Зикадия

Зикадия as monotherapy is indicated for the first-line treatment of adult patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Зикадия as monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with crizotinib.

Treatment with Зикадия should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in the use of anti-cancer medicinal products.

ALK testing

An accurate and validated ALK assay is necessary for the selection of ALK-positive NSCLC patients.

ALK-positive NSCLC status should be established prior to initiation of Зикадия therapy. Assessment for ALK-positive NSCLC should be performed by laboratories with demonstrated proficiency in the specific technology being utilised.

Posology

The recommended dose of Зикадия is 450 mg taken orally once daily with food at the same time each day.

The maximum recommended dose with food is 450 mg taken orally once daily. Treatment should continue as long as clinical benefit is observed.

If a dose is missed, the patient should make up that dose, unless the next dose is due within 12 hours.

If vomiting occurs during the course of treatment, the patient should not take an additional dose, but should continue with the next scheduled dose.

Зикадия should be discontinued in patients unable to tolerate 150 mg daily taken with food.

Dose adjustment due to adverse reactions

Temporary dose interruption and/or dose reduction of Зикадия may be required based on individual safety and tolerability. If dose reduction is required due to an adverse drug reaction (ADR) not listed in Table 1, then this should be achieved by decrements of 150 mg daily. Early identification and management of ADRs with standard supportive care measures should be considered.

In patients treated with Зикадия 450 mg with food,10% of patients had an adverse event that required at least one dose reduction and 42% of patients had an adverse event that required at least one dose interruption. The median time to first dose reduction due to any reason was 8 weeks.

Table 1 summarises recommendations for dose interruption, reduction or discontinuation of Зикадия in the management of selected ADRs.

Table 1 Зикадия dose adjustment and management recommendations for ADRs

Strong CYP3A inhibitors

Avoid concomitant use of strong CYP3A inhibitors during treatment with Зикадия. If concomitant use of a strong CYP3A inhibitor is unavoidable, reduce the dose by approximately one third (dose not clinically verified), rounded to the nearest multiple of the 150 mg dosage strength. Patients should be carefully monitored for safety.

If long-term concomitant treatment with a strong CYP3A inhibitor is necessary and the patient tolerates the reduced dose well, the dose may be increased again with careful monitoring for safety, to avoid potential under-treatment.

After discontinuation of a strong CYP3A inhibitor, resume at the dose that was taken prior to initiating the strong CYP3A inhibitor.

Special populations

Renal impairment

A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with renal impairment has not been conducted. However, based on available data, ceritinib elimination via the kidney is negligible. Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Caution should be used in patients with severe renal impairment, as there is no experience with ceritinib in this population.

Hepatic impairment

A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with hepatic impairment has not been conducted. Based on available data, ceritinib is eliminated primarily via the liver. No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment. Ceritinib is not recommended in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment.

Elderly (>65 years)

The limited data on the safety and efficacy of ceritinib in patients aged 65 years and older do not suggest that a dose adjustment is required in elderly patients. There are no available data on patients over 85 years of age.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of ceritinib in children and adolescents aged up to 18 years have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

Зикадия is for oral use. The capsules should be administered orally once daily with food at the same time every day. It is important that Зикадия is taken with food to reach the appropriate exposure. Food can range from a light to a full meal.

The capsules should be swallowed whole with water and should not be chewed or crushed.

Hepatotoxicity

Cases of hepatotoxicity occurred in 1.1% of patients receiving ceritinib in clinical studies. Increases to grade 3 or 4 ALT elevations were observed in 25% of patients. The majority of cases were manageable with dose interruption and/or dose reduction. Few events required discontinuation of treatment.

Patients should be monitored with liver laboratory tests (including ALT, AST and total bilirubin) prior to the start of treatment, every 2 weeks during the first three months of treatment and monthly thereafter. In patients who develop transaminase elevations, more frequent monitoring of liver transaminases and total bilirubin should be carried out as clinically indicated. Ceritinib is not recommended for patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment.

Interstitial lung disease/Pneumonitis

Severe, life-threatening or fatal ILD/pneumonitis have been observed in patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies. Most of these severe/life-threatening cases improved or resolved with interruption of treatment.

Patients should be monitored for pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD/pneumonitis. Other potential causes of ILD/pneumonitis should be excluded, and Зикадия permanently discontinued in patients diagnosed with any grade treatment-related ILD/pneumonitis.

QT interval prolongation

QTc prolongation has been observed in clinical studies in patients treated with ceritinib , which may lead to an increased risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. torsade de pointes) or sudden death.

