Ketard

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Medically reviewed

Laura Arias

Last updated on 22/12/2025

This page provides general, reference-level information compiled from official medical sources. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For decisions about your health, please consult a qualified healthcare professional.

Overview of Ketard

What is Ketard?

Property Description
Active Ingredient Ketoprofen
Pharmacological Class Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)
Forms Oral preparations (tablets, capsules) and topical preparations (gels, creams)
General Purpose Symptomatic relief of pain, inflammation, and fever
Origin Synthetic chemical compound (propionic acid derivative)

The drug Ketard is a pharmaceutical product primarily defined by its active ingredient, Ketoprofen. This medicine is classified as a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID), a well-established pharmacological category recognized for its ability to exert three simultaneous physiological effects: analgesic (pain relief), antipyretic (fever reduction), and anti-inflammatory (swelling reduction) action.

What Type of Medicine is Ketard?

Ketard belongs to the NSAID family and is chemically categorized as a synthetic propionic acid derivative. This classification indicates its chemical structure is related to propionic acid, confirming its synthetic origin rather than being a naturally derived compound. The primary purpose of this NSAID is to target the core physiological processes that cause discomfort; its general function is to provide symptomatic relief from moderate aches, soreness, stiffness, and elevated body temperatures. Ketoprofen is utilized globally for these anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving actions.

Composition and Available Forms

The therapeutic effect of Ketard is delivered solely by Ketoprofen, confirming it as a single-ingredient product combined with inert excipients tailored to the final preparation. Ketoprofen is made available to patients in various forms, primarily as oral preparations (such as tablets or capsules) for systemic absorption, and as topical preparations (such as gels or creams) for local application. This variety of forms dictates the corresponding route of administration—either oral for body-wide effects or topical for localized relief of pain and swelling, a feature that differentiates its application flexibility.

General Purpose: Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Action

The general purpose of Ketard is to alleviate discomfort by interrupting the biological process that creates inflammation and pain. It achieves this by acting as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a mechanism that blocks the synthesis of chemical mediators known as prostaglandins—the substances responsible for signaling pain and initiating the swelling response. For instance, Ketard is typically used to address the musculoskeletal aches that occur after physical activity. Ketoprofen possesses anti-inflammatory properties that provide the ability to reduce physical swelling, minimize the perception of pain, and help normalize fever associated with inflammatory conditions.

What side effects are possible with Ketard?

Possible side effects and safety information

The safety profile of Ketard (Ketoprofen) is defined by officially documented adverse reactions classified by frequency and System-Organ-Class, derived from government regulatory assessments. The most frequently cited effects are related to Gastrointestinal Disorders, alongside recognized risks concerning cardiovascular events and renal function.

Frequency-Classified Adverse Reactions

Adverse reactions are formally categorized based on their documented incidence in regulatory documents:

  • Common (affecting 1/100 to 1/10 users): Includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, constipation, headache, dizziness, and somnolence.
  • Uncommon (affecting 1/1,000 to 1/100 users): May involve gastritis, fatigue, edema (swelling), and vertigo.
  • Rare (affecting 1/10,000 to 1/1,000 users): Includes tinnitus (ringing in the ears), asthma, and hepatitis.
  • Not Known (Cannot be estimated from available data): Includes hypersensitivity reactions, acute renal failure, and photosensitivity.

Serious Adverse Reactions and Safety Considerations

The regulatory profile highlights rare but clinically significant adverse reactions, including the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, ulceration, or perforation, and serious cardiovascular thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Individuals with existing health conditions are subject to specific safety notes: older adults are at increased risk for serious gastrointestinal and renal events, and patients with cardiovascular risk factors face an increased risk of thromboembolic events. This risk may increase with the duration of use.

Ketard is subject to safety-related restrictions and is typically contraindicated in severe uncontrolled heart failure, active GI ulceration, bleeding, or perforation, and severe renal or hepatic impairment.

Overdose and Emergency Response

Overdose and When to Seek Help

Ketard (ketamine) is an anesthetic with dissociative and hallucinogenic properties. An overdose occurs when a dose is taken that produces severe, toxic effects on the body, which can be life-threatening, especially when Ketard is combined with other central nervous system depressants like alcohol or opioids.

Symptoms of Overdose

Recognizing the signs of a severe reaction or overdose is crucial. Symptoms that indicate a medical emergency may include:

System Symptoms
Neurological Severe confusion, profound sedation or stupor, seizures, coma.
Cardiovascular Dangerously high or low blood pressure, irregular or excessively slow heartbeat, chest pain.
Respiratory Dangerously slowed or stopped breathing (apnea), respiratory depression.

