Бозулиф

Бозулиф is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with:

- newly-diagnosed chronic phase (CP) Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (Ph+ CML).

- CP, accelerated phase (AP), and blast phase (BP) Ph+ CML previously treated with one or more tyrosine kinase inhibitor(s) [TKI(s)] and for whom imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib are not considered appropriate treatment options.

Therapy should be initiated by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and the treatment of patients with CML.

Posology

Newly-diagnosed CP Ph+ CML

The recommended dose is 400 mg bosutinib once daily.

CP, AP, or BP Ph+ CML with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy

The recommended dose is 500 mg bosutinib once daily.

In clinical trials for both indications, treatment with bosutinib continued until disease progression or intolerance to therapy.

Dose adjustments

In the Phase 1/2 clinical study in patients with CML who were resistant or intolerant to prior therapy, dose escalations from 500 mg to 600 mg once daily with food were allowed in patients who failed to demonstrate complete haematological response (CHR) by Week 8 or complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) by Week 12 and did not have Grade 3 or higher adverse events possibly-related to the investigational product. Whereas, in the Phase 3 study in patients with newly-diagnosed CP CML treated with bosutinib 400 mg, dose escalations by 100 mg increments to a maximum of 600 mg once daily with food were permitted if the patient failed to demonstrate breakpoint cluster region-Abelson (BCR-ABL) transcripts ≤ 10% at Month 3, did not have a Grade 3 or 4 adverse reaction at the time of escalation, and all Grade 2 non-haematological toxicities were resolved to at least Grade 1.

In the Phase 1/2 clinical study in patients with CML who were resistant or intolerant to prior therapy who started treatment at ≤ 500 mg, 93 (93/558; 16.7%) patients had dose escalations to 600 mg daily.

In the Phase 3 study in patients with newly-diagnosed CP CML who started bosutinib treatment at 400 mg, a total of 46 patients (17.2%) received dose escalations to 500 mg. In addition, 5.6% of patients in the bosutinib treatment group had further dose escalations to 600 mg.

Doses greater than 600 mg/day have not been studied and, therefore, should not be given.

Dose adjustments for adverse reactions

Non-haematological adverse reactions

If clinically significant moderate or severe non-haematological toxicity develops, bosutinib should be interrupted, and may be resumed at a dose reduced by 100 mg taken once daily after the toxicity has resolved. If clinically appropriate, re-escalation to the dose prior to the dose reduction taken once daily should be considered. Doses less than 300 mg/day have been used in patients; however, efficacy has not been established.

Elevated liver transaminases: If elevations in liver transaminases > 5 × institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) occur, bosutinib should be interrupted until recovery to ≤ 2.5 × ULN and may be resumed at 400 mg once daily thereafter. If recovery takes longer than 4 weeks, discontinuation of bosutinib should be considered. If transaminase elevations > 3 × ULN occur concurrently with bilirubin elevations > 2 × ULN and alkaline phosphatase < 2 × ULN, bosutinib should be discontinued.

Diarrhoea: For NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Grade 3-4 diarrhoea, bosutinib should be interrupted and may be resumed at 400 mg once daily upon recovery to grade ≤ 1.

Haematological adverse reactions

Dose reductions are recommended for severe or persistent neutropenia and thrombocytopenia as described in Table 1:

Table 1 - Dose adjustments for neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

^a ANC = absolute neutrophil count

Special populations

Elderly patients (> 65 years)

No specific dose recommendation is necessary in the elderly. Since there is limited information in the elderly, caution should be exercised in these patients.

Renal impairment

Patients with serum creatinine > 1.5×ULN were excluded from CML studies. Increasing exposure (area under curve [AUC]) in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment during studies was observed.

Newly-diagnosed CP Ph+ CML

In patients with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CL_Cr] 30 to 50 mL/min, estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula), the recommended dose of bosutinib is 300 mg daily with food.

In patients with severe renal impairment (CL_Cr < 30 mL/min, estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula), the recommended dose of bosutinib is 200 mg daily with food.

Dose escalation to 400 mg once daily with food for patients with moderate renal impairment or to 300 mg once daily for patients with severe renal impairment may be considered if they do not experience severe or persistent moderate adverse reactions and if they do not achieve an adequate haematological, cytogenetic, or molecular response.

CP, AP, or BP Ph+ CML with resistance or intolerance to prior therapy

In patients with moderate renal impairment (CL_Cr 30 to 50 mL/min, calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula), the recommended dose of bosutinib is 400 mg daily.

In patients with severe renal impairment (CL_Cr < 30 mL/min, calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula), the recommended dose of bosutinib is 300 mg daily.