Use of Зикадия in patients with congenital long QT syndrome should be avoided. The benefits and potential risks of ceritinib should be considered before beginning therapy in patients who have pre-existing bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 beats per minute [bpm]), patients who have a history of or predisposition for QTc prolongation, patients who are taking anti-arrhythmics or other medicinal products that are known to prolong the QT interval and patients with relevant pre-existing cardiac disease and/or electrolyte disturbances. Periodic monitoring with ECGs and periodic monitoring of electrolytes (e.g. potassium) is recommended in these patients. In the event of vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration or impaired renal function, correct electrolytes as clinically indicated. Зикадия should be permanently discontinued in patients who develop QTc >500 msec or >60 msec change from baseline and torsade de pointes or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or signs/symptoms of serious arrhythmia. Зикадия should be withheld in patients who develop QTc >500 msec on at least two separate ECGs until recovery to baseline or a QTc ≤480 msec, then reinitiated with dose reduced by 150 mg.

Bradycardia

Asymptomatic cases of bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 bpm) have been observed in 21 out of 925 (2.3%) patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies.

Use of Зикадия in combination with other agents known to cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, clonidine and digoxin) should be avoided as far as possible. Heart rate and blood pressure should be monitored regularly. In cases of symptomatic bradycardia that is not life-threatening, Зикадия should be withheld until recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm or above, the use of concomitant medicinal products should be evaluated and the Зикадия dose adjusted if necessary. In the event of life-threatening bradycardia Зикадия should be permanently discontinued if no contributing concomitant medicinal product is identified; however, if associated with a concomitant medicinal product known to cause bradycardia or hypotension, Зикадия should be withheld until recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm or above. If the concomitant medicinal product can be adjusted or discontinued, Зикадия should be reinitiated with dose reduced by 150 mg on recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm or above, with frequent monitoring.

Gastrointestinal adverse reactions

Diarrhoea, nausea, or vomiting occurred in 74.2% of 89 patients treated with Зикадия at the recommended dose of 450 mg taken with food in a dose optimisation study and were mainly grade 1 events (49.4%). One patient (1.1%) experienced grade 3 diarrhoea. Seven patients (7.9%) required study drug interruption due to diarrhoea or nausea. The incidence and severity of gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions were higher for patients treated with Зикадия 750 mg fasted (diarrhoea 76%, nausea 50%, vomiting 56%; 12% reported a grade 3/4 event) compared to 450 mg with food (diarrhoea 56%, nausea 45%, vomiting 35%; 1.1% reported a grade 3/4 event).

No patients required dose reduction or discontinuation of Зикадия due to diarrhoea, nausea or vomiting.

Patients should be monitored and managed using standards of care, including anti-diarrhoeals, anti-emetics or fluid replacement, as clinically indicated. Dose interruption and dose reduction should be employed as necessary. If vomiting occurs during the course of treatment, the patient should not take an additional dose, but should continue with the next scheduled dose.

Hyperglycaemia

Cases of hyperglycaemia (all grades) have been reported in less than 10% of patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies; grade 3-4 hyperglycaemia was reported in 5.4% of patients. The risk of hyperglycaemia was higher in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or concurrent steroid use.

Patients should be monitored for fasting plasma glucose prior to the start of Зикадия treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated. Anti-hyperglycaemic medicinal products should be initiated or optimised as indicated.

Lipase and/or amylase elevations

Elevations of lipase and/or amylase have occurred in patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies. Patients should be monitored for lipase and amylase elevations prior to the start of Зикадия treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated. Cases of pancreatitis have been reported in patients treated with ceritinib.

Зикадия has minor influence on the ability to drive or use machines. Caution should be exercised when driving or using machines during treatment as patients may experience fatigue or vision disorders.

Summary of the safety profile

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) described below reflect exposure to Зикадия 750 mg once daily fasted in 925 patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC across a pool of seven clinical studies including two randomised, active-controlled, phase 3 studies (studies A2301 and A2303).

The median duration of exposure to Зикадия 750 mg fasted was 44.9 weeks (range: 0.1 to 200.1 weeks).

ADRs with an incidence of >10% in patients treated with Зикадия 750 mg fasted were diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, liver laboratory test abnormalities, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, weight decreased, constipation, blood creatinine increased, rash, anaemia and oesophageal disorder.

Grade 3-4 ADRs with an incidence of >5% in patients treated with Зикадия 750 mg fasted were liver laboratory test abnormalities, fatigue, vomiting, hyperglycaemia, nausea and diarrhoea.

