Componentes:
Método de ação:
Opção de tratamento:
Medicamente revisado por Militian Inessa Mesropovna, Farmácia Última atualização em 24.03.2022
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20 principais medicamentos com os mesmos componentes:
20 principais medicamentos com os mesmos tratamentos:
Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) é indicado
- reduzir o risco de acidente vascular cerebral trombótico (fatal ou não fatal) em pacientes que sofreram precursores de acidente vascular cerebral e em pacientes que tiveram um acidente vascular cerebral trombótico completo. Porque Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) está associado a um risco de discrasias sanguíneas com risco de vida, incluindo púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica (TTP), neutropenia / agranulocitose e anemia aplástica (ver AVISO CAIXADO e AVISO), Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) deve ser reservado a pacientes intolerantes ou alérgicos à terapia com aspirina ou que falharam na terapia com aspirina.
- como terapia adjuvante com aspirina para reduzir a incidência de trombose por stent subaguda em pacientes submetidos a implantação bem-sucedida de stent coronário (ver Ensaios Clínicos).
Acidente vascular cerebral: A dose recomendada de Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) é de 250 mg bid tomados com alimentos. Outras doses não foram estudadas em ensaios controlados para essas indicações.
Sotaque da artéria coronária : A dose recomendada de Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) é de 250 mg bid tomados com alimentos, juntamente com doses antiplaquetárias de aspirina por até 30 dias de terapia após implantação bem-sucedida de stent.
O uso de Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) está contra-indicado nas seguintes condições :
- Hipersensibilidade à droga
- Presença de distúrbios hematopoiéticos, como neutropenia e trombocitopenia ou histórico passado de TTP ou anemia aplástica
- Presença de um distúrbio hemostático ou sangramento patológico ativo (como úlcera péptica hemorrágica ou sangramento intracraniano)
- Pacientes com insuficiência hepática grave
WARNINGS
Hematological Adverse Reactions: Neutropenia: Neutropenia may occur suddenly. Bone-marrow examination typically shows a reduction in white blood cell precursors. After withdrawal of ticlopidine, the neutrophil count usually rises to !1200/mm³ within 1 to 3 weeks.
Thrombocytopenia: Rarely, thrombocytopenia may occur in isolation or together with neutropenia.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): TTP is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schistocytes [fragmented RBCs] seen on peripheral smear), neurological findings, renal dysfunction, and fever. The signs and symptoms can occur in any order, in particular, clinical symptoms may precede laboratory findings by hours or days. With prompt treatment (often including plasmapheresis), 70% to 80% of patients will survive with minimal or no sequelae. Because platelet transfusions may accelerate thrombosis in patients with TTP on ticlopidine, they should, if possible, be avoided.
Aplastic Anemia: Aplastic anemia is characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia together with a bone marrow examination that shows decreases in the precursor cells for red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Patients may present with signs or symptoms suggestive of infection, in association with low white blood cell and platelet counts. Prompt treatment, which may include the use of drugs to stimulate the bone marrow, can minimize the mortality associated with aplastic anemia.
Monitoring for Hematologic Adverse Reactions: Starting just before initiating treatment and continuing through the third month of therapy, patients receiving Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) must be monitored every 2 weeks. Because of discontinue ticlopidine during this 3-month period should continue to be monitored for 2 weeks after discontinuation. More frequent monitoring, and monitoring after the first 3 months of therapy, is necessary only in patients with clinical signs (eg, signs or symptoms suggestive of infection) or laboratory signs (eg, neutrophil count less than 70% of the baseline count, decrease in hematocrit or platelet count) that suggest incipient hematological adverse reactions.
Clinically, fever might suggest neutropenia, TTP, or aplastic anemia; TTP might also be suggested by weakness, pallor, petechiae or purpura, dark urine (due to blood, bile pigments, or hemoglobin) or jaundice, or neurological changes. Patients should be told to discontinue Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) and to contact the physician immediately upon the occurrence of any of these findings.
Laboratory monitoring should include a complete blood count, with special attention to the absolute neutrophil count (WBC x % neutrophils), platelet count, and the appearance of the peripheral smear. Ticlopidine is occasionally associated with thrombocytopenia unrelated to TTP or aplastic anemia. Any acute, unexplained reduction in hemoglobin or platelet count should prompt further investigation for a diagnosis of TTP, and the appearance of schistocytes (fragmented RBCs) on the smear should be treated as presumptive evidence of TTP. A simultaneous decrease in platelet count and WBC count should prompt further investigation for a diagnosis of aplastic anemia. If there are laboratory signs of TTP or aplastic anemia, or if the neutrophil count is confirmed to be < 1200/mm³, then Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) should be discontinued immediately.