Dose escalation to 500 mg once daily for patients with moderate renal impairment or to 400 mg once daily in patients with severe renal impairment may be considered in those who did not experience severe or persistent moderate adverse reactions, and if they do not achieve an adequate haematological, cytogenetic, or molecular response.

Cardiac disorders

In clinical studies, patients with uncontrolled or significant cardiac disease (e.g., recent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or unstable angina) were excluded. Caution should be exercised in patients with relevant cardiac disorders.

Recent or ongoing clinically significant gastrointestinal disorder

In clinical studies, patients with recent or ongoing clinically significant gastrointestinal disorder (e.g., severe vomiting and/or diarrhoea) were excluded. Caution should be exercised in patients with recent or ongoing clinically significant gastrointestinal disorder.

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of bosutinib in children less than 18 years of age have not been established. No data are available.

Method of administration

Бозулиф should be taken orally once daily with food. If a dose is missed by more than 12 hours, the patient should not be given an additional dose. The patient should take the usual prescribed dose on the following day.

Hepatic impairment.

Liver function abnormalities

Treatment with bosutinib is associated with elevations in serum transaminases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST]).

Transaminase elevations generally occurred early in the course of treatment (of the patients who experienced transaminase elevations of any grade, > 80% experienced their first event within the first 3 months). Patients receiving bosutinib should have liver function tests prior to treatment initiation and monthly for the first 3 months of treatment, and as clinically indicated.

Patients with transaminase elevations should be managed by withholding bosutinib temporarily (with consideration given to dose reduction after recovery to Grade 1 or baseline), and/or discontinuation of bosutinib. Elevations of transaminases, particularly in the setting of concomitant increases in bilirubin, may be an early indication of drug-induced liver injury and these patients should be managed appropriately.

Diarrhoea and vomiting

Treatment with bosutinib is associated with diarrhoea and vomiting; therefore, patients with recent or ongoing clinically significant gastrointestinal disorder should use this medicinal product with caution and only after a careful benefit-risk assessment as respective patients were excluded from the clinical studies. Patients with diarrhoea and vomiting should be managed using standard-of-care treatment, including an antidiarrhoeal or antiemetic medicinal product and/or fluid replacement. In addition, diarrhoea and vomiting can also be managed by withholding bosutinib temporarily, dose reduction, and/or discontinuation of bosutinib. The antiemetic agent, domperidone, has the potential to increase QT interval (QTc) prolongation and to induce “torsade de pointes”- arrhythmias; therefore, co-administration with domperidone should be avoided. It should only be used, if other medicinal products are not efficacious. In these situations an individual benefit-risk assessment is mandatory and patients should be monitored for occurrence of QTc prolongation.

Myelosuppression

Treatment with bosutinib is associated with myelosuppression, defined as anaemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Complete blood counts should be performed weekly for the first month and then monthly thereafter, or as clinically indicated. Myelosuppression should/can be managed by withholding bosutinib temporarily, dose reduction, and/or discontinuation of bosutinib.

Fluid retention

Treatment with bosutinib may be associated with fluid retention including pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, pulmonary oedema and/or peripheral oedema. Patients should be monitored and managed using standard-of-care treatment. In addition, fluid retention can also be managed by withholding bosutinib temporarily, dose reduction, and/or discontinuation of bosutinib.

Serum lipase

Elevation in serum lipase has been observed. Caution is recommended in patients with previous history of pancreatitis. In case lipase elevations are accompanied by abdominal symptoms, bosutinib should be interrupted and appropriate diagnostic measures considered to exclude pancreatitis.

Infections

Bosutinib may predispose patients to bacterial, fungal, viral, or protozoan infections.

Proarrhythmic potential

Automated machine-read QTc prolongation without accompanying arrhythmia has been observed. Bosutinib should be administered with caution to patients who have a history of or predisposition for QTc prolongation, who have uncontrolled or significant cardiac disease including recent myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, unstable angina or clinically significant bradycardia, or who are taking medicinal products that are known to prolong the QTc. The presence of hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia may further enhance this effect.

Monitoring for an effect on the QTc is advisable and a baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) is recommended prior to initiating therapy with bosutinib and as clinically indicated. Hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia must be corrected prior to bosutinib administration and should be monitored periodically during therapy.