In the dose optimisation study A2112 (ASCEND-8) in both previously treated and untreated patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC, the overall safety profile of Зикадия at the recommended dose of 450 mg with food (N=89) was consistent with Зикадия 750 mg fasted (N=90), except for a reduction in gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions, while achieving comparable steady-state exposure (see section 5.1 and subsection 'Gastrointestinal adverse reactions' below).

Tabulated list of ADRs

Table 2 shows the frequency category of ADRs reported for Зикадия in patients treated at a dose of 750 mg fasted (N=925) in seven clinical studies. The frequency of selected gastrointestinal ADRs (diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting) are based on patients treated with a dose of 450 mg once-daily with food (N=89).

ADRs are listed according to MedDRA system organ class. Within each system organ class, the ADRs are ranked by frequency, with the most frequent reactions first. In addition, the corresponding frequency category using the following convention (CIOMS III) is also provided for each ADR: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table 2 ADRs in patients treated with Зикадия

Elderly (>65 years)

Across seven clinical studies, 168 out of 925 patients (18.2%) treated with Зикадия were aged 65 years or older. The safety profile in patients aged 65 years or older was similar to that in patients less than 65 years of age. There are no safety data in patients older than 85 years of age.

Hepatotoxicity

Concurrent elevations of ALT or AST greater than 3× ULN and total bilirubin greater than 2× ULN without elevated alkaline phosphatase have been observed in less than 1% of patients in clinical studies with ceritinib. Increases to grade 3 or 4 ALT elevations were observed in 25% of patients receiving ceritinib. Hepatotoxicity events were managed with dose interruptions or reductions in 40.6% of patients. 1% of patients required permanent discontinuation of treatment in clinical studies with ceritinib. Ceritinib is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment.

Liver laboratory tests including ALT, AST and total bilirubin should be performed prior to the start of treatment, every 2 weeks during the first three months of treatment and monthly thereafter, with more frequent testing for grade 2, 3 or 4 elevations.4.

Gastrointestinal adverse reactions

Nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting were among the most commonly reported gastrointestinal events.4.

QT interval prolongation

QTc prolongation has been observed in patients treated with ceritinib. Across the seven clinical studies, 9.7% of patients treated with ceritinib had events of QT prolongation (any grade), including grade 3 or 4 events in 2.1% of patients. These events required dose reduction or interruption in 2.1% of patients and led to discontinuation in 0.2% of patients.

Treatment with ceritinib is not recommended in patients who have congenital long QT syndrome or who are taking medicinal products known to prolong the QTc interval. Particular care should be exercised when administering ceritinib to patients with an increased risk of experiencing torsade de pointes during treatment with a QTc-prolonging medicinal product.

4.

Bradycardia

Across the seven clinical studies, bradycardia and/or sinus bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 bpm) events (all grade 1) were reported in 2.3% of patients.4.

Interstitial lung disease/Pneumonitis

Severe, life-threatening, or fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD)/pneumonitis have been observed in patients treated with ceritinib. Across the seven clinical studies, any grade ILD/pneumonitis has been reported in 2.1% of patients treated with ceritinib, and grade 3 or 4 events have been reported in 1.2% of patients. These events required dose reduction or interruption in 1.1% of patients and led to discontinuation in 0.9% of patients. Patients with pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD/pneumonitis should be monitored. Other potential causes of ILD/pneumonitis should be excluded.

Hyperglycaemia

Hyperglycaemia (all grades) was reported in 9.4% of patients treated with ceritinib across the seven clinical studies; grade 3 or 4 events were reported in 5.4% of patients. These events required dose reduction or interruption in 1.4% of patients and led to discontinuation in 0.1% of patients. The risk of hyperglycaemia was higher in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or concurrent steroid use. Monitoring of fasting serum glucose is required prior to the start of ceritinib treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated. Administration of anti-hyperglycaemic medicinal products should be initiated or optimised as indicated.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

There is no reported experience with overdose in humans. General supportive measures should be initiated in all cases of overdose.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: antineoplasic and immunomodulating agents, ATC code: L01XE28.

Mechanism of action

Ceritinib is an orally highly selective and potent ALK inhibitor. Ceritinib inhibits autophosphorylation of ALK, ALK-mediated phosphorylation of downstream signalling proteins and proliferation of ALK-dependent cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.

ALK translocation determines expression of the resulting fusion protein and consequent aberrant ALK signaling in NSCLC. In the majority of NSCLC cases, EML4 is the translocation partner for ALK; this generates an EML4-ALK fusion protein containing the protein kinase domain of ALK fused to the N-terminal part of EML4. Ceritinib was demonstrated to be effective against EML4-ALK activity in a NSCLC cell line (H2228), resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro and regression of tumours in H2228-derived xenografts in mouse and rat.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Previously untreated ALK-positive advanced NSCLC - randomised phase 3 Study A2301 (ASCEND-4)

The efficacy and safety of Зикадия for the treatment of advanced ALK-positive NSCLC patients who have not received previous systemic treatment anti-cancer therapy (including ALK inhibitor) with the exception of neo-adjuvant or adjuvant therapy, was demonstrated in a global multicentre, randomised, open-label phase 3 Study A2301.

A total of 376 patients were randomised in a 1:1 ratio (stratified by WHO performance status, prior adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy and presence/absence of brain metastasis at screening) to receive either ceritinib (750 mg daily, fasted) or chemotherapy (based on investigator's choice - pemetrexed [500 mg/m²] plus cisplatin [75 mg/m²] or carboplatin [AUC 5-6], administered every 21 days). Patients who completed 4 cycles of chemotherapy (induction) without progressive disease subsequently received pemetrexed (500 mg/m²) as single-agent maintenance therapy every 21 days. One hundred and eighty-nine (189) patients were randomised to ceritinib and one hundred eighty-seven (187) were randomised to chemotherapy.

The median age was 54 years (range: 22 to 81 years); 78.5% of patients were younger than 65 years. A total of 57.4% of patients were female. 53.7% of the study population was Caucasian, 42.0% Asian, 1.6% Black and 2.6% other races The majority of patients had adenocarcinoma (96.5%) and had either never smoked or were former smokers (92.0%). The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status was 0/1/2 in 37.0%/56.4%/6.4% of patients, and 32.2% had brain metastasis at baseline. 59.5% of patients with brain metastasis at baseline received no prior radiotherapy to the brain. Patients with symptomatic CNS (central nervous system) metastases who were neurologically unstable or had required increasing doses of steroids within the 2 weeks prior to screening to manage CNS symptoms, were excluded from the study.

Patients were allowed to continue the assigned study treatment beyond initial progression in case of continued clinical benefit as per the investigator's opinion. Patients randomised to the chemotherapy arm could cross-over to receive ceritinib upon RECIST-defined disease progression confirmed by blinded independent review committee (BIRC). One hundred and five (105) patients out of the 145 patients (72.4%) that discontinued treatment in the chemotherapy arm received subsequent ALK inhibitor as first antineoplastic therapy. Of these patients 81 received ceritinib.

The median duration of follow-up was 19.7 months (from randomisation to cut-off date).

The study met its primary objective demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in progression free survival (PFS) by BIRC (see Table 3 and Figure 1). The PFS benefit of ceritinib was consistent by investigator assessment and across various subgroups including age, gender, race, smoking class, ECOG performance status and disease burden.

The overall survival (OS) data was not mature with 107 deaths representing approximately 42.3% of the required events for the final OS analysis.

Efficacy data from Study A2301 are summarised in Table 3, and the Kaplan-Meier curves for PFS and OS are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively.

Table 3 ASCEND-4 (Study A2301) - Efficacy results in patients with previously untreated ALK-positive advanced NSCLC

Figure 1 ASCEND-4 (Study A2301) - Kaplan-Meier curves of progression-free survival as assessed by BIRC

Figure 2 ASCEND-4 (Study A2301)- Kaplan-Meier plot of overall survival by treatment arm

Patient reported outcome questionnaires (Lung cancer symptom scale [LCSS], EORTC-QLQ-C30 [C30], EORTC QLQ-LC13 [LC13] and EQ-5D-5L) were completed by 80% or more of patients in the ceritinib and chemotherapy arms for all questionnaires at most of the time-points during the course of the study.

Ceritinib significantly prolonged time to deterioration for the pre-specified lung cancer specific symptoms of interest of cough, pain and dyspnoea (composite endpoint LCSS: HR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.90, median Time to Deterioration [TTD] NE [95% CI: 20.9, NE] in the ceritinib arm versus 18.4 months [13.9, NE] in the chemotherapy arm; LC13: HR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.69, median TTD 23.6 months [95% CI: 20.7, NE] in the ceritinib arm versus 12.6 months [95% CI: 8.9, 14.9] in the chemotherapy arm).

Patients receiving ceritinib showed significant improvements over chemotherapy in general Quality of Life and global Health Status measures (LCSS [p<0.001], QLQ-C30, [p<0.001] and EQ-5D-5L index [p<0.001]).

In Study A2301, 44 patients with measurable brain metastasis at baseline and at least one post-baseline brain radiological assessment (22 patients in the ceritinib arm and 22 patients in the chemotherapy arm) were assessed for intracranial response by BIRC neuro-radiologist per modified RECIST 1.1 (i.e. up to 5 lesions in the brain). The overall intracranial response rate (OIRR) was higher with ceritinib (72.7%, 95% CI: 49.8, 89.3) as compared to the chemotherapy arm (27.3%, 95% CI: 10.7, 50.2).

The median PFS by BIRC using RECIST 1.1 was longer in the ceritinib arm compared to the chemotherapy arm in both subgroups of patients with brain metastases and without brain metastases. The median PFS in patients with brain metastases was 10.7 months (95% CI: 8.1, 16.4) versus 6.7 months (95% CI: 4.1, 10.6) in the ceritinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively, with HR=0.70 (95% CI: 0.44, 1.12). The median PFS in patients without brain metastases was 26.3 months (95% CI: 15.4, 27.7) versus 8.3 months (95% CI: 6.0, 13.7) in the ceritinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively, with HR=0.48 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.69).

Previously treated ALK-positive advanced NSCLC - randomised phase 3 Study A2303 (ASCEND-5)

The efficacy and safety of Зикадия for the treatment of ALK-positive advanced NSCLC patients who have received previous treatment with crizotinib, was demonstrated in a global multicentre, randomised, open-label phase 3 Study A2303.

A total of 231 patients with advanced ALK positive NSCLC who have received prior treatment with crizotinib and chemotherapy (one or two regimen including a platinum-based doublet) were included in the analysis. One hundred fifteen (115) patients were randomised to Зикадия and one hundred sixteen (116) were randomised to chemotherapy (either pemetrexed or docetaxel). Seventy-three (73) patients received docetaxel and 40 received pemetrexed. In the ceritinib arm, 115 patients were treated with 750 mg once daily fasted. The median age was 54.0 years (range: 28 to 84 years); 77.1% of patients were younger than 65 years. A total of 55.8% of patients were female. 64.5% of the study population were Caucasian, 29.4% Asian, 0.4% Black and 2.6% other races. The majority of patients had adenocarcinoma (97.0%) and had either never smoked or were former smokers (96.1%). The ECOG performance status was 0/1/2 in 46.3%/47.6%/6.1% of patients respectively, and 58.0% had brain metastasis at baseline. All patients were treated with prior crizotinib. All except one patient received prior chemotherapy (including a platinum doublet) for advanced disease; 11.3% of the patients in the ceritinib arm and 12.1% of the patients in the chemotherapy arm were treated with two prior chemotherapy regimen for advanced disease.

Patients were allowed to continue the assigned study treatment beyond initial progression in case of continued clinical benefit as per the investigator's opinion. Patients randomised to the chemotherapy arm could further crossover to receive Зикадия upon RECIST-defined disease progression confirmed by BIRC.

The median duration of follow-up was 16.5 months (from randomisation to data cut-off date).

The study met its primary objective demonstrating a statistically significant improvement in PFS by BIRC with an estimated 51% risk reduction in the ceritinib arm compared to chemotherapy arm (see Table 4 and Figure 3). The PFS benefit of Зикадия was consistent across various subgroups including age, gender, race, smoking class, ECOG performance status, and presence of brain metastases or prior response to crizotinib. The PFS benefit was further supported by local investigator assessment, and analysis of overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR).

OS data was immature with 48 (41.7%) events in the ceritinib arm and 50 (43.1%) events in the chemotherapy arm, corresponding to approximately 50% of the required events for the final OS analysis. In addition, 81 patients (69.8%) in the chemotherapy arm received subsequent Зикадия as first antineoplastic therapy after study treatment discontinuation.

Efficacy data from Study A2303 are summarised in Table 4, and the Kaplan-Meier curves for PFS and OS are shown in Figure 3 and 4, respectively.

Table 4 ASCEND-5 (Study A2303) - Efficacy results in patients with previously treated ALK-positive metastatic/advanced NSCLC

Figure 3 ASCEND-5 (Study A2303) - Kaplan-Meier plot of progression-free survival as assessed by BIRC

Figure 4 ASCEND-5 (Study A2303) - Kaplan-Meier plot of overall survival by treatment arm

Patient reported outcome questionnaires were collected using the EORTC QLQ C30/LC13, LCSS and EQ-5D-5L. 75% or more of patients in the ceritinib and chemotherapy arms completed the LCSS questionnaires at most of the time points during the course of the study. Significant improvements were reported for the majority of lung cancer specific symptoms for Зикадия compared to chemotherapy (four out of six LCSS and 10 out of 12 QLQ-LC13 symptom scores). Ceritinib significantly prolonged time to deterioration for the lung cancer specific symptoms of interest of cough, pain and dyspnoea (composite endpoint LCSS: HR=0.40; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.65, median Time to Deterioration [TTD] 18.0 months [95% CI: 13.4, NE] in the ceritinib arm versus 4.4 months [95% CI: 1.6, 8.6] in the chemotherapy arm; LC13: HR=0.34; 95% CI: 0.22, 0. 52, median TTD 11.1 months [95% CI: 7.1, 14.2] in the ceritinib arm versus 2.1 months [95% CI: 1.0, 5.6] in the chemotherapy arm). The EQ-5D questionnaire showed a significant overall health status improvement for Зикадия in comparison to the chemotherapy.

In Study A2303, 133 patients with baseline brain metastasis (66 patients in the Зикадия arm and 67 patients in the chemotherapy arm) were assessed for intracranial response by BIRC neuro-radiologist (per modified RECIST 1.1 (i.e. up to 5 lesions in the brain). The OIRR in patients with measurable disease in the brain at baseline and at least one post-baseline assessment was higher in the ceritinib arm (35.3%, 95% CI: 14.2, 61.7) compared to the chemotherapy arm (5.0%, 95% CI: 0.1, 24.9). The median PFS by BIRC using RECIST 1.1 was longer in the ceritinib arm compared to the chemotherapy arm in both subgroups of patients with brain metastases and without brain metastases. The median PFS in patients with brain metastases was 4.4 months (95% CI: 3.4, 6.2) versus 1.5 months (95% CI: 1.3, 1.8) in the ceritinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively with HR=0.54 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.80). The median PFS in patients without brain metastases was 8.3 months (95% CI: 4.1, 14.0) versus 2.8 months (95% CI: 1.4, 4.1) in the ceritinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively with HR=0.41 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.69).

Dose optimisation Study A2112 (ASCEND-8)

The efficacy of Зикадия 450 mg with food was evaluated in a multicentre, open-label dose optimisation study A2112 (ASCEND-8). A total of 81 previously untreated patients with ALK-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC were randomised to receive Зикадия 450 mg once daily with food (N=41) or Зикадия 750 mg once daily under fasted conditions (N=40). A key secondary efficacy endpoint was ORR according to RECIST 1.1 as evaluated by BIRC.

The population characteristics across the two arms were: mean age 53 years, age less than 65 (79%), female (57%), Caucasian (54%), Asian (33%), never or former smoker (95%), WHO PS 0 or 1 (93%), adenocarcinoma histology (94%), and metastases to the brain (33%).

Efficacy results from ASCEND-8 are summarised in Table 5 below.

Table 5 ASCEND-8 (Study A2112) - Efficacy results in patients with previously untreated ALK-positive locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC by BIRC

Single arm studies X2101 and A2201

The use of Зикадия in the treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC patients previously treated with an ALK inhibitor was investigated in two global, multicentre, open-label, single-arm phase 1/2 studies (Study X2101 and Study A2201).

In study X2101 a total of 246 ALK-positive NSCLC patients were treated at a Зикадия dose of 750 mg once daily fasted: 163 who had received prior treatment with an ALK inhibitor and 83 who were ALK inhibitor naïve. Of the 163 ALK-positive NSCLC patients who had received prior treatment with an ALK inhibitor, the median age was 52 years (range: 24-80 years); 86.5% were younger than 65 years and 54% were female. The majority of patients were Caucasian (66.3%) or Asian (28.8%). 93.3% had adenocarcinoma and 96.9% had either never been or were former smokers. All of the patients were treated with at least one regimen prior to enrolment into the study and 84.0% with two or more regimens.

Study A2201 involved 140 patients who had been previously treated with 1-3 lines of cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by treatment with crizotinib, and who had then progressed on crizotinib. The median age was 51 years (range: 29-80 years); 87.1% of patients were younger than 65 years and 50.0% were female. The majority of patients were Caucasian (60.0%) or Asian (37.9%). 92.1% of patients had adenocarcinoma.

The main efficacy data for both studies are summarised in Table 6. Final overall survival (OS) data are presented for Study A2201. For Study X2101, OS data were not yet mature at the time of the analysis.

Table 6 ALK-positive advanced NSCLC - overview of efficacy results from Studies X2101 and A2201

In Studies X2101 and A2201, brain metastases were seen in 60.1% and 71.4% of patients, respectively. The ORR, DOR and PFS (by BIRC assessment) for patients with brain metastases at baseline were in line with those reported for the overall population of these studies.

Non-adenocarcinoma histology

Limited information is available in ALK-positive NSCLC patients with non-adenocarcinoma histology.

Elderly

Limited efficacy data are available in elderly patients. No efficacy data are available in patients over 85 years of age.

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Зикадия in all subsets of the paediatric population in lung carcinoma (small cell and non-small cell carcinoma) (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

Absorption

Peak plasma levels (C_max) of ceritinib are achieved approximately 4 to 6 hours after a single oral administration in patients. Oral absorption was estimated to be >25% based on metabolite percentages in the faeces. The absolute bioavailability of ceritinib has not been determined.

Systemic exposure of ceritinib was increased when administered with food. Ceritinib AUC_inf values were approximately 58% and 73% higher (C_max approximately 43% and 41% higher) in healthy subjects when a single 500 mg ceritinib dose was administered with a low fat meal (containing approximately 330 kcalories and 9 grams of fat) and a high fat meal (containing approximately 1000 kcalories and 58 grams of fat), respectively, as compared with the fasted state.

In a dose optimisation study A2112 (ASCEND-8) in patients comparing Зикадия 450 mg or 600 mg daily with food (approximately 100 to 500 kcalories and 1.5 to 15 grams of fat) to 750 mg daily under fasted conditions (dose and food condition of administration initially authorised), there was no clinically meaningful difference in the systemic steady-state exposure of ceritinib for the 450 mg with food arm (N=36) compared to the 750 mg fasted arm (N=31), with only small increases in steady-state AUC (90% CI) by 4% (-13%, 24%) and C_max (90% CI) by 3% (-14%, 22%). In contrast, the steady-state AUC (90% CI) and C_max (90% CI) for the 600 mg with food arm (N=30) increased by 24% (3%, 49%) and 25% (4%, 49%), respectively, compared to the 750 mg fasted arm. The maximum recommended dose of Зикадия is 450 mg taken orally once daily with food.

After single oral administration of ceritinib in patients, plasma exposure to ceritinib, as represented by C_max and AUC_last, increased dose-proportionally over the 50 to 750 mg dose range under fasted conditions. In contrast with single-dose data, pre-dose concentration (C_min) after repeated daily dosing appeared to increase in a greater than dose-proportional manner.

Distribution

Binding of ceritinib to human plasma proteins in vitro is approximately 97% in a concentration independent manner, from 50 ng/ml to 10,000 ng/ml. Ceritinib also has a slight preferential distribution to red blood cells, relative to plasma, with a mean in vitro blood-to-plasma ratio of 1.35. In vitro studies suggest that ceritinib is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), but not of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) or multi-resistance protein 2 (MRP2). The in vitro apparent passive permeability of ceritinib was determined to be low.

In rats, ceritinib crosses the intact blood brain barrier with a brain-to-blood exposure (AUC_inf) ratio of about 15%. There are no data related to brain-to-blood exposure ratio in humans.

Biotransformation

In vitro studies demonstrated that CYP3A was the major enzyme involved in the metabolic clearance of ceritinib.

Following a single oral administration of radioactive ceritinib dose at 750 mg fasted, ceritinib was the main circulating component in human plasma. A total of 11 metabolites were found circulating in plasma at low levels with mean contribution to the radioactivity AUC of ≤2.3% for each metabolite. Main biotransformation pathways identified in healthy subjects included mono-oxygenation, O-dealkylation, and N-formylation. Secondary biotransformation pathways involving the primary biotransformation products included glucuronidation and dehydrogenation. Addition of a thiol group to O-dealkylated ceritinib was also observed.

Elimination

Following single oral doses of ceritinib under fasted conditions, the geometric mean apparent plasma terminal half-life (T_½) of ceritinib ranged from 31 to 41 hours in patients over the 400 to 750 mg dose range. Daily oral dosing of ceritinib results in achievement of steady-state by approximately 15 days and remains stable afterwards, with a geometric mean accumulation ratio of 6.2 after 3 weeks of daily dosing. The geometric mean apparent clearance (CL/F) of ceritinib was lower at steady-state (33.2 litres/hour) after 750 mg daily oral dosing than after a single 750 mg oral dose (88.5 litres/hour), suggesting that ceritinib demonstrates non-linear pharmacokinetics over time.

The primary route of excretion of ceritinib and its metabolites is in the faeces. Recovery of unchanged ceritinib in the faeces accounts for a mean 68% of an oral dose. Only 1.3% of the administered oral dose is recovered in the urine.

Special populations

Hepatic impairment

A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with hepatic impairment has not been conducted. Based on available data, ceritinib is eliminated primarily via the liver. Therefore, hepatic impairment may increase ceritinib plasma concentrations.

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of 140 patients with mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤ULN and AST >ULN or total bilirubin >1.0 to 1.5 times ULN and any AST) and 832 patients with normal hepatic function (total bilirubin ≤ULN and AST ≤ULN), ceritinib exposures were similar in patients with mild hepatic impairment and normal hepatic function. Dose adjustment is not recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment based on the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis. The pharmacokinetics of ceritinib have not been studied in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Ceritinib is not recommended in these patients.

Renal impairment

A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with renal impairment has not been conducted. Based on available data, ceritinib elimination via the kidney is negligible (1.3% of a single oral administered dose).

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of 345 patients with mild renal impairment (CLcr 60 to <90 ml/min), 82 patients with moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30 to <60 ml/min) and 546 patients with normal renal function (>90 ml/min), ceritinib exposures were similar in patients with mild and moderate renal impairment and normal renal function, suggesting that no dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr <30 ml/min) were not included in the clinical studies of Зикадия.

Effects of age, gender, and race

Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed that age, gender and race had no clinically meaningful influence on ceritinib exposure.

Cardiac electrophysiology

The potential for QT interval prolongation of ceritinib was assessed in seven clinical studies with Зикадия. Serial ECGs were collected following a single dose and at steady-state to evaluate the effect of ceritinib on the QT interval in 925 patients treated with Зикадия 750 mg once daily fasted. A central analysis of ECG data demonstrated new QTc >500 msec in 12 patients (1.3%). There were 58 patients (6.3%) with a QTc increase from baseline >60 msec. A central tendency analysis of the QTc data at average steady-state concentration from Study A2301 demonstrated that the upper bound of the 2-sided 90% CI for QTc increase from baseline was 15.3 msec at Зикадия 750 mg fasted. A pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that ceritinib causes concentration-dependent increases in QTc.

Safety pharmacology studies indicate that ceritinib is unlikely to interfere with vital functions of the respiratory and central nervous systems. In vitro data show that the IC50 for the inhibitory effect of ceritinib on the hERG potassium channel was 0.4 micromolar. An in vivo telemetry study in monkeys showed a modest QT prolongation in 1 of 4 animals after receiving the highest dose of ceritinib. ECG studies in monkeys after 4- or 13-weeks of dosing with ceritinib have not shown QT prolongation or abnormal ECGs.

The micronucleus test in TK6 cells was positive. No signs of mutagenicity or clastogenicity were observed in other in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies with ceritinib. Therefore, genotoxic risk is not expected in humans.

Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with ceritinib.

Reproductive toxicology studies (i.e. embryo-foetal development studies) in pregnant rats and rabbits indicated no foetotoxicity or teratogenicity after dosing with ceritinib during organogenesis; however, maternal plasma exposure was less than that observed at the recommended human dose. Formal non-clinical studies on the potential effects of ceritinib on fertility have not been conducted.

The principal toxicity related to ceritinib administration in rats and monkeys was inflammation of the extra-hepatic bile ducts accompanied by increased neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood. Mixed cell/neutrophilic inflammation of the extra-hepatic ducts extended to the pancreas and/or duodenum at higher doses. Gastrointestinal toxicity was observed in both species characterised by body weight loss, decreased food consumption, emesis (monkey), diarrhoea and, at high doses, by histopathological lesions including erosion, mucosal inflammation and foamy macrophages in the duodenal crypts and submucosa. The liver was also affected in both species, at exposures that approximate clinical exposures at the recommended human dose, and included minimal increases in liver transaminases in a few animals and vacuolation of the intra-hepatic bile duct epithelium. Alveolar foamy macrophages (confirmed phospholipidosis) were seen in the lungs of rats, but not in monkeys, and the lymph nodes of rats and monkeys had macrophage aggregates. Target organ effects showed partial to complete recovery.

Effects on the thyroid were observed in both rat (mild increases in thyroid stimulating hormone and triiodothyronine/thyroxine T3/T4 concentrations with no microscopic correlate) and monkey (depletion of colloid in males in 4-week study, and one monkey at high dose with diffuse follicular cell hyperplasia and increased thyroid stimulating hormone in 13-week study). As these non-clinical effects were mild, variable and inconsistent, the relationship between ceritinib and thyroid gland changes in animals is unclear.

Not applicable.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.