When to Seek Immediate Help

Call emergency services immediately if a person exhibits any signs of a severe reaction or suspected overdose, such as:

  • Loss of consciousness or unresponsiveness.
  • Extreme difficulty breathing or very slow, shallow breaths.
  • Seizure activity or convulsions.
  • Severe chest pain or a very irregular heart rate.
  • Severe confusion, agitation, or a highly dissociated state where the individual cannot be roused or oriented.

Overdose management involves supportive care to maintain breathing and heart function, and observation in a medical setting until symptoms resolve.

Therapeutic Uses of Ketard

What Ketard Treats: Main Uses and Benefits

Ketard is commonly used in therapeutic domains where short-term symptomatic assistance is needed to address symptoms related to inflammatory or irritative states and systemic imbalance across acute, chronic, and episodic conditions. One key application is to help ease symptom burden related to physical discomfort.

It is relevant in conditions characterized by periods of heightened symptoms, including chronic ailments like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis; acute issues such as tendinitis, bursitis, and pain following trauma or minor surgical procedures; and episodic discomforts like primary dysmenorrhea and common headache. This medication is used for managing the symptom clusters of joint swelling and stiffness associated with chronic disease, as well as the heightened patient distress associated with systemic fever and generalized muscle aches. This medication assists with maintaining functional stability and helps patients cope more steadily with symptom fluctuations.

“Ketard is used across domains where short-term symptomatic assistance is appropriate, contributing to improved comfort during periods of heightened symptoms.”


Quick Fact: Relief for Pain, Inflammation, and Fever

Ketard is commonly used for managing symptom clusters that may become disruptive during flare-ups, providing supportive relief when symptoms interfere with routine activities.

Regulatory References

  1. NIH MedlinePlus Drug Information on Ketoprofen

Eligibility and Restrictions for Use

Who Can and Cannot Use Ketard? (Ketorolac Tromethamine)

Official regulatory documents for Ketard (ketorolac tromethamine) establish strict non-eligibility rules, mainly due to the risk of serious gastrointestinal, renal, and bleeding events. Use is generally limited to adults for the short-term management (not exceeding five total days) of moderately severe acute pain.


Populations for Whom Use is Prohibited (Contraindicated)

  • Gastrointestinal Risk: Patients with active peptic ulcer disease, recent gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, or a history of these conditions.
  • Renal Risk: Individuals with advanced renal impairment or conditions that place them at high risk for renal failure due to volume depletion.
  • Bleeding Risk: Patients with known or suspected cerebrovascular bleeding, hemorrhagic diathesis, incomplete hemostasis, or high risk of bleeding. Use is also contraindicated as a prophylactic pain reliever before any major surgery and in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
  • Hypersensitivity: Patients with known allergy to ketorolac, aspirin, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  • Concomitant Therapy: Patients currently receiving aspirin or any other NSAIDs.
  • Pregnancy/Lactation: Use is contraindicated during labor and delivery, and in nursing mothers.

Age and Special Population Considerations

  • Pediatric Patients: Generally not indicated for use in pediatric patients, specifically those under 17 years of age.
  • Older Adults (Aged 65 and over): These patients, along with those under 50 kg body weight or with moderately elevated serum creatinine, require reduced dosages and careful monitoring.

What should I know about interactions with other medicines?

Interactions with other medicines and products

Regulatory documentation formally establishes several interaction categories for Ketard, which is the NSAID Ketoprofen. These interactions often require close monitoring or constitute a prohibited combination due to alterations in drug exposure or heightened risk of adverse events.

Interaction Classifications and Restrictions

Classification Constraint or Official Statement
Formal Contraindications Use with other systemic Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), including full-dose aspirin, is officially discouraged or contraindicated [NIH DailyMed]. The drug is contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy and for perioperative pain in the setting of CABG surgery [FDA Label].
Exposure-Altering Interactions Lithium and Methotrexate clearance is documented to be reduced, which can result in elevated plasma levels. Probenecid is noted to increase Ketoprofen plasma levels by reducing its metabolic breakdown [NIH DailyMed].
Pharmacodynamic Risk Co-administration with Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin), Corticosteroids, and SSRIs is documented to carry an additive risk of serious gastrointestinal bleeding [NIH DailyMed]. Ketoprofen may diminish the therapeutic effect of Diuretics and Antihypertensives (e.g., ACE inhibitors) [NIH DailyMed].
Other Substances Alcohol consumption increases the documented risk of serious GI bleeding [MedlinePlus]. The oral preparation’s peak plasma concentration (Cmax) is reduced with food intake, though overall absorption is similar [FDA Medical Review].
Specific Monitoring Co-administration with Pemetrexed requires close monitoring for toxicity due to increased Pemetrexed levels [NIH DailyMed]. The clearance of Ketoprofen is reduced in elderly patients and those with impaired renal function, increasing the risk of accumulation [EMA SmPC equivalent].

Regulatory documents structure the drug’s profile around these high-risk pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. This information serves to classify combinations as either formally prohibited or requiring significant caution, based strictly on the officially documented effects on exposure or risk of additive harm.

Mechanism of Action

Pharmacodynamic Mechanism of Ketoprofen

The action of Ketoprofen is founded on a precise molecular mechanism that alters key signaling pathways involved in nociception, vasodilation, and thermoregulation, a process known as pharmacodynamic modulation.

The drug's primary mechanism involves the non-selective, reversible inhibition of the Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes. By blocking these key targets, Ketoprofen curtails the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins ( PGE2 and others), which are chemical mediators that sensitize nerve endings and increase vascular permeability. . This action modifies the early molecular steps that shape the systemic physiological consequences.

Beyond the peripheral effect, the mechanism extends to the hypothalamus where reducing PGE2 synthesis allows for the adjustment of the body's thermal set-point. The resulting change promotes peripheral vasodilation and supports heat dissipation via cutaneous blood flow, influencing the pyretic response. Additionally, the drug engages secondary mechanisms, including modulation of serotonergic pathways and stabilization of lysosomal membranes at the cellular level. These actions support a more regulated state within targeted pathways, leading to predictable physiological adjustments influencing vascular stability and nociceptive thresholds.

Dosage and Administration Information

Ketard is administered through two primary methods: the oral route for systemic effects, available as Immediate-Release (IR) and Extended-Release (ER) capsules, and the topical route as a gel for localized application. The selected form dictates the schedule and context of use.

For chronic conditions, the oral dosing regimen consists of 50 mg to 75 mg taken three to four times per day for the IR formulation, while the ER capsule is administered once daily. For acute symptomatic use, the schedule involves 25 mg to 50 mg of the IR capsule every six to eight hours as needed (PRN), with a maximum daily dose of 300 mg for IR forms. Topical gel is administered by applying a defined strip of gel two to four times per day.

The administration of oral capsules is compatible with food, milk, or antacids to manage potential gastrointestinal discomfort, a factor that slightly slows, but does not prevent, systemic absorption. The usage protocol involves using the lowest effective dose for the shortest necessary duration.

Dosing modifications are utilized for specific patient populations. For older adults and individuals with known renal or hepatic impairment, administration involves a lower initial dose and reduced maximum daily intake limits. Further administration constraints include the prohibition of co-administering IR and ER capsules and the restriction against covering the treated area of topical gel with occlusive dressings.

Recent Clinical Evidence

Research evidence / Overview of Studies for Ketard

The research base for Ketard, which contains the active ingredient Ketoprofen, has been studied for its use in conditions involving pain and inflammation. The evidence primarily stems from Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, which were used to evaluate short-term outcomes related to patient symptoms.


Evidence for Use in Chronic Pain and Inflammation: Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ketard was studied for its use in exploring symptom changes related to chronic conditions, particularly osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Research includes short-term RCTs and longer-term observational settings examining outcomes reflecting daily functioning or activity level. Trials often measure outcomes related to physical discomfort, joint swelling, and functional scores.

Studies conducted during periods of increased symptom activity reported measurements reflecting changes in pain intensity and duration of morning stiffness. For topical forms, research explores symptom patterns, monitoring outcomes linked to localized inflammatory states. Evidence is primarily derived from studies with limited follow-up durations of only a few weeks to months.


Evidence for Use in Acute and Localized Pain Conditions

For conditions involving acute or disruptive episodes, such as short-term soft tissue injuries, trauma, and post-surgical pain, research has primarily utilized single-dose and multiple-dose RCTs. These studies monitored outcomes describing episodic or acute changes, focusing on precise measurements like the time it took for patients to report relief and the magnitude of patient-reported outcomes describing perceived discomfort.


Research Gaps and Uncertainties

The available evidence has been reviewed by scientific bodies who recognize several research limitation frames. Follow-up durations were limited in many controlled trials, meaning long-term outcomes are not fully established across the evidence base. Data for certain groups, such as pediatric populations or specific severe comorbidity groups, remain insufficient. Research does not determine whether an individual will respond similarly, as study outcomes reflect the specific conditions under which they were conducted.

Key Studies & References

  1. Comparison of Efficacy of Ketoprofen and Ibuprofen in Treating Pain in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - Pain Therapy
  2. Ketoprofen 2.5% gel: a clinical overview (Focus on topical formulations for localized pain) - European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Common questions about Ketard (FAQ)

Q: What is the main medical purpose of Ketard?

According to official product information, Ketard is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including common discomforts such as menstrual cramps and headaches. It is also approved to treat the inflammation, swelling, and stiffness associated with chronic conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


Q: How quickly does Ketard start working after taking it?

Regulatory documents indicate that the timing of effect depends on the type of capsule used. The immediate-release capsules are described as reaching their peak levels within 0.5 to 2 hours of dosing. The extended-release capsules, designed to work over a longer period, typically reach their peak levels later, in about 6 to 7 hours.


Q: Is Ketard safe to take for long periods of time?

Regulatory warnings indicate that the risk of serious side effects, such as cardiovascular events (heart attack or stroke) and gastrointestinal bleeding, are generally associated with longer-term use of medications in this class. Official protocols emphasize using the lowest effective dose for the shortest necessary duration.


Q: Can Ketard cause stomach issues, such as nausea or heartburn?

Yes, official prescribing information reports that several gastrointestinal issues are common. These issues include upset stomach, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, gas, and heartburn.


Q: What are the most commonly reported side effects of Ketard?

Commonly reported effects listed in official documentation relate primarily to the digestive system and the central nervous system. These include gastrointestinal issues (such as nausea and abdominal pain), headache, dizziness, and drowsiness.


Q: Is it normal to feel dizzy or drowsy after taking Ketard?

Yes, dizziness and drowsiness (somnolence) are explicitly noted as common effects in the official product information. This is a known result of the drug's activity on the body's systems.


Q: Are there any serious or less common side effects that I should know about?

The regulatory documents list serious, but less common, effects that users should be aware of. These serious risks include gastrointestinal bleeding, major cardiovascular events (such as heart attack or stroke), and potential kidney or liver injury.


Q: What should I do if I miss a scheduled dose of Ketard?

Official medication guides and patient instructions include specific guidance on how to manage a missed dose. This detailed guidance is typically included in the official patient leaflet provided with the prescription.


Q: Is Ketard appropriate for children and teenagers?

According to official regulatory documentation, the safety and effectiveness of Ketard have not been established in the pediatric population (children and teenagers). The lack of established data means its use is not officially indicated for these age groups.


Q: Is it safe to use Ketard while pregnant or breastfeeding?

Official documentation states that Ketard is contraindicated starting at approximately 30 weeks of pregnancy due to the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus. For breastfeeding, reports of adverse effects in infants exist and should be considered, leading sources to indicate that alternatives may be reviewed.


Q: Does taking Ketard affect fertility in men or women?

Official information advises caution for female patients trying to conceive. As part of its drug class (NSAIDs), the medication is associated with potential risks to fertility, and specific clinical details are often reviewed on an individual basis.


Q: Have there been any major warnings or safety updates issued by the FDA or EMA about Ketard?

Yes, regulatory requirements mandate that the drug carry boxed warnings in its official documentation. These warnings primarily concern the elevated risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events (like heart attack and stroke) and severe gastrointestinal adverse events (like bleeding, ulceration, and perforation).


Q: Is the effectiveness of Ketard supported by clinical trials?

Official drug documentation notes that the drug's approved uses and its recognized anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties are based on demonstrated clinical evidence. This evidence supports its intended function in relieving pain and reducing fever.


Q: What does it mean if I feel 'tired' or 'foggy' when first starting Ketard?

This feeling may relate to the documented common effects of drowsiness and Central Nervous System (CNS) inhibition. The drug can affect the way the brain and nervous system function, leading to feelings of fatigue or mental 'fogginess'.


Q: Does Ketard change how I see colors or affect my vision?

Official documents list blurred vision as a possible side effect of the medication. Less commonly, disturbed color perception or other visual changes have been reported.


Q: Does Ketard cause issues with my blood pressure or heart rate?

Official safety information indicates that this medication may raise blood pressure. Additionally, serious but less common side effects can include symptoms of heart failure, which may involve unusual weight gain or swelling.


Q: What are the ingredients in Ketard besides the main drug?

The full prescribing information and patient labeling contain a complete list of all ingredients. This includes the main drug as well as inactive ingredients, excipients, and other components that make up the final product.


Q: Can Ketard cause a reaction like a rash or swelling?

Yes, a skin rash is listed as a common side effect. Serious side effects, though rare, can involve a severe allergic reaction, the signs of which include rash, itching, and swelling of the face or throat.


Q: Does Ketard have any known effect on mood or anxiety levels?

Official drug information reports that mental/mood changes and nervousness are documented as possible side effects. These effects are classified under the drug's impact on the nervous system.


Q: Does Ketard have a black box warning in the official documentation?

Yes, the official documentation requires the drug to carry boxed warnings regarding the risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events (like heart attack and stroke) and severe gastrointestinal adverse events (like bleeding or ulceration). This is a mandatory safety disclosure for drugs in this class.


Q: Is Ketard associated with any potential for physical dependence?

Ketard is not typically associated with the drug-seeking behavior seen with controlled substances. However, regulatory classification systems recognize NSAID use disorder within the category of 'other substance use disorders' in the DSM-5.


Q: Is there a generic version of Ketard available for use?

Yes, regulatory agencies have approved generic versions of Ketard (Ketoprofen), which are available to consumers.


Q: What are the common signs of an allergic reaction to Ketard?

Common signs of a serious allergic reaction noted in official materials include a rash, itching, and swelling of the face, tongue, or throat. Difficulty breathing is also cited as a serious symptom.


Q: Why must long-term users have their kidney or liver function monitored?

Regulatory documents mandate dose adjustments for people with pre-existing impaired kidney or liver function. Serious, less common side effects include potential kidney and liver injury, and this information underlines the regulatory importance of addressing kidney and liver health for certain individuals.


Q: Is it possible to take Ketard and still safely operate a car?

Official documentation advises caution when performing tasks that require concentration. Because this medication may cause dizziness, drowsiness, or blurred vision, it is advised against driving or operating machinery until the individual knows how the drug affects them.


Q: Does Ketard contain gluten, lactose, or other common allergens?

The official patient information leaflet and prescribing information contain a complete list of inactive ingredients. This information is available for individuals with known allergies to substances like gluten or lactose to review.


Q: Can Ketard make me more sensitive to sunlight or heat?

Yes, photosensitivity, which is an increased sensitivity of the skin to sunlight, is listed as a reported side effect of the medication.


Q: Does Ketard interact with common herbal supplements or vitamins?

Official patient information instructs individuals to inform their healthcare providers about all products they use, including herbal products and supplements. This step is required to determine potential interactions.


Q: Do studies suggest Ketard works better for some patient groups than others?

Official documents note that the safety and effectiveness have not been established for the pediatric population. Furthermore, specific dosing adjustments are required for older adults or those with certain impairments, which suggests a difference in how the drug is handled by these groups.


Q: Is Ketard known to cause weight gain or weight loss?

Weight changes are reported in official data, with weight gain listed as a rare side effect. It is also important to note that unusual or sudden weight gain can be a sign of a serious side effect, such as heart failure.


Q: What is the proper way to store Ketard at home?

Official documents specify that the medication should be stored at controlled room temperature, typically 20-25 C (68-77 F). The container must be kept tightly closed to protect the medication.


Q: Is there an official patient leaflet or information sheet for Ketard that is easy to understand?

Yes, regulatory agencies require the medication to be dispensed with a patient-friendly official document. This is often called a Medication Guide or Patient Information Sheet.


Q: What should I do if my side effects do not go away after the first few days of taking Ketard?

Official instructions state that a doctor or pharmacist should be contacted promptly if common side effects persist or worsen over time. For serious or concerning side effects, official guidance addresses the need for immediate medical attention.

How should Ketard be stored and disposed of?

Storage and Disposal of Ketoprofen (Ketard)


Official Storage Requirements

Ketoprofen must be stored at Controlled Room Temperature, specifically between 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), with allowed excursions to 30°C. The medication must be dispensed and stored in a tight, light-resistant container and kept tightly closed to protect it from excess heat and moisture. Storage must be out of sight and reach of children, utilizing a child-resistant closure on the container.


Disposal Instructions

Unused or expired Ketoprofen should be disposed of via an authorized drug take-back program. If no program is available, the medicine must be discarded in the household trash by mixing it with an undesirable substance (like dirt or used coffee grounds) and placing it in a sealed bag or container. Do not crush tablets, and do not pour down a sink or flush down a toilet.

Attention! Always consult to a doctor or pharmacist before using pills or medicines.

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