Ambival

Ambival tablets are indicated for:

- the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults

- the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults

- the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache (CTTH) in adults

- the prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults

- the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above when organic pathology, including spina bifida and related disorders, have been excluded and no response has been achieved to all other non-drug and drug treatments, including antispasmodics and vasopressin-related products. This medicinal product should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional with expertise in the management of persistent enuresis.

Amitriptyline is indicated for:

- the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults

- the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults

- the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache (CTTH) in adults

- the prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults

- the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above when organic pathology, including spina bifida and related disorders, have been excluded and no response has been achieved to all other non-drug and drug treatments, including antispasmodics and vasopressin-related products.

This medicinal product should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional with expertise in the management of persistent enuresis.

For the relief of symptoms of depression. Endogenous depression is more likely to be alleviated than are other depressive states.

Posology

Not all dosage schemes can be achieved with all the pharmaceutical forms/strengths. The appropriate formulation/strength should be selected for the starting doses and any subsequent dose increments.

Major depressive disorder

Dosage should be initiated at a low level and increased gradually, noting carefully the clinical response and any evidence of intolerability.

Adults

Initially 25 mg 2 times daily (50 mg daily). If necessary, the dose can be increased by 25 mg every other day up to 150 mg daily divided into two doses.

The maintenance dose is the lowest effective dose.

Elderly patients over 65 years of age and patients with cardiovascular disease

Initially 10 mg - 25 mg daily.

The daily dose may be increased up to 100 mg - 150 mg divided into two doses, depending on individual patient response and tolerability.

Doses above 100 mg should be used with caution.

The maintenance dose is the lowest effective dose.

Paediatric population

Ambival should not be used in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years, as long term safety and efficacy have not been established.

Duration of treatment

The antidepressant effect usually sets in after 2 - 4 weeks. Treatment with antidepressants is symptomatic and must therefore be continued for an appropriate length of time usually up to 6 months after recovery in order to prevent relapse.

Neuropathic pain, prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache and prophylactic treatment of migraine prophylaxis

Patients should be individually titrated to the dose that provides adequate analgesia with tolerable adverse drug reactions. Generally, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration required to treat the symptoms.

Adults

Recommended doses are 25 mg - 75 mg daily in the evening. Doses above 100 mg should be used with caution.

The initial dose should be 10 mg - 25 mg in the evening. Doses can be increased with 10 mg - 25 mg every 3 - 7 days as tolerated.

The dose can be taken once daily, or be divided into two doses. A single dose above 75 mg is not recommended.

The analgesic effect is normally seen after 2 - 4 weeks of dosing.

Elderly patients over 65 years of age and patients with cardiovascular disease

A starting dose of 10 mg - 25 mg in the evening is recommended.

Doses above 75 mg should be used with caution.

It is generally recommended to initiate treatment in the lower dose range as recommended for adult. The dose may be increased depending on individual patient response and tolerability.

Paediatric population

Ambival should not be used in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years, as safety and efficacy have not been established.

Duration of treatment

Neuropathic pain

Treatment is symptomatic and should therefore be continued for an appropriate length of time. In many patients, therapy may be needed for several years. Regular reassessment is recommended to confirm that continuation of the treatment remains appropriate for the patient.

Prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache and prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults

Treatment must be continued for an appropriate length of time. Regular reassessment is recommended to confirm that continuation of the treatment remains appropriate for the patient.

Nocturnal enuresis

Paediatric population

The recommended doses for:

- children aged 6 to 10 years: 10 mg - 20 mg. A suitable dosage form should be used for this age group.

- children aged 11 years and above: 25 mg - 50 mg daily

The dose should be increased gradually.

Dose to be administered 1-1½ hours before bedtime.

An ECG should be performed prior to initiating therapy with Ambival to exclude long QT syndrome.

The maximum period of treatment course should not exceed 3 months.

If repeated courses of Ambival are needed, a medical review should be conducted every 3 months.

When stopping treatment, Ambival should be withdrawn gradually.

Special populations

Reduced renal function

This medicinal product can be given in usual doses to patients with renal failure.

Reduced liver function

Careful dosing and, if possible, a serum level determination is advisable.

Cytochrome P450 inhibitors of CYP2D6

Depending on individual patient response, a lower dose of Ambival should be considered if a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor (e.g. bupropion, quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine) is added to Ambival treatment.

Known poor metabolisers of CYP2D6 or CYP2C19

These patients may have higher plasma concentrations of Ambival and its active metabolite nortriptyline. Consider a 50% reduction of the recommended starting dose.

Method of administration

Ambival tablet is for oral use.

The tablets should be swallowed with water.

Discontinuation of treatment

When stopping therapy the drug should be gradually withdrawn during several weeks.

Posology

Not all dosage schemes can be achieved with all the pharmaceutical forms/strengths. The appropriate formulation/strength should be selected for the starting doses and any subsequent dose increments.

Major depressive disorder

Dosage should be initiated at a low level and increased gradually, noting carefully the clinical response and any evidence of intolerability.

Adults

Initially 25 mg 2 times daily (50 mg daily). If necessary, the dose can be increased by 25 mg every other day up to 150 mg daily divided into two doses.

The maintenance dose is the lowest effective dose.

Elderly patients over 65 years of age and patients with cardiovascular disease

Initially 10 mg - 25 mg daily.

The daily dose may be increased up to 100 mg - 150 mg divided into two doses, depending on individual patient response and tolerability.

Doses above 100 mg should be used with caution.

The maintenance dose is the lowest effective dose.

Paediatric population

Amitriptyline should not be used in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years, as safety and efficacy have not been established.

Duration of treatment

The antidepressant effect usually sets in after 2 - 4 weeks. Treatment with antidepressants is symptomatic and must therefore be continued for an appropriate length of time usually up to 6 months after recovery in order to prevent relapse.

Neuropathic pain, prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache and prophylactic treatment of migraine prophylaxis

Patients should be individually titrated to the dose that provides adequate analgesia with tolerable adverse drug reactions. Generally, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration required to treat the symptoms.

Adults

Recommended doses are 25 mg - 75 mg daily in the evening. Doses above 100 mg should be used with caution.

The initial dose should be 10 mg - 25 mg in the evening. Doses can be increased with 10 mg - 25 mg every 3 - 7 days as tolerated.

The dose can be taken once daily, or be divided into two doses. A single dose above 75 mg is not recommended.

The analgesic effect is normally seen after 2 - 4 weeks of dosing.

Elderly patients over 65 years of age and patients with cardiovascular disease

A starting dose of 10 mg - 25 mg in the evening is recommended.

Doses above 75 mg should be used with caution.

It is generally recommended to initiate treatment in the lower dose range as recommended for adult. The dose may be increased depending on individual patient response and tolerability.

Paediatric population

Amitriptyline should not be used in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years, as safety and efficacy have not been established.

Duration of treatment

Neuropathic pain

Treatment is symptomatic and should therefore be continued for an appropriate length of time. In many patients, therapy may be needed for several years. Regular reassessment is recommended to confirm that continuation of the treatment remains appropriate for the patient.

Prophylactic treatment of chronic tension type headache and prophylactic treatment of migraine in adults

Treatment must be continued for an appropriate length of time. Regular reassessment is recommended to confirm that continuation of the treatment remains appropriate for the patient.

Nocturnal enuresis

Paediatric population

The recommended doses for:

- children aged 6 to 10 years: 10 mg - 20 mg. A suitable dosage form should be used for this age group.

- children aged 11 years and above: 25 mg - 50 mg daily

The dose should be increased gradually.

Dose to be administered 1-1½ hours before bedtime.

An ECG should be performed prior to initiating therapy with amitriptyline to exclude long QT syndrome.

The maximum period of treatment course should not exceed 3 months.

If repeated courses of amitriptyline are needed, a medical review should be conducted every 3 months.

When stopping treatment, amitriptyline should be withdrawn gradually.

Special populations

Reduced renal function

This medicinal product can be given in usual doses to patients with renal failure.

Reduced liver function

Careful dosing and, if possible, a serum level determination is advisable.

Cytochrome P450 inhibitors of CYP2D6

Depending on individual patient response, a lower dose of amitriptyline should be considered if a strong CYP2D6 inhibitor (e.g. bupropion, quinidine, fluoxetine, paroxetine) is added to amitriptyline treatment.

Known poor metabolisers of CYP2D6 or CYP2C19

These patients may have higher plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline. Consider a 50% reduction of the recommended starting dose.

Method of administration

For oral use only.

Discontinuation of treatment

When stopping therapy the drug should be gradually withdrawn during several weeks.

Dosage should be initiated at a low level and increased gradually, noting carefully the clinical response and any evidence of intolerance.

Initial Dosage For Adults

For outpatients 75 mg of amitriptyline HCl a day in divided doses is usually satisfactory. If necessary, this may be increased to a total of 150 mg per day. Increases are made preferably in the late afternoon and/or bedtime doses. A sedative effect may be apparent before the antidepressant effect is noted, but an adequate therapeutic effect may take as long as 30 days to develop.

An alternate method of initiating therapy in outpatients is to begin with 50 to 100 mg amitriptyline HCl at bedtime. This may be increased by 25 or 50 mg as necessary in the bedtime dose to a total of 150 mg per day.

Hospitalized patients may require 100 mg a day initially. This can be increased gradually to 200 mg a day if necessary. A small number of hospitalized patients may need as much as 300 mg a day.

Adolescent And Elderly Patients

In general, lower dosages are recommended for these patients. Ten mg 3 times a day with 20 mg at bedtime may be satisfactory in adolescent and elderly patients who do not tolerate higher dosages.

Maintenance

The usual maintenance dosage of amitriptyline HCl is 50 to 100 mg per day. In some patients 40 mg per day is sufficient. For maintenance therapy the total daily dosage may be given in a single dose preferably at bedtime. When satisfactory improvement has been reached, dosage should be reduced to the lowest amount that will maintain relief of symptoms. It is appropriate to continue maintenance therapy 3 months or longer to lessen the possibility of relapse.

Usage In Pediatric Patients

In view of the lack of experience with the use of this drug in pediatric patients, it is not recommended at the present time for patients under 12 years of age.

Plasma Levels

Because of the wide variation in the absorption and distribution of tricyclic antidepressants in body fluids, it is difficult to directly correlate plasma levels and therapeutic effect. However, determination of plasma levels may be useful in identifying patients who appear to have toxic effects and may have excessively high levels, or those in whom lack of absorption or noncompliance is suspected. Because of increased intestinal transit time and decreased hepatic metabolism in elderly patients, plasma levels are generally higher for a given oral dose of amitriptyline hydrochloride than in younger patients.

Elderly patients should be monitored carefully and quantitative serum levels obtained as clinically appropriate. Adjustment in dosage should be made according to the patient's clinical response and not on the basis of plasma levels.**

Recent myocardial infarction. Any degree of heart block or disorders of cardiac rhythm and coronary artery insufficiency.

Concomitant treatment with MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) is contra-indicated.

Simultaneous administration of Ambival and MAOIs may cause serotonin syndrome (a combination of symptoms, possibly including agitation, confusion, tremor, myoclonus and hyperthermia).

Treatment with Ambival may be instituted 14 days after discontinuation of irreversible non-selective MAOIs and minimum one day after discontinuation of the reversible moclobemide. Treatment with MAOIs may be introduced 14 days after discontinuation of Ambival.

Severe liver disease.

In children under 6 years of age.

Recent myocardial infarction. Any degree of heart block or disorders of cardiac rhythm and coronary artery insufficiency.

Concomitant treatment with MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors) is contra-indicated.

Simultaneous administration of amitriptyline and MAOIs may cause serotonin syndrome (a combination of symptoms, possibly including agitation, confusion, tremor, myoclonus and hyperthermia).

Treatment with amitriptyline may be instituted 14 days after discontinuation of irreversible non-selective MAOIs and minimum one day after discontinuation of the reversible moclobemide. Treatment with MAOIs may be introduced 14 days after discontinuation of amitriptyline.

Severe liver disease.

In children under 6 years of age.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients who have shown prior hypersensitivity to it. It should not be given concomitantly with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Hyperpyretic crises, severe convulsions, and deaths have occurred in patients receiving tricyclic antidepressant and monoamine oxidase inhibiting drugs simultaneously. When it is desired to replace a monoamine oxidase inhibitor with amitriptyline hydrochloride, a minimum of 14 days should be allowed to elapse after the former is discontinued. Amitriptyline hydrochloride should then be initiated cautiously with a gradual increase in dosage until optimum response is achieved.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride should not be given with Cisapride due to the potential for increased QT interval and increased risk for arrhythmia.

This drug is not recommended for use during the acute recovery phase following myocardial infarction.

Cardiac arrhythmias and severe hypotension are likely to occur with high dosage. They may also occur in patients with pre-existing heart disease taking normal dosage.

QT interval prolongation

Cases of QT interval prolongation and arrhythmia have been reported during the post-marketing period. Caution is advised in patients with significant bradycardia, in patients with uncompensated heart failure, or in patients concurrently taking QT-prolonging drugs. Electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia, hypomagnesaemia) are known to be conditions increasing the proarrhythmic risk.

Anaesthetics given during tri/tetracyclic antidepressant therapy may increase the risk of arrhythmias and hypotension. If possible, discontinue this medicinal product several days before surgery; if emergency surgery is unavoidable, the anaesthetist should be informed that the patient is being so treated.

Great care is necessary if Ambival is administered to hyperthyroid patients or to those receiving thyroid medication, since cardiac arrhythmias may develop.

Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to orthostatic hypotension.

This medical product should be used with caution in patients with convulsive disorders, urinary retention, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, paranoid symptomatology and advanced hepatic or cardiovascular disease, pylorus stenosis and paralytic ileus.

In patients with the rare condition of shallow anterior chamber and narrow chamber angle, attacks of acute glaucoma due to dilation of the pupil may be provoked.

Suicide/suicidal thoughts

Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self-harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.

Patients with a history of suicide-related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment, are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.

Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.

In manic-depressives, a shift towards the manic phase may occur; should the patient enter a manic phase Ambival should be discontinued.

As described for other psychotropics, Ambival may modify insulin and glucose responses calling for adjustment of the antidiabetic therapy in diabetic patients; in addition, the depressive illness itself may affect patients' glucose balance.

Hyperpyrexia has been reported with tricyclic antidepressants when administered with anticholinergic or with neuroleptic medications, especially in hot weather.

After prolonged administration, abrupt cessation of therapy may produce withdrawal symptoms such as headache, malaise, insomnia and irritability.

Ambival should be used with caution in patients receiving SSRIs.

Nocturnal enuresis

An ECG should be performed prior to initiating therapy with Ambival to exclude long QT syndrome.

Ambival for enuresis should not be combined with an anticholinergic drug.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviours may also develop during early treatment with antidepressants for disorders other than depression; the same precautions observed when treating patients with depression should therefore be followed when treating patients with enuresis.

Paediatric population

Long-term safety data in children and adolescents concerning growth, maturation and cognitive and behavioural development are not available.

Excipient Warnings

This product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Cardiac arrhythmias and severe hypotension are likely to occur with high dosage. They may also occur in patients with pre-existing heart disease taking normal dosage.

QT interval prolongation

Cases of QT interval prolongation and arrhythmia have been reported during the post-marketing period. Caution is advised in patients with significant bradycardia, in patients with uncompensated heart failure, or in patients concurrently taking QT-prolonging drugs. Electrolyte disturbances (hypokalaemia, hyperkalaemia, hypomagnesaemia) are known to be conditions increasing the proarrythmic risk.

Anaesthetics given during tri/tetracyclic antidepressant therapy may increase the risk of arrhythmias and hypotension. If possible, discontinue this medicinal product several days before surgery; if emergency surgery is unavoidable, the anaesthetist should be informed that the patient is being so treated.

Great care is necessary if amitriptyline is administered to hyperthyroid patients or to those receiving thyroid medication, since cardiac arrhythmias may develop.

Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to orthostatic hypotension.

This medical product should be used with caution in patients with convulsive disorders, urinary retention, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, paranoid symptomatology and advanced hepatic or cardiovascular disease, pylorus stenosis and paralytic ileus.

In patients with the rare condition of shallow anterior chamber and narrow chamber angle, attacks of acute glaucoma due to dilation of the pupil may be provoked.

Suicide/suicidal thoughts

Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self-harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.

Patients with a history of suicide-related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment, are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebo controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.

Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.

In manic-depressives, a shift towards the manic phase may occur; should the patient enter a manic phase amitriptyline should be discontinued.

As described for other psychotropics, amitriptyline may modify insulin and glucose responses calling for adjustment of the antidiabetic therapy in diabetic patients; in addition the depressive illness itself may affect patients' glucose balance.

Hyperpyrexia has been reported with tricyclic antidepressants when administered with anticholinergic or with neuroleptic medications, especially in hot weather.

After prolonged administration, abrupt cessation of therapy may produce withdrawal symptoms such as headache, malaise, insomnia and irritability.

Amitriptyline should be used with caution in patients receiving SSRIs.

Nocturnal enuresis

An ECG should be performed prior to initiating therapy with amitriptyline to exclude long QT syndrome.

Amitriptyline for enuresis should not be combined with an anticholinergic drug.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviours may also develop during early treatment with antidepressants for disorders other than depression; the same precautions observed when treating patients with depression should therefore be followed when treating patients with enuresis.

Paediatric population

Long-term safety data in children and adolescents concerning growth, maturation and cognitive and behavioural development are not available.

Excipient Warnings

Methyl and propyl parahydroxybenzoates are contained in this product which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed).

WARNINGS

Clinical Worsening And Suicide Risk

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), both adult and pediatric, may experience worsening of their depression and/or the emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior (suicidality) or unusual changes in behavior, whether or not they are taking antidepressant medications, and this risk may persist until significant remission occurs. Suicide is a known risk of depression and certain other psychiatric disorders, and these disorders themselves are the strongest predictors of suicide. There has been a long-standing concern, however, that antidepressants may have a role in inducing worsening of depression and the emergence of suicidality in certain patients during the early phases of treatment. Pooled analyses of short-term placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant drugs (SSRIs and others) showed that these drugs increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 1824) with major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. Short-term studies did not show an increase in the risk of suicidality with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults beyond age 24; there was a reduction with antidepressants compared to placebo in adults aged 65 and older.

The pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents with MDD, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), or other psychiatric disorders included a total of 24 short-term trials of 9 antidepressant drugs in over 4400 patients. The pooled analyses of placebo-controlled trials in adults with MDD or other psychiatric disorders included a total of 295 short-term trials (median duration of 2 months) of 11 antidepressant drugs in over 77,000 patients. There was considerable variation in risk of suicidality among drugs, but a tendency toward an increase in the younger patients for almost all drugs studied. There were differences in absolute risk of suicidality across the different indications, with the highest incidence in MDD. The risk differences (drug vs placebo), however, were relatively stable within age strata and across indications. These risk differences (drug-placebo difference in the number of cases of suicidality per 1000 patients treated) are provided in Table 1.

Table 1

No suicides occurred in any of the pediatric trials. There were suicides in the adult trials, but the number was not sufficient to reach any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

It is unknown whether the suicidality risk extends to longer-term use, i.e., beyond several months. However, there is substantial evidence from placebo-controlled maintenance trials in adults with depression that the use of antidepressants can delay the recurrence of depression.

All patients being treated with antidepressants for any indication should be monitored appropriately and observed closely for clinical worsening, suicidality, and unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial few months of a course of drug therapy, or at times of dose changes, either increases or decreases.

The following symptoms, anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania, and mania, have been reported in adult and pediatric patients being treated with antidepressants for major depressive disorder as well as for other indications, both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric. Although a causal link between the emergence of such symptoms and either the worsening of depression and/or the emergence of suicidal impulses has not been established, there is concern that such symptoms may represent precursors to emerging suicidality.

Consideration should be given to changing the therapeutic regimen, including possibly discontinuing the medication, in patients whose depression is persistently worse, or who are experiencing emergent suicidality or symptoms that might be precursors to worsening depression or suicidality, especially if these symptoms are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms.

Families and caregivers of patients being treated with antidepressants for major depressive disorder or other indications, both psychiatric and non-psychiatric, should be alerted about the need to monitor patients for the emergence of agitation, irritability, unusual changes in behavior, and the other symptoms described above, as well as the emergence of suicidality, and to report such symptoms immediately to health care providers. Such monitoring should include daily observation by families and caregivers. Prescriptions for amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets should be written for the smallest quantity of tablets consistent with good patient management, in order to reduce the risk of overdose.

Screening Patients For Bipolar Disorder

A major depressive episode may be the initial presentation of bipolar disorder. It is generally believed (though not established in controlled trials) that treating such an episode with an antidepressant alone may increase the likelihood of precipitation of a mixed/manic episode in patients at risk for bipolar disorder. Whether any of the symptoms described above represent such a conversion is unknown. However, prior to initiating treatment with an antidepressant, patients with depressive symptoms should be adequately screened to determine if they are at risk for bipolar disorder; such screening should include a detailed psychiatric history, including a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression. It should be noted that amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets are not approved for use in treating bipolar depression.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride may block the antihypertensive action of guanethidine or similarly acting compounds.

It should be used with caution in patients with a history of seizures and, because of its atropine-like action, in patients with a history of urinary retention or angle-closure glaucoma. In patients with angleclosure glaucoma, even average doses may precipitate an attack.

Patients with cardiovascular disorders should be watched closely. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs, including amitriptyline hydrochloride, particularly when given in high doses, have been reported to produce arrhythmias, sinus tachycardia, and prolongation of the conduction time. Myocardial infarction and stroke have been reported with drugs of this class.

Close supervision is required when amitriptyline hydrochloride is given to hyperthyroid patients or those receiving thyroid medication.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride may enhance the response to alcohol and the effects of barbiturates and other CNS depressants. In patients who may use alcohol excessively, it should be borne in mind that the potentiation may increase the danger inherent in any suicide attempt or overdosage. Delirium has been reported with concurrent administration of amitriptyline and disulfiram.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

The pupillary dilation that occurs following use of many antidepressant drugs, including amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets, may trigger an angle closure attack in a patient with anatomically narrow angles who does not have a patent iridectomy.

Usage In Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category C

Teratogenic effects were not observed in mice, rats, or rabbits when amitriptyline was given orally at doses of 2 to 40 mg/kg/day (up to 13 times the maximum recommended human dose*). Studies in literature have shown amitriptyline to be teratogenic in mice and hamsters when given by various routes of administration at doses of 28 to 100 mg/kg/day (9 to 33 times the maximum recommended human dose), producing multiple malformations. Another study in the rat reported that an oral dose of 25 mg/kg/day (8 times the maximum recommended human dose) produced delays in ossification of fetal vertebral bodies without other signs of embryotoxicity. In rabbits, an oral dose of 60 mg/kg/day (20 times the maximum recommended human dose) was reported to cause incomplete ossification of the cranial bones.

Amitriptyline has been shown to cross the placenta. Although a causal relationship has not been established, there have been a few reports of adverse events, including CNS effects, limb deformities, or developmental delay, in infants whose mothers had taken amitriptyline during pregnancy. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Amitriptyline hydrochloride should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Nursing Mothers

Amitriptyline is excreted into breast milk. In one report in which a patient received amitriptyline 100 mg/day while nursing her infant, levels of 83 to 141 ng/mL were detected in the mother's serum. Levels of 135 to 151 ng/mL were found in the breast milk, but no trace of the drug could be detected in the infant's serum.

Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from amitriptyline, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Usage In Pediatric Patients

In view of the lack of experience with the use of this drug in pediatric patients, it is not recommended at the present time for patients under 12 years of age.

PRECAUTIONS

Schizophrenic patients may develop increased symptoms of psychosis; patients with paranoid symptomatology may have an exaggeration of such symptoms. Depressed patients, particularly those with known manic-depressive illness, may experience a shift to mania or hypomania. In these circumstances the dose of amitriptyline may be reduced or a major tranquilizer such as perphenazine may be administered concurrently.

The possibility of suicide in depressed patients remains until significant remission occurs. Potentially suicidal patients should not have access to large quantities of this drug. Prescriptions should be written for the smallest amount feasible.