Renal impairment

Treatment with bosutinib may result in a clinically significant decline in renal function in CML patients. A decline over time in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has been observed in patients treated with bosutinib in clinical studies. In patients with newly-diagnosed CP CML treated with 400 mg, the median decline from baseline in eGFR was 4.9 ml/min/1.73 m² at 3 months, 9.2 ml/min/1.73 m² at 6 months and 11.1 ml/min/1.73 m² at 12 months. Treatment-naïve CML patients treated with 500 mg showed a median eGFR decline of 5.1 ml/min/1.73 m² at 3 months, of 9.2 ml/min/1.73 m² at 12 months and of up to 16.3 ml/min/1.73 m² until 5 years follow-up for patients on treatment. Pretreated and advanced stage CML patients on 500 mg showed a median eGFR decline of 5.3 ml/min/1.73 m² at 3 months, of 7.6 ml/min/1.73 m² at 12 months and of up to 10.9 ml/min/1.73 m² in up to 4 years on treatment. It is important that renal function is assessed prior to treatment initiation and closely monitored during therapy with bosutinib, with particular attention in those patients who have pre-existing renal compromise or in those patients exhibiting risk factors for renal dysfunction, including concomitant use of medicinal products with potential for nephrotoxicity, such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

In a renal impairment study, bosutinib exposures were increased in subjects with moderately and severely impaired renal function. Dose reduction is recommended for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment.

Patients with serum creatinine > 1.5 × ULN were excluded from the CML studies. Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis increasing exposure (AUC) in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment at initiation of treatment during studies was observed.

Clinical data are very limited (n = 3) for CML patients with moderate renal impairment receiving an escalated dose of 600 mg bosutinib.

Severe skin reactions

Bosutinib can induce severe skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Bosutinib should be permanently discontinued in patients who experience a severe skin reaction during treatment.

Tumour lysis syndrome

Due to the possible occurrence of tumour lysis syndrome (TLS), correction of clinically significant dehydration and treatment of high uric acid levels are recommended prior to initiation of bosutinib.

Hepatitis B reactivation

Reactivation of hepatitis B (HBV) in patients who are chronic carriers of this virus has occurred after these patients received BCR-ABL TKIs. Some cases resulted in acute hepatic failure or fulminant hepatitis leading to liver transplantation or a fatal outcome.

Patients should be tested for HBV infection before initiating treatment with bosutinib. Experts in liver disease and in the treatment of HBV should be consulted before treatment is initiated in patients with positive HBV serology (including those with active disease) and for patients who test positive for HBV infection during treatment. Carriers of HBV who require treatment with bosutinib should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of active HBV infection throughout therapy and for several months following termination of therapy.

Cytochrome P-450 (CYP)3A inhibitors

The concomitant use of bosutinib with strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors should be avoided, as an increase in bosutinib plasma concentration will occur.

Selection of an alternate concomitant medicinal product with no or minimal CYP3A inhibition potential, if possible, is recommended.

If a strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitor must be administered during bosutinib treatment, an interruption of bosutinib therapy or a dose reduction in bosutinib should be considered.

CYP3A inducers

The concomitant use of bosutinib with strong or moderate CYP3A inducers should be avoided as a decrease in bosutinib plasma concentration will occur.

Food effect

Grapefruit products, including grapefruit juice and other foods that are known to inhibit CYP3A should be avoided.

Bosutinib has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. However, if a patient taking bosutinib experiences dizziness, fatigue, visual impairment or other undesirable effects with a potential impact on the ability to drive or use machines safely, the patient should refrain from these activities for as long as the undesirable effects persist.

Summary of safety profile

A total of 1,272 leukaemia patients received at least 1 dose of single-agent bosutinib. The median duration of therapy was 13.8 months (range: 0.03 to 123.3 months). These patients were either newly diagnosed, with CP CML or were resistant or intolerant to prior therapy with chronic, accelerated, or blast phase CML or Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Of these patients, 268 (400 mg starting dose) and 248 (500 mg starting dose) are from the 2 Phase 3 studies in previously untreated CML patients, 570 and 63 are from 2 Phase 1/2 studies in previously treated Ph+ leukaemias, and 123 patients from a Phase 4 study in previously treated CML. The median duration of therapy was 14.1 months (range: 0.3 to 24.7 months), 61.6 months (0.03 to 99.6 months), 11.1 months (range: 0.03 to 123.3 months), 30.2 months (range: 0.3 to 85.6 months), and 5.7 months (range: 0.07 to 17.8 months), respectively. The safety analyses included data from an ongoing extension study.

At least 1 adverse reaction of any toxicity grade was reported for 1,240 (97.5%) patients. The most frequent adverse reactions reported for > 20% of patients were diarrhoea (78.1%), nausea (40.8%), thrombocytopenia (34.9%), abdominal pain (34.0%), vomiting (33.0%), rash (31.5%), anaemia (25.6%), pyrexia (21.8%), fatigue (21.4%), and ALT increased (25.0%). At least 1 Grade 3 or Grade 4 adverse reaction was reported for 814 (63.9%) patients. The Grade 3 or Grade 4 adverse reactions reported for > 5% of patients were thrombocytopenia (20.3%), anaemia (10.2%), neutropenia (10.5%), ALT increased (12.7%), diarrhoea (9.6%), rash (5.0%), lipase increased (8.2%), and AST increased (5.8%).