Other Hematological Effects: Rare cases of agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, or leukemia have been reported in postmarketing experience, some of which have been fatal. All forms of hematological adverse reactions are potentially fatal.
Cholesterol Elevation: Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) therapy causes increased serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Serum total cholesterol levels are increased 8% to 10% within 1 month of therapy and persist at that level. The ratios of the lipoprotein subfractions are unchanged.
Anticoagulant Drugs: The tolerance and long-term safety of coadministration of Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) with heparin, oral anticoagulants or fibrinolytic agents have not been established. In trials for cardiac stenting, patients received heparin and Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) concomitantly for approximately 12 hours. If a patient is switched from an anticoagulant or fibrinolytic drug to Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) , the former drug should be discontinued prior to Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) administration.
PRECAUTIONS
General: Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) should be used with caution in patients who may be at risk of increased bleeding from trauma, surgery or pathological conditions. If it is desired to eliminate the antiplatelet effects of Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) prior to elective surgery, the drug should be discontinued 10 to 14 days prior to surgery. Several controlled clinical studies have found increased surgical blood loss in patients undergoing surgery during treatment with ticlopidine. In TASS and CATS it was recommended that patients have ticlopidine discontinued prior to elective surgery. Several hundred patients underwent surgery during the trials, and no excessive surgical bleeding was reported.
Prolonged bleeding time is normalized within 2 hours after administration of 20 mg methylprednisolone IV. Platelet transfusions may also be used to reverse the effect of Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) on bleeding. Because platelet transfusions may accelerate thrombosis in patients with TTP on ticlopidine, they should, if possible, be avoided.
GI Bleeding: Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) prolongs template bleeding time. The drug should be used with caution in patients who have lesions with a propensity to bleed (such as ulcers). Drugs that might induce such lesions should be used with caution in patients on Kersyn (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Use in Hepatically Impaired Patients: Since ticlopidine is metabolized by the liver, dosing of Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) or other drugs metabolized in the liver may require adjustment upon starting or stopping concomitant therapy. Because of limited experience in patients with severe hepatic disease, who may have bleeding diatheses, the use of Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) is not recommended in this population (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Use in Renally Impaired Patients: There is limited experience in patients with renal impairment. Decreased plasma clearance, increased AUC values and prolonged bleeding times can occur in renally impaired patients. In controlled clinical trials no unexpected problems have been encountered in patients having mild renal impairment, and there is no experience with dosage adjustment in patients with greater degrees of renal impairment. Nevertheless, for renally impaired patients, it may be necessary to reduce the dosage of ticlopidine or discontinue it altogether if hemorrhagic or hematopoietic problems are encountered (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY).
Information for the Patient
(See Patient Leaflet) Patients should be told that a decrease in the number of white blood cells (neutropenia) or platelets (thrombocytopenia) can occur with Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) , especially during the first 3 months of treatment and that neutropenia, if it is severe, can result in an increased risk of infection. They should be told it is critically important to obtain the scheduled blood tests to detect neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. Patients should also be reminded to contact their physicians if they experience any indication of infection such as fever, chills, or sore throat, any of which might be a consequence of neutropenia. Thrombocytopenia may be part of a syndrome called TTP. Symptoms and signs of TTP, such as fever, weakness, difficulty speaking, seizures, yellowing of skin or eyes, dark or bloody urine, pallor or petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhagic spots on the skin), should be reported immediately.
All patients should be told that it may take them longer than usual to stop bleeding when they take Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) and that they should report any unusual bleeding to their physician. Patients should tell physicians and dentists that they are taking Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) before any surgery is scheduled and before any new drug is prescribed.
Patients should be told to promptly report side effects of Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) such as severe or persistent diarrhea, skin rashes or subcutaneous bleeding or any signs of cholestasis, such as yellow skin or sclera, dark urine, or light-colored stools.
Patients should be told to take Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) with food or just after eating in order to minimize gastrointestinal discomfort.
Laboratory Tests: Liver Function: Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) therapy has been associated with elevations of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and transaminases, which generally occurred within 1 to 4 months of therapy initiation. In controlled clinical trials in stroke patients, the incidence of elevated alkaline phosphatase (greater than two times upper limit of normal) was 7.6% in ticlopidine patients, 6% in placebo patients and 2.5% in aspirin patients. The incidence of elevated AST (SGOT) (greater than two times upper limit of normal) was 3.1% in ticlopidine patients, 4% in placebo patients and 2.1% in aspirin patients. No progressive increases were observed in closely monitored clinical trials (eg, no transaminase greater than 10 times the upper limit of normal was seen), but most patients with these abnormalities had therapy discontinued. Occasionally patients had developed minor elevations in bilirubin.
Postmarketing experience includes rare individuals with elevations in their transaminases and bilirubin to > 10X above the upper limits of normal. Based on postmarketing and clinical trial experience, liver function testing, including ALT, AST, and GGT, should be considered whenever liver dysfunction is suspected, particularly during the first 4 months of treatment.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: In a 2-year oral carcinogenicity study in rats, ticlopidine at daily doses of up to 100 mg/kg (610 mg/m²) was not tumorigenic. For a 70-kg person (1.73 m² body surface area) the dose represents 14 times the recommended clinical dose on a mg/kg basis and two times the clinical dose on body surface area basis. In a 78-week oral carcinogenicity study in mice, ticlopidine at daily doses up to 275 mg/kg (1180 mg/m²) was not tumorigenic. The dose represents 40 times the recommended clinical dose on a mg/kg basis and four times the clinical dose on body surface area basis.
Ticlopidine was not mutagenic in vitro in the Ames test, the rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay, or the Chinese-hamster fibroblast chromosomal aberration test; or in vivo in the mouse spermatozoid morphology test, the Chinese-hamster micronucleus test, or the Chinese-hamster bone-marrow-cell sister-chromatid exchange test. Ticlopidine was found to have no effect on fertility of male and female rats at oral doses up to 400 mg/kg/day.
Pregnancy:Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy: Category B. Teratology studies have been conducted in mice (doses up to 200 mg/kg/day), rats (doses up to 400 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (doses up to 200 mg/kg/day). Doses of 400 mg/kg in rats, 200 mg/kg/day in mice and 100 mg/kg in rabbits produced maternal toxicity, as well as fetal toxicity, but there was no evidence of a teratogenic potential of ticlopidine. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of a human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers: Studies in rats have shown ticlopidine is excreted in the milk. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from ticlopidine, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use: Clearance of ticlopidine is somewhat lower in elderly patients and trough levels are increased. The major clinical trials with Kersyn (ticlopidine hcl) in stroke patients were conducted in an elderly population with an average age of 64 years. Of the total number of patients in the therapeutic trials, 45% of patients were over 65 years old and 12% were over 75 years old. No overall differences in effectiveness or safety were observed between these patients and younger patients, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
As reações adversas em pacientes com AVC foram relativamente frequentes, com mais de 50% dos pacientes relatando pelo menos um. A maioria (30% a 40%) envolveu o trato gastrointestinal. A maioria dos efeitos adversos é leve, mas 21% dos pacientes interromperam a terapia devido a um evento adverso, principalmente diarréia, erupção cutânea, náusea, vômito, dor gastrointestinal e neutropenia. A maioria dos efeitos adversos ocorre no início do tratamento, mas um novo início de efeitos adversos pode ocorrer após vários meses.
As taxas de incidência de eventos adversos listados na tabela a seguir foram derivadas de ensaios clínicos controlados por multicêntricos em pacientes com AVC descritos acima, comparando Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl), placebo e aspirina durante períodos de estudo de até 5,8 anos. Eventos adversos considerados pelo investigador como provavelmente relacionados a medicamentos que ocorreram em pelo menos 1% dos pacientes tratados com Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) são mostrados na tabela a seguir :
Porcentagem de pacientes com eventos adversos em estudos controlados (TASS e CATS)
Evento | Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) (n = 2048) Incidência | Aspirina (n = 1527) Incidência | Placebo (n = 536) Incidência |
Qualquer evento | 60,0 (20,9) | 53,2 (14,5) | 34,3 (6,1) |
Diarréia | 12,5 (6,3) | 5.2 (1.8) | 4,5 (1,7) |
Náusea | 7,0 (2,6) | 6.2 (1.9) | 1,7 (0,9) |
Dispepsia | 7,0 (1,1) | 9,0 (2,0) | 0,9 (0,2) |
Erupção cutânea | 5.1 (3.4) | 1,5 (0,8) | 0,6 (0,9) |
GI Pain | 3,7 (1,9) | 5,6 (2,7) | 1.3 (0.4) |
Neutropenia | 2,4 (1,3) | 0,8 (0,1) | 1.1 (0.4) |
Purpura | 2.2 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.1) | 0,0 (0,0) |
Vômitos | 1.9 (1.4) | 1,4 (0,9) | 0,9 (0,4) |
Flatulência | 1,5 (0,1) | 1,4 (0,3) | 0,0 (0,0) |
Prurido | 1,3 (0,8) | 0,3 (0,1) | 0,0 (0,0) |
Tontura | 1.1 (0.4) | 0,5 (0,4) | 0,0 (0,0) |
Anorexia | 1,0 (0,4) | 0,5 (0,3) | 0,0 (0,0) |
Teste de função hepática anormal | 1,0 (0,7) | 0,3 (0,3) | 0,0 (0,0) |
A incidência de descontinuação, independentemente da relação com a terapia, é mostrada entre parênteses.
Hematológico: Neutropenia / trombocitopenia, TTP, anemia aplástica (ver AVISO CAIXADO e AVISO), leucemia, agranulocitose, eosinofilia, pancitopenia, trombocitose e depressão da medula óssea foram relatadas.
Gastrointestinal: A terapia com Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) tem sido associada a uma variedade de queixas gastrointestinais, incluindo diarréia e náusea. A maioria dos casos é leve, mas cerca de 13% dos pacientes interromperam a terapia por causa disso. Eles geralmente ocorrem dentro de 3 meses após o início da terapia e geralmente são resolvidos dentro de 1 a 2 semanas sem a descontinuação da terapia. Se o efeito for grave ou persistente, a terapia deve ser descontinuada. Em alguns casos de diarréia grave ou com sangue, a colite foi diagnosticada mais tarde.
Hemorrágica: Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) tem sido associado a aumento de sangramento, sangramento pós-traumático espontâneo e sangramento perioperatório, incluindo, entre outros, sangramento gastrointestinal. Também foi associado a várias complicações hemorrágicas, como equimose, epistaxe, hematúria e hemorragia conjuntival.
O sangramento intracerebral foi raro em ensaios clínicos em pacientes com AVC com Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl), com uma incidência não superior à observada com agentes comparadores (ticlopidina a 0,5%, aspirina a 0,6%, placebo a 0,75%). Também foi relatado pós-comercialização.
Erupção cutânea: A ticlopidina tem sido associada a uma erupção maculopapular ou urticária (geralmente com prurido). A erupção cutânea geralmente ocorre dentro de 3 meses após o início da terapia, com um tempo médio de início de 11 dias. Se o medicamento for descontinuado, a recuperação ocorre dentro de vários dias. Muitas erupções cutâneas não se repetem no re-desafio das drogas. Houve raros relatos de erupções cutâneas graves, incluindo síndrome de Stevens-Johnson, eritema multiforme e dermatite esfoliativa.
Reações adversas menos frequentes (provavelmente relacionadas) : As experiências adversas clínicas que ocorrem em 0,5% a 1,0% dos pacientes com AVC em ensaios controlados incluem: Sistema Digestivo: plenitude gastrointestinal
Pele e apêndices: urticária
Sistema Nervoso : dor de cabeça
Corpo como um todo : astenia, dor
Sistema hemostático : epistaxe
Sentidos especiais : zumbido
Além disso, mais raro, eventos relativamente graves e potencialmente fatais associados ao uso de Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) também foram relatados a partir da experiência pós-comercialização: anemia hemolítica com reticulocitose, trombocitopenia imune, hepatite, icterícia hepatocelular, icterícia colestática, necrose hepática, insuficiência hepática, úlcera péptica, insuficiência renal, síndrome nefrótica, hiponatremia, vasculite, sepse, reações alérgicas (incluindo angioedema, pneumonite alérgica, e anafilaxia) lúpus sistêmico (ANA positivo) neuropatia periférica, doença sérica, artropatia e miosite.
Um caso de superdosagem deliberada com Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) foi relatado por um programa de vigilância de pós-comercialização estrangeiro. Um homem de 38 anos tomou uma dose única de 6000 mg de Kersyn (ticlopidina hcl) (equivalente a 24 comprimidos padrão de 250 mg). As únicas anormalidades relatadas foram aumento do tempo de sangramento e aumento do SGPT. Nenhuma terapia especial foi instituída e o paciente se recuperou sem sequelas.
Doses orais únicas de ticlopidina a 1600 mg / kg e 500 mg / kg foram letais para ratos e camundongos, respectivamente. Os sintomas de toxicidade aguda foram hemorragia GI, convulsões, hipotermia, dispnéia, perda de equilíbrio e marcha anormal.
However, we will provide data for each active ingredient