Concurrent administration of amitriptyline hydrochloride and electroshock therapy may increase the hazards associated with such therapy. Such treatment should be limited to patients for whom it is essential.

When possible, the drug should be discontinued several days before elective surgery.

Both elevation and lowering of blood sugar levels have been reported.

Amitriptyline hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with impaired liver function.

Information For Patients

Prescribers or other health professionals should inform patients, their families, and their caregivers about the benefits and risks associated with treatment with amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets and should counsel them in its appropriate use. A patient Medication Guide about “Antidepressant Medicines, Depression and other Serious Mental Illness, and Suicidal Thoughts or Actions” is available for amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets. The prescriber or health professional should instruct patients, their families, and their caregivers to read the Medication Guide and should assist them in understanding its contents. Patients should be given the opportunity to discuss the contents of the Medication Guide and to obtain answers to any questions they may have. The complete text of the Medication Guide is reprinted at the end of this document.

Patients should be advised of the following issues and asked to alert their prescriber if these occur while taking amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets.

While on therapy with amitriptyline hydrochloride, patients should be advised as to the possible impairment of mental and/or physical abilities required for performance of hazardous tasks, such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle.

Patients should be advised that taking amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets can cause mild papillary dilation, which in susceptible individuals, can lead to an episode of angle-closure glaucoma. Preexisting glaucoma is almost always open-angle glaucoma because angle-closure glaucoma, when diagnosed, can be treated definitively with iridectomy. Open-angle glaucoma is not a risk factor for angle-closure glaucoma. Patients may wish to be examined to determine whether they are susceptible to angle closure, and have a prophylactic procedure (e.g., iridectomy), if they are susceptible.

Clinical Worsening And Suicide Risk

Patients, their families, and their caregivers should be encouraged to be alert to the emergence of anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, aggressiveness, impulsivity, akathisia (psychomotor restlessness), hypomania, mania, other unusual changes in behavior, worsening of depression, and suicidal ideation, especially early during antidepressant treatment and when the dose is adjusted up or down. Families and caregivers of patients should be advised to look for the emergence of such symptoms on a day-to-day basis, since changes may be abrupt. Such symptoms should be reported to the patient's prescriber or health professional, especially if they are severe, abrupt in onset, or were not part of the patient's presenting symptoms. Symptoms such as these may be associated with an increased risk for suicidal thinking and behavior and indicate a need for very close monitoring and possibly changes in the medication.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in the pediatric population have not been established (see BOX WARNING and WARNINGS - Clinical Worsening and Suicide Risk). Anyone considering the use of amitriptyline hydrochloride tablets in a child or adolescent must balance the potential risks with the clinical need.

Geriatric Use

Clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic function, concomitant disease and other drug therapy in elderly patients.

Geriatric patients are particularly sensitive to the anticholinergic side effects of tricyclic antidepressants including amitriptyline hydrochloride. Peripheral anticholinergic effects include tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, and exacerbation of narrow-angle glaucoma. Central nervous system anticholinergic effects include cognitive impairment, psychomotor slowing, confusion, sedation, and delirium. Elderly patients taking amitriptyline hydrochloride may be at increased risk for falls. Elderly patients should be started on low doses of amitriptyline hydrochloride and observed closely (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Ambival is a sedative drug.

Patients who are prescribed psychotropic medication may be expected to have some impairment in general attention and concentration and should be cautioned about their ability to drive or operate machinery. These adverse effects can be potentiated by the concomitant intake of alcohol.

Amitriptyline is a sedative drug.

Patients who are prescribed psychotropic medication may be expected to have some impairment in general attention and concentration and should be cautioned about their ability to drive or operate machinery. These adverse effects can be potentiated by the concomitant intake of alcohol.

Ambival may induce side effects similar to other tricyclic antidepressants. Some of the below mentioned side effects e.g. headache, tremor, disturbance in attention, constipation and decreased libido may also be symptoms of depression and usually attenuate when the depressive state improves.

In the listing below the following convention is used:

MedDRA system organ class / preferred term;

Very common (> 1/10);

Common (> 1/100, < 1/10);

Uncommon (> 1/1,000, < 1/100);

Rare (> 1/10,000, < 1/1,000);

Very rare (<1/10,000);

Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

*Case reports of suicidal thoughts or behaviour were reported during the treatment with or just after conclusion of the treatment with Ambival.

Epidemiological studies, mainly conducted in patients 50 years of age and older, show an increased risk of bone fractures in patients receiving SSRIs and TCAs. The mechanism leading to this risk is unknown.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme at Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow card in the google play or Apple App store.

Amitriptyline may induce side effects similar to other tricyclic antidepressants. Some of the below mentioned side effects e.g. headache, tremor, disturbance in attention, constipation and decreased libido may also be symptoms of depression and usually attenuate when the depressive state improves.

In the listing below the following convention is used:

MedDRA system organ class / preferred term;

Very common (> 1/10);

Common (> 1/100, < 1/10);

Uncommon (> 1/1,000, < 1/100);

Rare (> 1/10,000, < 1/1,000);

Very rare (<1/10,000);

Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

*Case reports of suicidal thoughts or behaviour were reported during the treatment with or just after conclusion of the treatment with amitriptyline.

Epidemiological studies, mainly conducted in patients 50 years of age and older, show an increased risk of bone fractures in patients receiving SSRs and TCAs. The mechanism leading to this risk is unknown.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions:

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Symptoms

Anticholinergic symptoms: Mydriasis, tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mucous membranes, reduced bowel motility. Convulsions. Fever. Sudden occurrence of CNS depression. Lowered consciousness progressing into coma. Respiratory depression.

Cardiac symptoms: Arrhythmias (ventricular tachyarrhythmias, torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation). The ECG characteristically show prolonged PR interval, widening of the QRS-complex, QT prolongation, T-wave flattening or inversion, ST segment depression, and varying degrees of heart block progressing to cardiac standstill. Widening of the QRS-complex usually correlates well with the severity of the toxicity following acute overdoses. Heart failure, hypotension, cardiogenic shock. Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia.

Ingestion of 750 mg or more by an adult may result in severe toxicity. The effects in overdose will be potentiated by simultaneous ingestion of alcohol and other psychotropic.

There is considerably individual variability in response to overdose. Children are especially susceptible to cardiotoxicity and seizures.

During awakening possibly again confusion, agitation and hallucinations and ataxia.

Treatment

1. Admission to hospital (intensive care unit) if required. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

2. Assess and treat ABC's (airway, breathing and circulation) as appropriate. Secure an IV access. Close monitoring even in apparently uncomplicated cases.

3. Examine for clinical features. Check urea and electrolytes—look for low potassium and monitor urine output. Check arterial blood gases—look for acidosis. Perform electrocardiograph—look for QRS>0.16 seconds

4. Do not give flumazenil to reverse benzodiazepine toxicity in mixed overdoses.

5. Consider gastric lavage only if within one hour of a potentially fatal overdose.

6. Give 50 g of charcoal if within one hour of ingestion.

7. Patency of the airway is maintained by intubation, where required. Treatment in respirator is advised to prevent a possible respiratory arrest. Continuous ECG-monitoring of cardiac function for 3-5 days. Treatment of the following will be decided on a case by case basis:

- Circulatory failure

8. Unrest and convulsions may be treated with diazepam.

9. Patients who display signs of toxicity should be monitored for a minimum of 12 hours.

10. Monitor for rhabdomyolysis if the patient has been unconscious for a considerable time.

11. Since overdosage is often deliberate, patients may attempt suicide by other means during the recovery phase. Deaths by deliberate or accidental overdosage have occurred with this class of medicament.

For further information or treatment in children discuss with your local poisons information service in the UK NPIS 0844 892 0111.

Symptoms

Anticholinergic symptoms: Mydriasis, tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mucous membranes, reduced bowel motility. Convulsions. Fever. Sudden occurrence of CNS depression. Lowered consciousness progressing into coma. Respiratory depression.

Cardiac symptoms: Arrhythmias (ventricular tachyarrhythmias, torsade de pointes, ventricular fibrillation). The ECG characteristically show prolonged PR interval, widening of the QRS-complex, QT prolongation, T-wave flattening or inversion, ST segment depression, and varying degrees of heart block progressing to cardiac standstill. Widening of the QRS-complex usually correlates well with the severity of the toxicity following acute overdoses. Heart failure, hypotension, cardiogenic shock. Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia.

Ingestion of 750 mg or more by an adult may result in severe toxicity. The effects in overdose will be potentiated by simultaneous ingestion of alcohol and other psychotropic. There is considerably individual variability in response to overdose. Children are especially susceptible to cardiotoxicity and seizures.

During awakening possibly again confusion, agitation and hallucinations and ataxia.

Treatment

1. Admission to hospital (intensive care unit) if required. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

2. Assess and treat ABC's (airway, breathing and circulation) as appropriate. Secure an IV access. Close monitoring even in apparently uncomplicated cases.

3. Examine for clinical features. Check urea and electrolytes—look for low potassium and monitor urine output. Check arterial blood gases—look for acidosis. Perform electrocardiograph—look for QRS>0.16 seconds

4. Do not give flumazenil to reverse benzodiazepine toxicity in mixed overdoses.

5. Consider gastric lavage only if within one hour of a potentially fatal overdose.

6. Give 50 g of charcoal if within one hour of ingestion.

7. Patency of the airway is maintained by intubation, where required. Treatment in respirator is advised to prevent a possible respiratory arrest. Continuous ECG-monitoring of cardiac function for 3-5 days. Treatment of the following will be decided on a case by case basis:

- Wide QRS-intervals, cardiac failure and ventricular arrhythmias

- Circulatory failure

- Hypotension

- Hyperthermia

- Convulsions

- Metabolic acidosis.

8. Unrest and convulsions may be treated with diazepam.

9. Patients who display signs of toxicity should be monitored for a minimum of 12 hours.

10. Monitor for rhabdomyolysis if the patient has been unconscious for a considerable time.

11. Since overdosage is often deliberate, patients may attempt suicide by other means during the recovery phase. Deaths by deliberate or accidental overdosage have occurred with this class of medicament.

Deaths may occur from overdosage with this class of drugs. Multiple drug ingestion (including alcohol) is common in deliberate tricyclic antidepressant overdose. As the management is complex and changing, it is recommended that the physician contact a poison control center for current information on treatment. Signs and symptoms of toxicity develop rapidly after tricyclic antidepressant overdose; therefore, hospital monitoring is required as soon as possible.

Manifestations

Critical manifestations of overdose include: cardiac dysrhythmias, severe hypotension, convulsions, and CNS depression, including coma. Changes in the electrocardiogram, particularly in QRS axis or width, are clinically significant indicators of tricyclic antidepressant toxicity. In addition, a rightward axis shift in the terminal QRS complex together with a prolonged QT interval and sinus tachycardia are specific and sensitive indicators of first generation tricyclic overdose. The absence of these findings is not exclusionary. Prolonged PR interval, ST-T wave changes, ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation may also occur.

Other signs of overdose may include: impaired myocardial contractility, confusion, disturbed concentration, transient visual hallucinations, dilated pupils, disorders of ocular motility, agitation, hyperactive reflexes, polyradiculoneuropathy, stupor, drowsiness, muscle rigidity, vomiting, hypothermia, hyperpyrexia, or any of the symptoms listed under ADVERSE REACTIONS.

Management

General

Obtain an ECG and immediately initiate cardiac monitoring. Protect the patient's airway, establish an intravenous line and initiate gastric decontamination. A minimum of six hours of observation with cardiac monitoring and observation for signs of CNS or respiratory depression, hypotension, cardiac dysrhythmias and/or conduction blocks, and seizures is necessary. If signs of toxicity occur at any time during the period, extended monitoring is required. There are case reports of patients succumbing to fatal dysrhythmias late after overdose; these patients had clinical evidence of significant poisoning prior to death and most received inadequate gastrointestinal decontamination. Monitoring of plasma drug levels should not guide management of the patient.

Gastrointestinal Decontamination

All patients suspected of tricyclic antidepressant overdose should receive gastrointestinal decontamination. This should include large volume gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal. If consciousness is impaired, the airway should be secured prior to lavage. EMESIS IS CONTRAINDICATED.

Cardiovascular

A maximal limb-lead QRS duration of ≥ 0.10 seconds may be the best indication of the severity of the overdose. Intravenous sodium bicarbonate should be used to maintain the serum pH in the range of 7.45 to 7.55. If the pH response is inadequate, hyperventilation may also be used. Concomitant use of hyperventilation and sodium bicarbonate should be done with extreme caution, with frequent Ph monitoring. A pH > 7.60 or a pCO2 < 20 mm Hg is undesirable. Dysrhythmias unresponsive to sodium bicarbonate therapy/hyperventilation may respond to lidocaine, bretylium or phenytoin. Type 1A and 1C antiarrhythmics are generally contraindicated (e.g., quinidine, disopyramide, and procainamide).

In rare instances, hemoperfusion may be beneficial in acute refractory cardiovascular instability in patients with the acute toxicity. However, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, exchange transfusions, and forced diuresis generally have been reported as ineffective in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.

CNS

In patients with CNS depression early intubation is advised because of the potential for abrupt deterioration. Seizures should be controlled with benzodiazepines, or if these are ineffective, other anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin).

Physostigmine is not recommended except to treat life-threatening symptoms that have been unresponsive to other therapies, and then only in consultation with a poison control center.

Psychiatric Follow-up

Since overdosage is often deliberate, patients may attempt suicide by other means during the recovery phase. Psychiatric referral may be appropriate.

Pediatric Management

The principles of management of pediatric and adult overdosages are similar. It is strongly recommended that the physician contact the local poison control center for specific pediatric treatment.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antidepressants - Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor (tricyclic antidepressant)

ATC code: N 06 AA 09

Mechanism of action

Ambival is a tricyclic antidepressant and an analgesic. It has marked anticholinergic and sedative properties. It prevents the re-uptake, and hence the inactivation of noradrenaline and serotonin at nerve terminals. Reuptake prevention of these monoamine neurotransmitters potentiate their action in the brain. This appears to be associated with the antidepressant activity.

The mechanism of action also includes ion-channel blocking effects on sodium, potassium and NMDA channel at both central and spinal cord level. The noradrenaline, sodium and the NMDA effects are mechanisms known to be involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain, chronic tension type headache prophylaxis and migraine prophylaxis. The pain-reducing effect of Ambival is not linked to its anti-depressive properties.

Tricyclic antidepressants possess affinity for muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors to varying degrees.

Clinical efficacy and safety

The efficacy and safety of Ambival has been demonstrated in treatments of the following indications in adults:

- Major Depressive Disorder

- Neuropathic pain

- Chronic tension type headache prophylaxis

- Migraine prophylaxis

The efficacy and safety of Ambival has been demonstrated for treatments of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above.

The antidepressant and analgesic effects usually set in after 2-4 weeks; the sedative action is not delayed.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antidepressants- Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor (tricyclic antidepressant)

ATC Code: N06AA09

Mechanism of action

Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant and an analgesic. It has marked anticholinergic and sedative properties. It prevents the re-uptake, and hence the inactivation of noradrenaline and serotonin at nerve terminals. Reuptake prevention of these monoamine neurotransmitters potentiate their action in the brain. This appears to be associated with the antidepressant activity.

The mechanism of action also includes ion-channel blocking effects on sodium, potassium and NMDA channel at both central and spinal cord level. The noradrenaline, sodium and the NMDA effects are mechanisms known to be involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain, chronic tension type headache prophylaxis and migraine prophylaxis. The pain-reducing effect of amitriptyline is not linked to its anti-depressive properties.

Tricyclic antidepressants possess affinity for muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors to varying degrees.

Clinical efficacy and safety

The efficacy and safety of amitriptyline has been demonstrated in treatments of the following indications in adults:

- Major Depressive Disorder

- Neuropathic Pain

- Chronic tension type headache prophylaxis

- Migraine prophylaxis

The efficacy and safety of amitriptyline has been demonstrated for treatments of nocturnal enuresis in children aged 6 years and above.

The antidepressant and analgesic effects usually set in after 2-4 weeks; the sedative action is not delayed.

Absorption

Oral administration of tablets results in maximum serum levels in about 4 hours. (t_max = 3.89±1.87 hours; range 1.93-7.98 hours). After peroral administration of 50 mg the mean C_max = 30.95±9.61 ng/ml; range 10.85-45.70 ng/ml (111.57±34.64 nmol/l; range 39.06-164.52 nmol/l). The mean absolute oral bioavailability is 53% (F_abs = 0.527±0.123; range 0.219-0.756).

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (V_d)_β estimated after intravenous administration is 1221 L±280 L; range 769-1702 L (16±3 L/kg).

The plasma protein binding is about 95%.

Ambival and the main metabolite nortriptyline pass across the placental barrier.

In nursing mothers Ambival and nortriptyline are excreted in small amounts with the breast milk. The ratio milk concentration/plasma concentration in women is around 1:1. The estimated daily infant exposure (Ambival + nortriptyline) averages 2% of the corresponding maternal weight related doses of Ambival (in mg/kg).

Biotransformation

In vitro the metabolism of Ambival proceeds mainly by demethylation (CYP2C19, CYP3A4) and hydroxylation (CYP2D6) followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Other isozymes involved are CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphism. The main active metabolite is the secondary amine, nortriptyline.

Nortriptyline is a more potent inhibitor of noradrenaline than of serotonin uptake, while Ambival inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin equally well. Other metabolites such as cis- and trans-10-hydroxyAmbival and cis- and trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline have the same profile as nortriptyline but is considerably weaker. Demethylnortriptyline and Ambival N oxide are only present in plasma in minute amounts; the latter is almost inactive. All the metabolites are less anticholinergic than Ambival and nortriptyline. In plasma the amount of total 10-hydroxynortriptyline dominates but most of the metabolites are conjugated.

Elimination

The elimination half-life (t_½ β) Ambival after peroral administration is about 25 hours (24.65±6.31 hours; range 16.49-40.36 hours). The mean systemic clearance (Cl_s) is 39.24±10.18 L/h, range 24.53-53.73 L/h.

The excretion proceeds mainly with urine. The renal elimination of unchanged Ambival is insignificant (about 2%).

Steady state plasma levels of Ambival + nortriptyline are reached within a week for most patients, and in steady state the plasma level comprises approximately equal parts of Ambival and nortriptyline around the clock following treatment with conventional tablets 3 times a day.

Elderly patients

Longer half-lives and decreased oral (Cl_o) clearance values due to a reduced rate of metabolism have been demonstrated in elderly patients.

Reduced hepatic function

Hepatic impairment may reduce hepatic extraction resulting in higher plasma levels and caution should be exercised when dosing these patients.

Reduced renal function

Renal failure has no influence on the kinetics.

Polymorphism

The metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphism (CYP2D6 and CYP2C19).

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship

Plasma concentrations of Ambival and nortriptyline vary very widely between individuals and no simple correlation with therapeutic response has been established.

The therapeutic plasma concentration in major depression is around 80 - 200 ng/ml (≈ 280 - 700 nmol/l) (for Ambival + nortriptyline). Levels above 300-400 ng/ml are associated with increased risk of disturbance in cardiac conduction in terms of prolonged QRS-complex or AV block.

Absorption

Oral administration of tablets results in maximum serum levels in about 4 hours. (t_max= 3.89±1.87 hours; range 1.93-7.98 hours). After peroral administration of 50 mg the mean C_max = 30.95±9.61 ng/ml; range 10.85-45.70 ng/ml (111.57±34.64 nmol/l; range 39.06-164.52 nmol/l). The mean absolute oral bioavailability is 53% (F_abs = 0.527±0.123; range 0.219-0.756).

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (V_d)_β estimated after intravenous administration is 1221 L±280 L; range 769-1702 L (16±3 L/kg).

The plasma protein binding is about 95%.

Amitriptyline and the main metabolite nortriptyline pass across the placental barrier.

In nursing mothers amitriptyline and nortriptyline are excreted in small amounts with the breast milk. The ratio milk concentration/plasma concentration in women is around 1:1. The estimated daily infant exposure (amitriptyline + nortriptyline) averages 2% of the corresponding maternal weight related doses of amitriptyline (in mg/kg).

Biotransformation

In vitro the metabolism of amitriptyline proceeds mainly by demethylation (CYP2C19, CYP3A4) and hydroxylation (CYP2D6) followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid. Other isozymes involved are CYP1A2 and CYP2C9. The metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphism. The main active metabolite is the secondary amine, nortriptyline.

Nortriptyline is a more potent inhibitor of noradrenaline than of serotonin uptake, while amitriptyline inhibits the uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin equally well. Other metabolites such as cis- and trans-10-hydroxyamitriptyline and cis- and trans-10-hydroxynortriptyline have the same profile as nortriptyline but is considerably weaker. Demethylnortriptyline and amitriptyline N oxide are only present in plasma in minute amounts; the latter is almost inactive. All the metabolites are less anticholinergic than amitriptyline and nortriptyline. In plasma the amount of total 10-hydroxynortriptyline dominates but most of the metabolites are conjugated.

Elimination

The elimination half-life (t_1/2β) amitriptyline after peroral administration is about 25 hours (24.65±6.31 hours; range 16.49-40.36 hours). The mean systemic clearance (Cl_s) is 39.24±10.18 L/h, range 24.53-53.73 L/h.

The excretion proceeds mainly with urine. The renal elimination of unchanged amitriptyline is insignificant (about 2%).

Steady state plasma levels of amitriptyline + nortriptyline are reached within a week for most patients, and in steady state the plasma level comprises approximately equal parts of amitriptyline and nortriptyline around the clock following treatment with conventional tablets 3 times a day.

Elderly patients

Longer half-lives and decreased oral (Cl_o) clearance values due to a reduced rate of metabolism have been demonstrated in elderly patients.

Reduced hepatic function

Hepatic impairment may reduce hepatic extraction resulting in higher plasma levels and caution should be exercised when dosing these patients.

Reduced renal function

Renal failure has no influence on the kinetics.

Polymorphism

The metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphism (CYP2D6 and CYP2C19).

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship

Plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline vary very widely between individuals and no simple correlation with therapeutic response has been established.

The therapeutic plasma concentration in major depression is around 80 - 200 ng/ml (≈ 280 - 700 nmol/l) (for amitriptyline + nortriptyline). Levels above 300-400 ng/ml are associated with increased risk of disturbance in cardiac conduction in terms of prolonged QRS-complex or AV block.

Ambival inhibited ion channels, which are responsible for cardiac repolarization (hERG channels), in the upper micromolar range of therapeutic plasma concentrations. Therefore, Ambival may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmia.

The genotoxic potential of Ambival has been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Although these investigations revealed partially contradictory results, particularly a potential to induce chromosome aberrations cannot be excluded. Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been performed.

In reproductive studies, teratogenic effects were not observed in mice, rats, or rabbits when Ambival was given orally at doses of 2-40 mg/kg/day (up to 13 times the maximum recommended human Ambival dose of 150 mg/day or 3 mg/kg/day for a 50-kg patient). However, literature data suggested a risk for malformations and delays in ossification of mice, hamsters, rats and rabbits at 9 33 times the maximum recommended dose. There was a possible association with an effect on fertility in rats, namely a lower pregnancy rate. The reason for the effect on fertility is unknown.

Amitriptyline inhibited ion channels, which are responsible for cardiac repolarization (hERG channels), in the upper micromolar range of therapeutic plasma concentrations. Therefore, amitriptyline may increase the risk for cardiac arrhythmia.

The genotoxic potential of amitriptyline has been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo studies. Although these investigations revealed partially contradictory results, particularly a potential to induce chromosome aberrations cannot be excluded. Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been performed.

In reproductive studies teratogenic effects were not observed in mice, rats, or rabbits when amitriptyline was given orally at doses of 2-40 mg/kg/day (up to 13 times the maximum recommended human amitriptyline dose of 150 mg/day or 3 mg/kg/day for a 50-kg patient). However, literature data suggested a risk for malformations and delays in ossification of mice, hamsters, rats and rabbits at 9 33 times the maximum recommended dose. There was a possible association with an effect on fertility in rats, namely a lower pregnancy rate. The reason for the effect on fertility is unknown.

None known

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

No special instructions

Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements