount of data from the use of Betmiga in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. This medicinal product is not recommended during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Mirabegron is excreted in the milk of rodents and therefore is predicted to be present in human milk. No studies have been conducted to assess the impact of mirabegron on milk production in humans, its presence in human breast milk, or its effects on the breast-fed child.

Betmiga should not be administered during breast-feeding.

Fertility

There were no treatment-related effects of mirabegron on fertility in animals. The effect of mirabegron on human fertility has not been established.

Betmiga has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Summary of the safety profile

The safety of Betmiga was evaluated in 8433 patients with OAB, of which 5648 received at least one dose of mirabegron in the phase 2/3 clinical program, and 622 patients received Betmiga for at least 1 year (365 days). In the three 12-week phase 3 double blind, placebo controlled studies, 88% of the patients completed treatment with this medicinal product, and 4% of the patients discontinued due to adverse events. Most adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity.

The most common adverse reactions reported for patients treated with Betmiga 50 mg during the three 12-week phase 3 double blind, placebo controlled studies are tachycardia and urinary tract infections. The frequency of tachycardia was 1.2% in patients receiving Betmiga 50 mg. Tachycardia led to discontinuation in 0.1% patients receiving Betmiga 50 mg. The frequency of urinary tract infections was 2.9% in patients receiving Betmiga 50 mg. Urinary tract infections led to discontinuation in none of the patients receiving Betmiga 50 mg. Serious adverse reactions included atrial fibrillation (0.2%).

Adverse reactions observed during the 1-year (long term) active controlled (muscarinic antagonist) study were similar in type and severity to those observed in the three 12-week phase 3 double blind, placebo controlled studies.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The table below reflects the adverse reactions observed with mirabegron in the three 12-week phase 3 double blind, placebo controlled studies.

The frequency of adverse reactions is defined as follows: very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000) and not known (cannot be established from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

*observed during post-marketing experience

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at:

www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Mirabegron has been administered to healthy volunteers at single doses up to 400 mg. At this dose, adverse events reported included palpitations (1 of 6 subjects) and increased pulse rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm) (3 of 6 subjects). Multiple doses of mirabegron up to 300 mg daily for 10 days showed increases in pulse rate and systolic blood pressure when administered to healthy volunteers.

Treatment for overdose should be symptomatic and supportive. In the event of overdose, pulse rate, blood pressure, and ECG monitoring is recommended.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Urologicals, urinary antispasmodics ATC code: G04BD12.

Mechanism of action

Mirabegron is a potent and selective beta 3-adrenoceptor agonist. Mirabegron showed relaxation of bladder smooth muscle in rat and human isolated tissue, increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations in rat bladder tissue and showed a bladder relaxant effect in rat urinary bladder function models. Mirabegron increased mean voided volume per micturition and decreased the frequency of non-voiding contractions, without affecting voiding pressure, or residual urine in rat models of bladder overactivity. In a monkey model, mirabegron showed decreased voiding frequency. These results indicate that mirabegron enhances urine storage function by stimulating beta 3-adrenoceptors in the bladder.

During the urine storage phase, when urine accumulates in the bladder, sympathetic nerve stimulation predominates. Noradrenaline is released from nerve terminals, leading predominantly to beta adrenoceptor activation in the bladder musculature, and hence bladder smooth muscle relaxation. During the urine voiding phase, the bladder is predominantly under parasympathetic nervous system control. Acetylcholine, released from pelvic nerve terminals, stimulates cholinergic M2 and M3 receptors, inducing bladder contraction. The activation of the M2 pathway also inhibits beta 3-adrenoceptor induced increases in cAMP. Therefore beta 3-adrenoceptor stimulation should not interfere with the voiding process. This was confirmed in rats with partial urethral obstruction, where mirabegron decreased the frequency of non-voiding contractions without affecting the voided volume per micturition, voiding pressure, or residual urine volume.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Urodynamics

Betmiga at doses of 50 mg and 100 mg once daily for 12 weeks in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) showed no effect on cystometry parameters and was safe and well tolerated. The effects of mirabegron on maximum flow rate and detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate were assessed in this urodynamic study consisting of 200 male patients with LUTS and BOO. Administration of mirabegron at doses of 50 mg and 100 mg once daily for 12 weeks did not adversely affect the maximum flow rate or detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate. In this study in male patients with LUTS/BOO, the adjusted mean (SE) change from baseline to end of treatment in post void residual volume (mL) was 0.55 (10.702), 17.89 (10.190), 30.77 (10.598) for the placebo, mirabegron 50 mg and mirabegron 100 mg treatment groups.

Effect on QT interval

Betmiga at doses of 50 mg or 100 mg had no effect on the QT interval individually corrected for heart rate (QTcI interval) when evaluated either by sex or by the overall group.

A thorough QT (TQT) study (n = 164 healthy male and n = 153 healthy female volunteers with a mean age of 33 years) evaluated the effect of repeat oral dosing of mirabegron at the indicated dose (50 mg once daily) and two supra-therapeutic doses (100 and 200 mg once daily) on the QTcI interval. The supra-therapeutic doses represent approximately 2.6- and 6.5-fold the exposure of the therapeutic dose, respectively. A single 400 mg dose of moxifloxacin was used as a positive control. Each dose level of mirabegron and moxifloxacin was evaluated in separate treatment arms each including placebo-control (parallel cross-over design). For both males and females administered mirabegron at 50 mg and 100 mg, the upper bound of the one-sided 95% confidence interval did not exceed 10 msec at any time point for the largest time-matched mean difference from placebo in the QTcI interval. In females administered mirabegron at the 50 mg dose, the mean difference from placebo on QTcI interval at 5 hours post dose was 3.67 msec (upper bound of the one-sided 95% CI 5.72 msec). In males, the difference was 2.89 msec (upper bound of the one-sided 95% CI 4.90 msec). At a mirabegron dose of 200 mg, the QTcI interval did not exceed 10 msec at any time point in males, while in females the upper bound of the one-sided 95% confidence interval did exceed 10 msec between 0.5-6 hours, with a maximum difference from placebo at 5 hours where the mean effect was 10.42 msec (upper bound of the one-sided 95% CI 13.44 msec). Results for QTcF and QTcIf were consistent with QTcI.

In this TQT study, mirabegron increased heart rate on ECG in a dose dependent manner across the 50 mg to 200 mg dose range examined. The maximum mean difference from placebo in heart rate ranged from 6.7 bpm with mirabegron 50 mg up to 17.3 bpm with mirabegron 200 mg in healthy subjects.

Effects on pulse rate and blood pressure in patients with OAB

In OAB patients (mean age of 59 years) across three 12-week phase 3 double blind, placebo controlled studies receiving Betmiga 50 mg once daily, an increase in mean difference from placebo of approximately 1 bpm for pulse rate and approximately 1 mm Hg or less in systolic blood pressure/ diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) was observed. Changes in pulse rate and blood pressure are reversible upon discontinuation of treatment.

Effect on intraocular pressure (IOP)

Mirabegron 100 mg once daily did not increase IOP in healthy subjects after 56 days of treatment. In a phase 1 study assessing the effect of Betmiga on IOP using Goldmann applanation tonometry in 310 healthy subjects, a dose of mirabegron 100 mg was non-inferior to placebo for the primary endpoint of the treatment difference in mean change from baseline to day 56 in subject-average IOP; the upper bound of the two-sided 95% CI of the treatment difference between mirabegron 100 mg and placebo was 0.3 mm Hg.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Efficacy of Betmiga was evaluated in three phase 3 randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, 12-week studies for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urgency and frequency with or without incontinence. Female (72%) and male (28%) patients with a mean age of 59 years (range 18 - 95 years) were included. The study population consisted of approximately 48% antimuscarinic treatment naïve patients as well as approximately 52% patients previously treated with antimuscarinic medicinal products. In one study, 495 patients received an active control (tolterodine prolonged release formulation).

The co-primary efficacy endpoints were (1) change from baseline to end of treatment in mean number of incontinence episodes per 24 hours and (2) change from baseline to end of treatment in mean number of micturitions per 24 hours based on a 3-day micturition diary. Mirabegron demonstrated statistically significant larger improvements compared to placebo for both co-primary endpoints as well as secondary endpoints (see Tables 2 and 3).

Table 2: Co-primary and selected secondary efficacy endpoints at end of treatment for pooled studies

Pooled studies consisted of studies 046 (Europe / Australia), 047 (North America [NA]) and 074 (Europe / NA).

† Least squares mean adjusted for baseline, gender, and study.

* Statistically significantly superior compared to placebo at the 0.05 level without multiplicity adjustment.

# Statistically significantly superior compared to placebo at the 0.05 level with multiplicity adjustment.

FAS: Full analysis set, all randomized patients who took at least 1 dose of double blind study drug and who had a micturition measurement in the baseline diary and at least 1 post-baseline visit diary with a micturition measurement.

FAS-I: Subset of FAS who also had at least 1 incontinence episode in the baseline diary.

CI: Confidence Interval

Table 3: Co-primary and selected secondary efficacy endpoints at end of treatment for studies 046, 047 and 074

Parameter	Study 046			Study 047		Study 074
	Placebo	Mirabegron 50 mg	Tolterodine ER 4 mg	Placebo	Mirabegron 50 mg	Placebo	Mirabegron 50 mg
Mean number of incontinence episodes per 24 hours (FAS-I) (Co-primary)
n	291	293	300	325	312	262	257
Mean baseline	2.67	2.83	2.63	3.03	2.77	2.43	2.51
Mean change from baselineâ€	-1.17	-1.57	-1.27	-1.13	-1.47	-0.96	-1.38
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	-0.41	-0.10	--	-0.34	--	-0.42
95% Confidence Interval	--	(-0.72, -0.09)	(-0.42, 0.21)	--	(-0.66, -0.03)	--	(-0.76, -0.08)
p-value	--	0.003#	0.11	--	0.026#	--	0.001#
Mean number of micturitions per 24 hours (FAS) (Co-primary)
n	480	473	475	433	425	415	426
Mean baseline	11.71	11.65	11.55	11.51	11.80	11.48	11.66
Mean change from baselineâ€	-1.34	-1.93	-1.59	-1.05	-1.66	-1.18	-1.60
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	-0.60	-0.25	--	-0.61	--	-0.42
95% Confidence Interval	--	(-0.90, -0.29)	(-0.55, 0.06)	--	(-0.98, -0.24)	--	(-0.76, -0.08)
p-value	--	< 0.001#	0.11	--	0.001#	--	0.015#
Mean volume voided (mL) per micturition (FAS) (Secondary)
n	480	472	475	433	424	415	426
Mean baseline	156.7	161.1	158.6	157.5	156.3	164.0	159.3
Mean change from baselineâ€	12.3	24.2	25.0	7.0	18.2	8.3	20.7
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	11.9	12.6	--	11.1	--	12.4
95% Confidence Interval	--	(6.3, 17.4)	(7.1, 18.2)	--	(4.4, 17.9)	--	(6.3, 18.6)
p-value	--	< 0.001#	< 0.001*	--	0.001#	--	< 0.001#
Mean level of urgency (FAS) (Secondary)
n	480	472	473	432	425	413	426
Mean baseline	2.37	2.40	2.41	2.45	2.45	2.36	2.41
Mean change from baselineâ€	-0.22	-0.31	-0.29	-0.08	-0.19	-0.15	-0.29
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	-0.09	-0.07	--	-0.11	--	-0.14
95% Confidence Interval	--	(-0.17, -0.02)	(-0.15, 0.01)	--	(-0.18, -0.04)	--	(-0.22, -0.06)
p-value	--	0.018*	0.085	--	0.004*	--	< 0.001‡
Mean number of urgency incontinence episodes per 24 hours (FAS-I) (Secondary)
n	283	286	289	319	297	256	251
Mean baseline	2.43	2.52	2.37	2.56	2.42	2.24	2.33
Mean change from baselineâ€	-1.11	-1.46	-1.18	-0.89	-1.32	-0.95	-1.33
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	-0.35	-0.07	--	-0.43	--	-0.39
95% Confidence Interval	--	(-0.65, -0.05)	(-0.38, 0.23)	--	(-0.72, -0.15)	--	(-0.69, -0.08)
p-value	--	0.003*	0.26	--	0.005*	--	0.002‡
Mean number of episodes with urgency grades 3 or 4 per 24 hours (FAS) (Secondary)
n	479	470	472	432	424	413	426
Mean baseline	5.78	5.72	5.79	5.61	5.90	5.42	5.80
Mean change from baselineâ€	-1.65	-2.25	-2.07	-0.82	-1.57	-1.35	-1.94
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	-0.60	-0.42	--	-0.75	--	-0.59
95% Confidence Interval	--	(-1.02, -0.18)	(-0.84, -0.00)	--	(-1.20, -0.30)	--	(-1.01, -0.16)
p-value	--	0.005*	0.050*	--	0.001*	--	0.007‡
Treatment satisfaction - visual analogue scale (FAS) (Secondary)
n	428	414	425	390	387	377	388
Mean baseline	4.11	3.95	3.87	5.5	5.4	5.13	5.13
Mean change from baselineâ€	1.89	2.55	2.44	0.7	1.5	1.05	1.88
Mean difference from placeboâ€	--	0 Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption After oral administration of mirabegron in healthy volunteers mirabegron is absorbed to reach peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) between 3 and 4 hours. The absolute bioavailability increased from 29% at a dose of 25 mg to 35% at a dose of 50 mg. Mean Cmax and AUC increased more than dose proportionally over the dose range. In the overall population of males and females, a 2-fold increase in dose from 50 mg to 100 mg mirabegron increased Cmax and AUCtau by approximately 2.9- and 2.6-fold, respectively, whereas a 4-fold increase in dose from 50 mg to 200 mg mirabegron increased Cmax and AUCtau by approximately 8.4- and 6.5-fold. Steady state concentrations are achieved within 7 days of once daily dosing with mirabegron. After once daily administration, plasma exposure of mirabegron at steady state is approximately double that seen after a single dose. Effect of food on absorption Co-administration of a 50 mg tablet with a high-fat meal reduced mirabegron Cmax and AUC by 45% and 17%, respectively. A low-fat meal decreased mirabegron Cmax and AUC by 75% and 51%, respectively. In the phase 3 studies, mirabegron was administered with or without food and demonstrated both safety and efficacy. Therefore, mirabegron can be taken with or without food at the recommended dose. Distribution Mirabegron is extensively distributed. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) is approximately 1670 L. Mirabegron is bound (approximately 71%) to human plasma proteins, and shows moderate affinity for albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. Mirabegron distributes to erythrocytes. In vitro erythrocyte concentrations of 14C-mirabegron were about 2-fold higher than in plasma. Biotransformation Mirabegron is metabolised via multiple pathways involving dealkylation, oxidation, (direct) glucuronidation, and amide hydrolysis. Mirabegron is the major circulating component following a single dose of 14C-mirabegron. Two major metabolites were observed in human plasma; both are phase 2 glucuronides representing 16% and 11% of total exposure. These metabolites are not pharmacologically active. Based on in vitro studies, mirabegron is unlikely to inhibit the metabolism of co-administered medicinal products metabolised by the following cytochrome P450 enzymes: CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 because mirabegron did not inhibit the activity of these enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations. Mirabegron did not induce CYP1A2 or CYP3A. Mirabegron is predicted not to cause clinically relevant inhibition of OCT-mediated drug transport. Although in vitro studies suggest a role for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in the oxidative metabolism of mirabegron, in vivo results indicate that these isozymes play a limited role in the overall elimination. In vitro and ex vivo studies have shown the involvement from butyrylcholinesterase, UGT and possibly alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the metabolism of mirabegron, in addition to CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. CYP2D6 polymorphism In healthy subjects who are genotypically poor metabolisers of CYP2D6 substrates (used as a surrogate for CYP2D6 inhibition), mean Cmax and AUCinf of a single 160 mg dose of a mirabegron IR formulation were 14% and 19% higher than in extensive metabolisers, indicating that CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism has minimal impact on the mean plasma exposure to mirabegron. Interaction of mirabegron with a known CYP2D6 inhibitor is not expected and was not studied. No dose adjustment is needed for mirabegron when administered with CYP2D6 inhibitors or in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolisers. Elimination Total body clearance (CLtot) from plasma is approximately 57 L/h. The terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) is approximately 50 hours. Renal clearance (CLR) is approximately 13 L/h, which corresponds to nearly 25% of CLtot. Renal elimination of mirabegron is primarily through active tubular secretion along with glomerular filtration. The urinary excretion of unchanged mirabegron is dose-dependent and ranges from approximately 6.0% after a daily dose of 25 mg to 12.2% after a daily dose of 100 mg. Following the administration of 160 mg 14C-mirabegron to healthy volunteers, approximately 55% of the radiolabel was recovered in the urine and 34% in the faeces. Unchanged mirabegron accounted for 45% of the urinary radioactivity, indicating the presence of metabolites. Unchanged mirabegron accounted for the majority of the faecal radioactivity. Age The Cmax and AUC of mirabegron and its metabolites following multiple oral doses in elderly volunteers (> 65 years) were similar to those in younger volunteers (18-45 years). Gender The Cmax and AUC are approximately 40% to 50% higher in females than in males. Gender differences in Cmax and AUC are attributed to differences in body weight and bioavailability. Race The pharmacokinetics of mirabegron are not influenced by race. Renal impairment Following single dose administration of 100 mg Betmiga in volunteers with mild renal impairment (eGFR-MDRD 60 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2), mean mirabegron Cmax and AUC were increased by 6% and 31% relative to volunteers with normal renal function. In volunteers with moderate renal impairment (eGFR-MDRD 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2), Cmax and AUC were increased by 23% and 66%, respectively. In volunteers with severe renal impairment (eGFR-MDRD 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m2), mean Cmax and AUC values were 92% and 118% higher. Mirabegron has not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 or patients requiring haemodialysis). Hepatic impairment Following single dose administration of 100 mg Betmiga in volunteers with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A), mean mirabegron Cmax and AUC were increased by 9% and 19% relative to volunteers with normal hepatic function. In volunteers with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B), mean Cmax and AUC values were 175% and 65% higher. Mirabegron has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C). Pharmacotherapeutic group Urologicals, urinary antispasmodics ATC code: G04BD12. Preclinical safety data Pre-clinical studies have identified target organs of toxicity that are consistent with clinical observations. Transient increases in liver enzymes and hepatocyte changes (necrosis and decrease in glycogen particles) were seen in rats. An increase in heart rate was observed in rats, rabbits, dogs and monkeys. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies have shown no genotoxic or carcinogenic potential in vivo. No effects on fertility were seen at sub-lethal doses (human equivalent dose was 19-fold higher than the maximum human recommended dose (MHRD)). The main findings in rabbit embryofetal development studies included malformations of the heart (dilated aorta, cardiomegaly) at systemic exposures 36-fold higher than observed at the MHRD. In addition, malformations of the lung (absent accessory lobe of the lung) and increased post-implantation loss were observed in the rabbit at systemic exposures 14-fold higher than observed at the MHRD, while in the rat reversible effects on ossification were noted (wavy ribs, delayed ossification, decreased number of ossified sternebrae, metacarpi or metatarsi) at systemic exposures 22-fold higher than observed at the MHRD. The observed embryofetal toxicity occurred at doses associated with maternal toxicity. The cardiovascular malformations observed in the rabbit were shown to be mediated via activation of the beta 1-adrenoceptor. Pharmacokinetic studies performed with radio-labelled mirabegron have shown that the parent compound and/or its metabolites are excreted in the milk of rats at levels that were approximately 1.7-fold higher than plasma levels at 4 hours post administration. List of excipients Core tablet Macrogol 8,000 and 2,000,000 Hydroxypropylcellulose Butylhydroxytoluene Magnesium stearate Film coating Betmiga 25 mg prolonged-release tablets Hypromellose 2910, 6 mPa.s Macrogol 8,000 Iron oxide yellow (E172) Iron oxide red (E172) Betmiga 50 mg prolonged-release tablets Hypromellose 2910, 6 mPa.s Macrogol 8,000 Iron oxide yellow (E172) Incompatibilities Not applicable. Shelf life 3 years Shelf life after first opening of the bottle: 6 months Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. Nature and contents of container Alu-Alu blisters in cartons containing 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 90, 100 or 200 tablets. HDPE bottles with child-resistant closure of polypropylene (PP) and a silica gel desiccant containing 90 tablets. Each carton contains one bottle. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. Marketing authorisation holder Astellas Pharma Europe B.V. Sylviusweg 62 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/12/809/001 - 018 Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 20 December 2012 Date of latest renewal: 18 September 2017 Date of revision of the text 18 September 2017 Betmiga price Average cost of Betmiga 50 mg per unit in online pharmacies is from 2.52$ to 2.79$, per pack from 162$ to 234$. References: https://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=betmiga https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=betmiga Available in countries Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia (Hrvatska) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Find in a country: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z