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The following adverse reactions were reported in patients in bosutinib clinical studies (Table 2). These represent an evaluation of the adverse reaction data from 1,272 patients with either newly-diagnosed CP CML or with chronic, accelerated, or blast phase CML resistant or intolerant to prior therapy or Ph+ ALL who have received at least 1 dose of single-agent bosutinib. These adverse reactions are presented by system organ class and frequency. Frequency categories are defined as: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

Table 2 - Adverse reactions for bosutinib

Description of selected adverse reactions

The descriptions included below are based on the safety population of 1,272 patients who received at least 1 dose of bosutinib for either newly-diagnosed CP CML or were resistant or intolerant to prior therapy with CP, AP, or BP CML, or Ph+ ALL.

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Of the 297 (23%) patients with reports of adverse reactions of anaemia, 3 patients discontinued bosutinib due to anaemia. In these patients, the maximum toxicity of Grade 1 or 2 was experienced in 174 (58%) patients, Grade 3 in 96 patients (32%), and Grade 4 in 27 (9%) patients. Among these patients, the median time to first event was 28 days (range: 1 to 2,633 days) and the median duration per event was 15 days (range: 1 to 1,529 days).

Of the 197 (15%) patients with reports of adverse reactions of neutropenia, 15 patients discontinued bosutinib due to neutropenia. Maximum Grade 1 or 2 events were experienced by 63 (32%) patients. The maximum toxicity of Grade 3 neutropenia was experienced in 90 (46%) patients and of Grade 4 in 44 (22%) patients. The median time to first event was 59 days (range: 27 to 505 days), and the median duration per event was 15 days (range: 1 to 913 days).

Of the 445 (35%) patients with reports of adverse reactions of thrombocytopenia, 41 (9%) patients discontinued treatment with bosutinib due to thrombocytopenia. Maximum Grade 1 or 2 events were experienced by 186 (42%) patients. The maximum toxicity of thrombocytopenia of Grade 3 was experienced in 161 (36%) patients and Grade 4 in 98 (22%) patients. Among patients with thrombocytopenia reactions, the median time to first event was 28 days (range: 1 to 1,688 days), and median duration per event was 15 days (range: 1 to 1,762 days).

Hepatobiliary disorders

Among patients with reports of adverse reactions of elevations in either ALT or AST (all grades), the median time of onset observed was 29 days with a range of onset 1 to 2,465 days for ALT and AST. The median duration of an event was 18 days (range: 1 to 775 days), and 15 days (range: 1 to 803 days) for ALT and AST, respectively.

In the entire development program, concurrent elevation in transaminases > 3 × ULN and bilirubin > 2 × ULN with alkaline phosphatase < 2 × ULN occurred without alternative causes in 1/1,611 (<0.1%) subjects treated with bosutinib. This finding was in a study of bosutinib in combination with letrozole in a patient with metastatic breast cancer.

Hepatitis B reactivation

Hepatitis B reactivation has been reported in association with BCR-ABL TKIs. Some cases resulted in acute hepatic failure or fulminant hepatitis leading to liver transplantation or a fatal outcome.

Gastrointestinal disorders

Of the 994 (78%) patients that experienced diarrhoea, 10 patients discontinued bosutinib due to this event. Concomitant medicinal products were given to treat diarrhoea in 662 (66%) patients. The maximum toxicity of diarrhoea was Grade 1 or 2 in 88% of patients, Grade 3 in 12% of patients; 1 patient (< 1%) experienced a Grade 4 event. Among patients with diarrhoea, the median time to first event was 2 days (range: 1 to 2,415 days) and the median duration of any grade of diarrhoea was 2 days (range: 1 to 2,511 days).

Among the 994 patients with diarrhoea, 180 patients (18%) were managed with treatment interruption and of these 170 (94%) were rechallenged with bosutinib. Of those who were rechallenged, 167 (98%) did not have a subsequent event or did not discontinue bosutinib due to a subsequent event of diarrhoea.

Cardiac disorders

Four patients (0.3%) experienced QTcF interval prolongation (greater than 500 ms). Nine (0.8%) patients experienced QTcF increase from baseline exceeding 60 ms. Patients with uncontrolled or significant cardiovascular disease including QTc prolongation, at baseline, were not included in clinical studies.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store

Experience with bosutinib overdose in clinical studies was limited to isolated cases. Patients who take an overdose of bosutinib should be observed and given appropriate supportive treatment.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01XE14.

Mechanism of action

Bosutinib belongs to a pharmacological class of medicinal products known as kinase inhibitors. Bosutinib inhibits the abnormal BCR-ABL kinase that promotes CML. Modeling studies indicate that bosutinib binds the kinase domain of BCR-ABL. Bosutinib is also an inhibitor of Src family kinases including Src, Lyn and Hck. Bosutinib minimally inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor and c-Kit.

In in vitro studies, bosutinib inhibits proliferation and survival of established CML cell lines, Ph+ ALL cell lines, and patient-derived primary primitive CML cells. Bosutinib inhibited 16 of 18 imatinib-resistant forms of BCR-ABL expressed in murine myeloid cell lines. Bosutinib treatment reduced the size of CML tumours growing in nude mice and inhibited growth of murine myeloid tumours expressing imatinib-resistant forms of BCR-ABL. Bosutinib also inhibits receptor tyrosine kinases c-Fms, EphA and B receptors, Trk family kinases, Axl family kinases, Tec family kinases, some members of the ErbB family, the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Csk, serine/threonine kinases of the Ste20 family, and 2 calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.

Pharmacodynamic effects

The effect of bosutinib 500 mg administration on corrected QTc was evaluated in a randomised, single-dose, double-blind (with respect to bosutinib), crossover, placebo- and open-label moxifloxacin-controlled study in healthy subjects.

The data from this study indicate that bosutinib does not prolong the QTc in healthy subjects at the dose of 500 mg daily with food, and under conditions that give rise to supratherapeutic plasma concentrations. Following administration of a single oral dose of bosutinib 500 mg (therapeutic dose) and bosutinib 500 mg with ketoconazole 400 mg (to achieve supratherapeutic concentrations of bosutinib) in healthy subjects, the upper bound of the 1-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) around the mean change in QTc was less than 10 ms at all post-dose time points, and no adverse events suggestive of QTc prolongation were observed.

In a study in liver impaired subjects, an increasing frequency of QTc prolongation > 450 ms with declining hepatic function was observed. In the Phase 1/2 clinical study in patients with previously treated Ph+ leukaemias, QTcF interval changes > 60 ms from baseline were observed in 6 (1.1%) of 562 patients. In the Phase 3 clinical study in patients with newly-diagnosed CP CML treated with bosutinib 400 mg, there were no patients in the bosutinib treatment group with an increase of > 60 ms from baseline when the QT interval was corrected using Fridericia's formula (QTcF). In the Phase 3 clinical study in patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ CP CML treated with bosutinib 500 mg, QTcF interval changes > 60 ms from baseline were observed in 2 (0.8%) of 248 patients receiving bosutinib. A proarrhythmic potential of bosutinib cannot be ruled out.

Clinical efficacy

Clinical study in CP previously untreated CML

Bosutinib 400 mg study

A 2-arm, Phase 3, open-label, multicentre superiority trial was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of bosutinib 400 mg once daily alone compared with imatinib 400 mg once daily alone in adult patients with newly-diagnosed Ph+ CP CML. The trial randomised 536 patients (268 in each treatment group) with Ph+ or Ph- newly-diagnosed CP CML (intent-to-treat population [ITT]) including 487 patients with Ph+ CML harbouring b2a2 and/or b3a2 transcripts and baseline BCR-ABL copies > 0 (modified intent-to-treat [mITT] population).

The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion demonstrating a major molecular response (MMR) at 12 months (48 weeks) in the bosutinib treatment group compared with that in the imatinib treatment group in the mITT population. MMR was defined as ≤ 0.1% BCR-ABL/ABL ratio by international scale (corresponding to > 3 log reduction from standardised baseline) with a minimum of 3,000 ABL transcripts as assessed by the central laboratory. The secondary efficacy endpoints included MMR by 18 months, duration of MMR, CCyR by 12 months, duration of CCyR, event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS). Complete cytogenetic response by Month 12, a secondary endpoint, was defined as the absence of Ph+ metaphases in chromosome banding analysis of > 20 metaphases derived from bone marrow aspirate or MMR if an adequate cytogenetic assessment was unavailable. The p-values for endpoints other than MMR at 12 months and CCyR by 12 months have not been adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Baseline characteristics for the mITT population were well balanced between the 2 treatment groups with respect to age (median age was 52 years for the bosutinib group and 53 years for the imatinib group with 19.5% and 17.4% of patients 65 years of age or older, respectively); gender (women 42.3% and 44.0%, respectively); and race (Caucasian 77.6% and 77.2%, Asian 12.2% and 12.4%, Black or African American 4.1% and 4.1%, and Other 5.7% and 5.8%, respectively, and 1 unknown in each group).

After a minimum of 12 months of follow-up in the mITT population, 77.6% of patients treated with bosutinib (N=241) and 72.4% of patients treated with imatinib (N=239) were still receiving first-line treatment.

After a minimum of 12 months of follow-up in the mITT population, discontinuations due to disease progression to AP or BP CML for bosutinib-treated patients were 0.4% compared to 1.7% for imatinib-treated patients. Five bosutinib patients and 7 imatinib patients transformed to AP CML or BP CML. Discontinuations due to suboptimal response or treatment failure as assessed by the investigator occurred for 2.0% of patients in the bosutinib-treated group compared to 6.3% of patients in the imatinib-treated group. One patient on bosutinib and 7 patients on imatinib died while on study.

The efficacy results are summarised in Table 3.

Table 3 - Summary of MMR at Months 12 and 18 and CCyR by Month 12, by treatment group in the mITT population

At Month 12, the MR⁴ rate (defined as ≤ 0.01% BCR-ABL [corresponding to > 4 log reduction from standardised baseline] with a minimum of 9,800 ABL transcripts) was higher in the bosutinib treatment group compared to the imatinib treatment group in the mITT population (20.7% [95% CI: 15.7%, 25.8%] versus 12.0% [95% CI: 7.9%, 16.1%], respectively, 1-sided p-value=0.0052).

At Months 3, 6, and 9, the proportion of patients with MMR was higher in the bosutinib treatment group compared to the imatinib treatment group (Table 4).

Table 4 - Comparison of MMR at Months 3, 6, and 9 by treatment in the mITT population

The cumulative incidence of MMR adjusting for competing risk of treatment discontinuation without MMR was higher in the bosutinib treatment group compared to the imatinib treatment group in the mITT population (45.1% [95% CI: 38.8%, 51.2%] versus 33.7% [95% CI: 27.8%, 39.6%] at Week 48; hazard ratio [HR] from a stratified proportional subdistributional hazards model: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.07, 1.70], 1-sided p-value = 0.0086). The median time to MMR for responders was 24.7 weeks versus 36.3 weeks for the bosutinib treatment and imatinib treatment groups, respectively, in the mITT population.

The cumulative incidence of CCyR adjusted for the competing risk of treatment discontinuation without CCyR was higher in the bosutinib treatment group compared to the imatinib treatment group in the mITT population (79.1% [95% CI: 73.4%, 83.7%] versus 67.3% [95% CI: 60.9%, 72.8%] at Week 48; HR: 1.38, [95% CI: 1.13, 1.68]; 1-sided p-value=0.0003). The median time to CCyR (responders only) was 23.9 weeks in the bosutinib group compared to the 24.3 weeks imatinib group.

The Kaplan-Meier estimates of OS at 48 weeks for bosutinib and imatinib patients in the mITT population were 99.6% (95% CI: 97.1%, 99.9%) and 97.9% (95% CI: 95.0%, 99.1%), respectively.

No additional deaths or transformations occurred in the ITT population.

Clinical study in imatinib-resistant or intolerant CML in CP, AP, and BP

A single-arm, Phase 1/2 open-label, multicentre trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bosutinib 500 mg once daily in patients with imatinib-resistant or -intolerant CML with separate cohorts for chronic, accelerated, and blast phase disease previously treated with 1 prior TKI (imatinib) or more than 1 TKI (imatinib followed by dasatinib and/or nilotinib).

There were 570 patients treated with bosutinib in this trial including CP CML patients previously treated with only 1 prior TKI (imatinib), CP CML patients previously treated with imatinib and at least 1 additional TKI (dasatinib and/or nilotinib), CML patients in accelerated or blast phase previously treated with at least 1 TKI (imatinib) and patients with Ph+ ALL previously treated with at least 1 TKI (imatinib).

The primary efficacy endpoint of the study was the major cytogenetic response (MCyR) rate at Week 24 in patients with imatinib-resistant CP CML previously treated with only 1 prior TKI (imatinib). Other efficacy endpoints include the cumulative MCyR rate, time to and duration of MCyR, and time to and duration of CHR, in patients with CP CML previously treated with only 1 prior TKI (imatinib). For patients previously treated with both imatinib and at least 1 additional TKI, the endpoints include the cumulative MCyR rate, time to and duration of MCyR, and time to and duration of CHR. For patients with AP and BP CML previously treated with at least 1 prior TKI (imatinib), the endpoints were cumulative overall haematological response (OHR) and time to and duration of OHR. Other efficacy endpoints include transformation to AP/BP, progression free survival and OS for all cohorts.

CP

The efficacy results for Ph+ CP CML patients previously treated with imatinib and at least 1 additional TKI (minimum follow-up 48 months, median treatment duration of 9 months and 24.4% still on-treatment at 48 months) and the results for Ph+ CP CML patients previously treated with only imatinib (minimum follow-up 60 months, median treatment duration of 26 months and 40.5% still on-treatment at 60 months) are presented in Table 5.

AP and BP CML patients

The efficacy results for AP (minimum follow-up 48 months, median treatment duration of 10 months and 17.7% still on-treatment at 48 months) and BP (minimum follow-up 48 months, median treatment duration of 2.8 months and 3.1% still on-treatment at 48 months) Ph+ CML patients are present in Table 5.

Table 5 - Efficacy results in previously treated patients with chronic and advanced phase CML*

* For efficacy results in the subgroup of patients corresponding to the approved indication, see text above.

Snapshot date: 02Oct2015

Cytogenetic Response criteria: Major Cytogenetic Response included Complete [0% Ph+ metaphases from bone marrow or < 1% positive cells from fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH)] or partial (1%-35%) cytogenetic responses. Cytogenetic responses were based on the percentage of Ph+ metaphases among > 20 metaphase cells in each bone marrow sample. FISH analysis (> 200 cells) could be used for post-baseline cytogenetic assessments if > 20 metaphases were not available.

Overall haematological response (OHR)=major haematological response (complete haematological response + no evidence of leukaemia) or return to chronic phase (RCP). All responses were confirmed after 4 weeks. Complete haematological response (CHR) for AP and BP CML: WBC less than or equal to institutional upper limit of normal (ULN), platelets greater than or equal to 100,000/mm³ and less than 450,000/mm³, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 1.0×10⁹/L, no blasts or promyelocytes in peripheral blood, less than 5% myelocytes + metamyelocytes in bone marrow, less than 20% basophils in peripheral blood, and no extramedullary involvement. No evidence of leukaemia (NEL): Meets all other criteria for CHR except may have thrombocytopenia (platelets greater than or equal to 20,000/mm³ and less than 100,000/mm³) and/or neutropenia (ANC greater than or equal to 0.5×10⁹/L and less than 1.0×10⁹/L). Return to chronic phase (RCP) = disappearance of features defining accelerated or blast phases but still in chronic phase.

Abbreviations: AP=accelerated phase; BP=blast phase; Ph+=Philadelphia chromosome-positive; CP=chronic phase; CML=chronic myelogenous leukaemia; K-M=Kaplan-Meier; N/n=number of patients; N/A=not applicable; N/R=not reached as of minimum follow-up; N/E=not estimable; CI=confidence interval; MCyR=major cytogenetic response; CCyR=complete cytogenetic response; OHR=overall haematological response; CHR=complete haematological response.

^a Includes patients (N) with a valid baseline assessment. The analyses allow baseline responders who maintained response post-baseline to be responders. Minimum follow-up time (time from last patient first dose to data snapshot date) of 60 months for CP treated with imatinib only and, 48 months for CP treated with imatinib and at least 1 other TKI, AP and BP.

^b Includes patients (N) who attained or maintained MCyR.

^c Years 2 (Month 24) and 5 (60 months) for CP treated with imatinib only and Years 1 (Month 12) and 4 (48 months) for CP treated with imatinib and at least 1 other TKI, AP, and BP.

^d Sample size (N) includes patients with a valid baseline haematological assessment. These analyses allow baseline responders who maintained response post-baseline to be responders.

^e Includes patients (N) who attained or maintained CHR for CP patients and OHR for AP and BP patients.

^f Including patients (N) who received at least 1 dose of bosutinib.

Based on the limited clinical information from the Phase 1/2 study, some evidence of clinical activity was observed in patients with BCR-ABL mutations (see Table 6).

Table 6 - Response by baseline BCR-ABL mutation status in CP CML evaluable population: prior imatinib and dasatinib and/or nilotinib (third-line)
BCR-ABL mutation status at baseline	Incidence at baseline n (%)a	MCyR attained or maintained Resp/Evalb (%) N=112
Mutation assessed	96 (100.0)	34/92 (37.0)
No mutation	57 (59.4)	21/55 (38.2)
At least 1 mutation	39 (40.6)	13/37 (35.1)
Dasatinib resistant mutations	10 (10.4)	1/9 (11.1)
Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption Following administration of a single dose of bosutinib (500 mg) with food in healthy subjects, the absolute bioavailability was 34%. Absorption was relatively slow, with a median time-to-peak concentration (tmax) reached after 6 hours. Bosutinib exhibits dose proportional increases in AUC and Cmax, over the dose range of 200 to 600 mg. Food increased bosutinib Cmax 1.8-fold and bosutinib AUC 1.7-fold compared to the fasting state. In CML patients at steady state, Cmax (geometric mean, coefficient of variation [CV]%) was 145 (14) ng/mL, and AUCss (geometric mean, CV%) was 2,700 (16) ng-h/mL after daily administration of bosutinib at 400 mg with food. After 500 mg bosutinib daily with food, Cmax was 200 (6) ng/mL and AUCss was 3,640 (12) ng-h/mL. The solubility of bosutinib is pH-dependent and absorption is reduced when gastric pH is increased. Distribution Following administration of a single intravenous dose of 120 mg bosutinib to healthy subjects, bosutinib had a mean (% coefficient of variation [CV]) volume of distribution of 2,331 (32) L, suggesting that bosutinib is extensively distributed to extra vascular tissue. Bosutinib was highly bound to human plasma proteins in vitro (94%) and ex vivo in healthy subjects (96%), and binding was not concentration-dependent. Biotransformation In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that bosutinib (parent compound) undergoes predominantly hepatic metabolism in humans. Following administration of single or multiple doses of bosutinib (400 or 500 mg) to humans, the major circulating metabolites appeared to be oxydechlorinated (M2) and N-desmethylated (M5) bosutinib, with bosutinib N-oxide (M6) as a minor circulating metabolite. The systemic exposure of N-desmethylated metabolite was 25% of the parent compound, while the oxydechlorinated metabolite was 19% of the parent compound. All 3 metabolites exhibited activity that was ≤ 5% that of bosutinib in a Src-transformed fibroblast anchorage-independent proliferation assay. In faeces, bosutinib and N-desmethyl bosutinib were the major drug-related components. In vitro studies with human liver microsomes indicated that the major cytochrome P450 isozyme involved in the metabolism of bosutinib is CYP3A4 and drug interaction studies have shown that ketoconazole and rifampicin had marked effect on the pharmacokinetics of bosutinib. No metabolism of bosutinib was observed with CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A5. Elimination In healthy subjects given a single intravenous dose of 120 mg bosutinib, the mean (%CV) terminal elimination half-life was 35.5 (24) hours, and the mean (%CV) clearance was 61.9 (26) L/h. In a mass-balance study with oral bosutinib, an average of 94.6% of the total dose was recovered in 9 days; faeces (91.3%) was the major route of excretion, with 3.29% of the dose recovered in urine. Seventy-five percent of the dose was recovered within 96 hours. Excretion of unchanged bosutinib in urine was low with approximately 1% of the dose in both healthy subjects and those with advanced malignant solid tumours. Special populations Hepatic impairment A 200 mg dose of bosutinib administered with food was evaluated in a cohort of 18 hepatically impaired subjects (Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C) and 9 matched healthy subjects. Cmax of bosutinib in plasma increased 2.4-fold, 2-fold, and 1.5-fold, respectively, in Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C; and bosutinib AUC in plasma increased 2.3-fold, 2-fold, and 1.9-fold, respectively. The t½ of bosutinib increased in hepatic impaired patients as compared to the healthy subjects. Renal impairment In a renal impairment study, a single dose of 200 mg bosutinib was administered with food to 26 subjects with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment and to 8 matching healthy volunteers. Renal impairment was based on CLCr (calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula) of < 30 mL/min (severe renal impairment), 30 ≤ CLCr≤ 50 mL/min (moderate renal impairment), or 50 < CLCr≤ 80 mL/min (mild renal impairment). Subjects with moderate and severe renal impairment had an increase in AUC over healthy volunteers of 35% and 60%, respectively. Maximal exposure Cmax increased by 28% and 34% in the moderate and severe groups, respectively. Bosutinib exposure was not increased in subjects with mild renal impairment. The elimination half-life of bosutinib in subjects with renal impairment was similar to that in healthy subjects. Dose adjustments for renal impairment were based on the results of this study, and the known linear pharmacokinetics of bosutinib in the dose range of 200 to 600 mg. Age, gender and race No formal studies have been performed to assess the effects of these demographic factors. Population pharmacokinetic analyses in patients with Ph+ leukaemia or malignant solid tumour indicate that there are no clinically relevant effects of age, gender, body weight, race. Paediatric population Бозулиф has not yet been studied in children less than 18 years of age. Pharmacotherapeutic group Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01XE14. Incompatibilities Not applicable. Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. ATC - Anatomical and therapeutic chemical classification R52.1 – Chronic intractable pain R52.2 – Other chronic pain R52.9 – Unspecified pain Available in countries Russia A-Z index: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVYZ