Moxodura

Moxodura is indicated in adults for treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.

Moxoduraidine is indicated in adults for treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.

Posology

Adults

Treatment must be instituted with the lowest dosage of Moxodura. This means a daily dose of 0.2 mg Moxodura in the morning. If the therapeutic effect is insufficient, the dose can be increased after three weeks to 0.4 mg. This dose can be given as a single dose (to be taken in the morning) or as a divided daily dose (morning and evening). If the results are still insufficient after a further three weeks, the dosage can be increased further to a maximum of 0.6 mg given divided in the morning and evening. A single dose of 0.4 mg Moxodura and a daily dose of 0.6 mg Moxodura should not be exceeded.

Special populations

Elderly

Provided that renal function is not impaired, dosage recommendation is the same as for adults.

Paediatric population

Moxodura should not be given to children and adolescents under 18 years of age as insufficient safety and therapeutic data are available for this.

Method of administration

As concomitant ingestion of food does not affect the pharmacokinetics of Moxodura, Moxodura can be taken before, during or after meals. The tablets should be taken with sufficient fluid.

Posology

Adults

Treatment must be instituted with the lowest dosage of Moxoduraidine. This means a daily dose of 0.2 mg Moxoduraidine in the morning. If the therapeutic effect is insufficient, the dose can be increased after three weeks to 0.4 mg. This dose can be given as a single dose (to be taken in the morning) or as a divided daily dose (morning and evening). If the results are still insufficient after a further three weeks, the dosage can be increased further to a maximum of 0.6 mg given divided in the morning and evening. A single dose of 0.4 mg Moxoduraidine and a daily dose of 0.6 mg Moxoduraidine should not be exceeded.

Special populations

Elderly

Provided that renal function is not impaired, dosage recommendation is the same as for adults.

Paediatric population

Moxoduraidine should not be given to children and adolescents under 18 years of age as insufficient safety and therapeutic data are available for this.

Method of administration

As concomitant ingestion of food does not affect the pharmacokinetics of Moxoduraidine, Moxoduraidine can be taken before, during or after meals. The tablets should be taken with sufficient fluid.

Moxodura is contraindicated in patients with:

- sick sinus syndrome

- bradycardia (resting HR <50 beats/minute)

- 2nd or 3rd degree atrioventricular block

- cardiac insufficiency

Moxoduraidine is contraindicated in patients with:

- sick sinus syndrome

- bradycardia (resting HR <50 beats/minute)

- 2nd or 3rd degree atrioventricular block

- cardiac insufficiency

Cases of varying degrees of AV block have been reported in the post-marketing setting in patients undergoing Moxodura treatment. Based on these case reports, the causative role of Moxodura in delaying atrioventricular conduction cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, caution is recommended when treating patients with a possible predisposition to developing an AV block.

When Moxodura is used in patients with 1^st degree AV block special care should be exercised to avoid bradycardia. Moxodura must not be used in higher degree AV blocks.

When Moxodura is used in patients with severe coronary artery disease or unstable angina pectoris special care should be exercised due to the fact that there is limited experience in this patient population.

Due to lack of clinical evidence supporting safe use in patients with co-existing moderate cardiac insufficiency, Moxodura should be administered with caution in these patients.

Caution is advised in the administration of Moxodura to patients with renal impairment as Moxodura is excreted primarily via the kidneys. In these patients careful titration of the dose is recommended, especially at the start of therapy. Dosing should be initiated with 0.2 mg daily and can be increased to a maximum of 0.4 mg daily for patients with moderate renal impairment (GFR>30 ml/min but < 60 ml/min) and to a maximum of 0.3 mg daily for patients with severe renal impairment (GFR<30 ml/min) if clinically indicated and well tolerated.

If Moxodura is used in combination with a β-blocker, and both treatments have to be discontinued the β-blocker should be discontinued first, and, then Moxodura after a few days.

So far, no rebound effect on blood pressure has been observed after the discontinuation of treatment with Moxodura. However, it is advisable not to stop taking Moxodura abruptly, but to reduce it gradually over a period of two weeks.

The elderly population may be more susceptible to the CV effects of blood pressure lowering drugs. Therefore therapy should be started with the lowest dose and dose increments should be introduced with caution to prevent the serious consequences these reactions may lead to.

Moxodura contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Cases of varying degrees of AV block have been reported in the post-marketing setting in patients undergoing Moxoduraidine treatment. Based on these case reports, the causative role of Moxoduraidine in delaying atrioventricular conduction cannot be completely ruled out. Therefore, caution is recommended when treating patients with a possible predisposition to developing an AV block.

When Moxoduraidine is used in patients with 1^st degree AV block special care should be exercised to avoid bradycardia. Moxoduraidine must not be used in higher degree AV blocks.

When Moxoduraidine is used in patients with severe coronary artery disease or unstable angina pectoris special care should be exercised due to the fact that there is limited experience in this patient population.

Due to lack of clinical evidence supporting safe use in patients with co-existing moderate cardiac insufficiency, Moxoduraidine should be administered with caution in these patients.

Caution is advised in the administration of Moxoduraidine to patients with renal impairment as Moxoduraidine is excreted primarily via the kidneys. In these patients careful titration of the dose is recommended, especially at the start of therapy. Dosing should be initiated with 0.2 mg daily and can be increased to a maximum of 0.4 mg daily for patients with moderate renal impairment (GFR>30 ml/min but < 60 ml/min) and to a maximum of 0.3 mg daily for patients with severe renal impairment (GFR<30 ml/min) if clinically indicated and well tolerated.

If Moxoduraidine is used in combination with a β-blocker, and both treatments have to be discontinued the β-blocker should be discontinued first, and, then Moxoduraidine after a few days.

So far, no rebound effect on blood pressure has been observed after the discontinuation of treatment with Moxoduraidine. However, it is advisable not to stop taking Moxoduraidine abruptly, but to reduce it gradually over a period of two weeks.

The elderly population may be more susceptible to the CV effects of blood pressure lowering drugs. Therefore therapy should be started with the lowest dose and dose increments should be introduced with caution to prevent the serious consequences these reactions may lead to.

Moxoduraidine contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Most frequent side effects reported by those taking Moxodura include dry mouth, dizziness, asthenia and somnolence. These symptoms often decrease after the first few weeks of treatment. Undesirable Effects by System Organ Class (observed during placebo-controlled clinical trials with n=886 patients exposed to Moxodura resulted in frequencies below):

*there was no increase in frequency compared to placebo

*there was no increase in frequency compared to placebo

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Most frequent side effects reported by those taking Moxoduraidine include dry mouth, dizziness, asthenia and somnolence. These symptoms often decrease after the first few weeks of treatment. Undesirable Effects by System Organ Class (observed during placebo-controlled clinical trials with n=886 patients exposed to Moxoduraidine resulted in frequencies below):

*there was no increase in frequency compared to placebo

*there was no increase in frequency compared to placebo

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Symptoms of overdose

In the few cases of overdose that have been reported, a dose of 19.6 mg was ingested acutely without fatality. Signs and symptoms reported included: headache, sedation, somnolence, hypotension, dizziness, asthenia, bradycardia, dry mouth, vomiting, fatigue and upper abdominal pain. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties of Moxodura, the following reactions may be expected in adults: headache, sedation, somnolence, hypotension, orthostatic dysregulation, dizziness, asthenia, bradycardia, dry mouth, fatigue and upper abdominal pain. In rare cases, emesis and a transient paradoxical increase in blood pressure can occur. In case of a severe overdose close monitoring of especially consciousness disturbances and respiratory depression is recommended.

In addition, based on a few high dose studies in animals, transient hypertension, tachycardia and hyperglycaemia may also occur.

Treatment of overdose

In the case of a severe overdose, in particular the observation of disorders of consciousness and respiratory depression is advisable. Treatment consists of absorption-reducing measures such as gastric lavage (if shortly after ingestion), administration of activated charcoal and laxatives, and otherwise is symptomatic.

No specific antidote is known.

In case of hypotension, circulatory support such as fluids and dopamine administration may be considered. Bradycardia may be treated with atropine. Alpha-receptor antagonists may diminish or abolish the paradoxical hypertensive effects of a Moxodura overdose.

Paediatric population

The following case of inadvertent overdose in a 2-year old child has been described:

The child ingested an unknown quantity of Moxodura. The maximum dose that could have been taken was 14 mg. The child exhibited the following symptoms: Sedation, coma hypotension, miosis and dyspnoea. Gastric lavage, glucose infusions, mechanical ventilation and rest resulted in the symptoms completely disappearing over the course of 11 hours.

Symptoms of overdose

In the few cases of overdose that have been reported, a dose of 19.6 mg was ingested acutely without fatality. Signs and symptoms reported included: headache, sedation, somnolence, hypotension, dizziness, asthenia, bradycardia, dry mouth, vomiting, fatigue and upper abdominal pain. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties of Moxoduraidine, the following reactions may be expected in adults: headache, sedation, somnolence, hypotension, orthostatic dysregulation, dizziness, asthenia, bradycardia, dry mouth, fatigue and upper abdominal pain. In rare cases, emesis and a transient paradoxical increase in blood pressure can occur. In case of a severe overdose close monitoring of especially consciousness disturbances and respiratory depression is recommended.

In addition, based on a few high dose studies in animals, transient hypertension, tachycardia and hyperglycaemia may also occur.

Treatment of overdose

In the case of a severe overdose, in particular the observation of disorders of consciousness and respiratory depression is advisable. Treatment consists of absorption-reducing measures such as gastric lavage (if shortly after ingestion), administration of activated charcoal and laxatives, and otherwise is symptomatic.

No specific antidote is known.

In case of hypotension, circulatory support such as fluids and dopamine administration may be considered. Bradycardia may be treated with atropine. Alpha-receptor antagonists may diminish or abolish the paradoxical hypertensive effects of a Moxoduraidine overdose.

Paediatric population

The following case of inadvertent overdose in a 2-year old child has been described:

The child ingested an unknown quantity of Moxoduraidine. The maximum dose that could have been taken was 14 mg. The child exhibited the following symptoms: Sedation, coma hypotension, miosis and dyspnoea. Gastric lavage, glucose infusions, mechanical ventilation and rest resulted in the symptoms completely disappearing over the course of 11 hours.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antihypertensives, antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting

ATC code: C02AC05

In various animal models it has been shown that Moxodura has a strongly hypotensive effect. Available experimental data indicate that the site of action of Moxodura is located in the central nervous system (CNS).

In the brain stem, Moxodura binds selectively to I₁-imidazoline receptors. These imidazoline-sensitive receptors are predominantly found in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, an area which plays an important role in central control of the sympathetic nervous system. The effect of this interaction with these I₁-imidazoline receptors appears to be a reduction in the activity of the sympathetic nerves. This has been demonstrated for cardiac, splanchnic and renal sympathetic nerves.

Moxodura differs from other centrally acting antihypertensives in the fact that it has only a weak affinity for the central α₂-adrenergic receptors compared to the affinity for I₁-imidazoline receptors. Alpha₂-adrenergic receptors are considered to be the intermediate pathway that causes sedation and dry mouth, the most commonly observed undesirable effects of centrally acting antihypertensives.

Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure is reduced both at rest and during exercise. The effects of Moxodura on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity are currently unknown.

In humans, Moxodura leads to a reduction of systemic vascular resistance and consequently in arterial blood pressure.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antihypertensives, antiadrenergic agents, centrally acting

ATC code: C02AC05

In various animal models it has been shown that Moxoduraidine has a strongly hypotensive effect. Available experimental data indicate that the site of action of Moxoduraidine is located in the central nervous system (CNS).

In the brain stem, Moxoduraidine binds selectively to I₁-imidazoline receptors. These imidazoline-sensitive receptors are predominantly found in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, an area which plays an important role in central control of the sympathetic nervous system. The effect of this interaction with these I₁-imidazoline receptors appears to be a reduction in the activity of the sympathetic nerves. This has been demonstrated for cardiac, splanchnic and renal sympathetic nerves.

Moxoduraidine differs from other centrally acting antihypertensives in the fact that it has only a weak affinity for the central α₂-adrenergic receptors compared to the affinity for I₁-imidazoline receptors. Alpha₂-adrenergic receptors are considered to be the intermediate pathway that causes sedation and dry mouth, the most commonly observed undesirable effects of centrally acting antihypertensives.

Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure is reduced both at rest and during exercise. The effects of Moxoduraidine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity are currently unknown.

In humans, Moxoduraidine leads to a reduction of systemic vascular resistance and consequently in arterial blood pressure.

Absorption

Moxodura is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. In humans, approximately 90% of an oral dose is absorbed. Ingestion of food has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of Moxodura. There is no first-pass metabolism and bioavailability is 88 %.

Distribution

Only about 7% of Moxodura is bound to human plasma proteins (Vd_ss = 1.8 ± 0.4 l/kg). Peak plasma levels of Moxodura are reached 30-180 minutes after administration of a film-coated tablet.

Biotransformation

Moxodura is 10-20% metabolised, predominantly to 4,5-dehydroMoxodura and to an aminomethanamidine derivative by opening of the imidazoline ring. The hypotensive effect of 4,5-dehydroMoxodura is only 1/10, and that of the aminomethanamidine derivative less than 1/100, of that of Moxodura.

Elimination

Moxodura and its metabolites are almost entirely eliminated via the kidney. More than 90% of the dose is eliminated in the first 24 hours via the kidney, while approximately 1% is eliminated in the faeces. The cumulative excretion of unchanged Moxodura is approximately 50-75%. The mean plasma elimination half-life is 2.2-2.3 hours and the renal half-life 2.6-2.8 hours.

Characteristics in patients with renal impairment

In patients with moderately impaired renal function (GFR 30 - 60 ml/min), the AUC increased by 85% and the clearance decreased by 52%. In such patients the hypotensive effect of Moxodura should be closely monitored, especially at the start of treatment. The dose must be adapted in these patients so that the maximum daily dose is not more than 0.4 mg and the maximum single dose is 0.2 mg.

In patients with severely impaired renal function (GFR < 30 ml/min) the clearance is reduced by 68 % and the elimination half live is prolonged up to 7 hours. In these patients Moxodura dosing should be initiated with 0.2 mg daily and can be increased to a maximum of 0.3 mg daily, if clinically indicated and well tolerated. In such patients the hypotensive effect of Moxodura should be closely monitored, especially at the start of treatment.

Paediatric population

No pharmacokinetic studies in children have been performed.

Absorption

Moxoduraidine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. In humans, approximately 90% of an oral dose is absorbed. Ingestion of food has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of Moxoduraidine. There is no first-pass metabolism and bioavailability is 88 %.

Distribution

Only about 7% of Moxoduraidine is bound to human plasma proteins (Vd_ss = 1.8 ± 0.4 l/kg). Peak plasma levels of Moxoduraidine are reached 30-180 minutes after administration of a film-coated tablet.

Biotransformation

Moxoduraidine is 10-20% metabolised, predominantly to 4,5-dehydroMoxoduraidine and to an aminomethanamidine derivative by opening of the imidazoline ring. The hypotensive effect of 4,5-dehydroMoxoduraidine is only 1/10, and that of the aminomethanamidine derivative less than 1/100, of that of Moxoduraidine.

Elimination

Moxoduraidine and its metabolites are almost entirely eliminated via the kidney. More than 90% of the dose is eliminated in the first 24 hours via the kidney, while approximately 1% is eliminated in the faeces. The cumulative excretion of unchanged Moxoduraidine is approximately 50-75%. The mean plasma elimination half-life is 2.2-2.3 hours and the renal half-life 2.6-2.8 hours.

Characteristics in patients with renal impairment

In patients with moderately impaired renal function (GFR 30 - 60 ml/min), the AUC increased by 85% and the clearance decreased by 52%. In such patients the hypotensive effect of Moxoduraidine should be closely monitored, especially at the start of treatment. The dose must be adapted in these patients so that the maximum daily dose is not more than 0.4 mg and the maximum single dose is 0.2 mg.

In patients with severely impaired renal function (GFR < 30 ml/min) the clearance is reduced by 68 % and the elimination half live is prolonged up to 7 hours. In these patients Moxoduraidine dosing should be initiated with 0.2 mg daily and can be increased to a maximum of 0.3 mg daily, if clinically indicated and well tolerated. In such patients the hypotensive effect of Moxoduraidine should be closely monitored, especially at the start of treatment.

Paediatric population

No pharmacokinetic studies in children have been performed.