Avirostat

Avirostat is indicated for the treatment of:

- Hairy cell leukemia.

- Chronic phase Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Avirostat is not an alternative treatment for CML patients who have an HLA-identical relative and for whom allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is planned or possible in the immediate future. It is still unknown whether Avirostat can be considered as a treatment with a curative potential in this indication.

- Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Interferon alfa-2a (Avirostat ) may be active in patients who have progressive disease and who are refractory to, or unsuitable for, conventional therapy.

- Adult patients with histologically proven chronic hepatitis B who have markers for viral replication, i.e., those who are positive for HBV DNA or HBeAg.

- Adult patients with histologically proven chronic hepatitis C who are positive for HCV antibodies or HCV RNA and have elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) without liver decompensation.

The efficacy of interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of hepatitis C is enhanced when combined with ribavirin. Avirostat should be given alone mainly in case of intolerance or contraindication to ribavirin.

- Follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

- Advanced renal cell carcinoma.

- Patients with AJCC stage II malignant melanoma (Breslow tumour thickness > 1.5 mm, no lymph node involvement or cutaneous spread) who are free of disease after surgery.

- HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA

Initial dosage:

Three million IU daily, given by subcutaneous injection for 16 - 24 weeks. If intolerance develops, either the daily dose should be lowered to 1.5 million IU or the schedule changed to three times per week, or both.

Maintenance dosage:

Three million IU, given three times per week by subcutaneous injection. If intolerance develops, the dose should be lowered to 1.5 million IU three times per week.

Duration of treatment:

Patients should be treated for approximately six months before the physician decides whether to continue treatment in responding patients or to discontinue treatment in non-responding patients. Patients have been treated for up to 20 consecutive months. The optimal duration of Avirostat treatment for hairy cell leukemia has not been determined.

The minimum effective dose of Avirostat in hairy cell leukemia has not been established.

- CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

Avirostat is indicated for the treatment of patients with chronic phase Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Avirostat is not an alternative treatment for CML patients who have an HLA-identical relative and for whom allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is planned or possible in the immediate future.

Avirostat produces haematological remissions in 60% of patients with chronic phase CML, independent of prior treatment. Two thirds of these patients have complete haematological responses which occur as late as 18 months after treatment start.

In contrast to cytotoxic chemotherapy, interferon alfa-2a is able to generate sustained, ongoing cytogenetic responses beyond 40 months. It is still unknown whether Avirostat can be considered as a treatment with a curative potential in this indication.

Dosage:

It is recommended that Avirostat should be given by subcutaneous injection for eight to 12 weeks to patients 18 years or more. The recommended schedule is:

Duration of treatment:

Patients should be treated for a minimum of eight weeks, preferably for at least twelve weeks before the physician decides whether or not to continue treatment in responding patients or to discontinue treatment in patients not showing any changes in haematological parameters. Responding patients should be treated until complete haematological response is achieved or for a maximum of 18 months. All patients with complete hematologic responses should continue treatment with 9 million IU daily (optimum) or 9 million IU three times a week (minimum) in order to achieve a cytogenetic response in the shortest possible time. The optimal duration of Avirostat treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia has not been determined, although cytogenetic responses have been observed two years after treatment start.

The safety, efficacy and optimal dosage of Avirostat in children with CML has not yet been established.

- CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA (CTCL)

Interferon alfa-2a (Avirostat) may be active in patients with progressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and who are refractory to, or unsuitable for conventional therapy.

The optimal dosage has not been established.

Initial dosage:

Avirostat should be given by subcutaneous injection, and escalated to 18 million IU daily for a total of 12 weeks in patients of 18 years or older. The recommended escalation schedule is as follows:

Maintenance dosage:

Avirostat should be given by subcutaneous injection three times per week at the maximum dose which is acceptable to the patient, but not exceeding 18 million IU.

Duration of treatment:

Patients should be treated for a minimum of eight weeks and preferably for at least twelve weeks before the physician decides whether to continue treatment in responding patients or to discontinue treatment in non-responding patients. Minimum treatment duration in responding patients should be 12 months in order to maximise the chance to achieve a complete response and improve the chance for a prolonged response. Patients have been treated for up to 40 consecutive months. The optimal duration of Avirostat treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma has not been determined.

Warning:

Objective tumour responses have not been observed in approximately 40% of patients with CTCL. Partial responses are usually seen within 3 months and complete responses within 6 months, although it may occasionally take more than one year to reach the best response.

- CHRONIC HEPATITIS B

Avirostat is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with histologically proven chronic hepatitis B who have markers for viral replication, i.e., those who are positive for HBV DNA or HBeAg.

Dosage recommendation:

The optimal schedule of treatment has not been established yet. The dose is usually in the range of 2.5 million IU to 5.0 million IU/m² body surface administered subcutaneously three times per week for a period of 4 to 6 months.

The dosage may be adjusted according to the patient's tolerance to the medication. If no improvement has been observed after 3-4 months of treatment, discontinuation of therapy should be considered.

Children: up to 10 million IU/m² has been safely administered to children with chronic hepatitis B. However efficacy of therapy has not been demonstrated.

- CHRONIC HEPATITIS C

Avirostat IN COMBINATION WITH RIBAVIRIN

RELAPSED PATIENTS

Avirostat is given in combination with ribavirin for adult patients with chronic hepatitis C who have previously responded to interferon alpha monotherapy, but who have relapsed after treatment was stopped.

Dosage:

Avirostat: 4.5 million IU 3 times per week by subcutaneous injection for a period of 6 months.

Dosage of Ribavirin:

Ribavirin dose: 1000 mg to 1200 mg/day in two divided doses (once in the morning with breakfast and once with the evening meal). Please refer to the SmPC for ribavirin for further details on the posology and method of administration of ribavirin.

NAÏVE PATIENTS

The efficacy of interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of hepatitis C is enhanced when combined with ribavirin. Avirostat should be given alone mainly in case of intolerance or contraindication to ribavirin.

Dosage:

Avirostat: 3 to 4.5 million IU 3 times per week by subcutaneous injection for a period of at least 6 months. Treatment should be continued for an additional 6 months in patients who have negative HCV RNA at month 6, and are infected with genotype 1 and have high pretreatment viral load.

Dosage of Ribavirin: see above

Other negative prognostic factors (age > 40 years, male gender, bridging fibrosis) should be taken into account in order to extend therapy to 12 months.

Patients who failed to show a virologic response after 6 months of treatment (HCV-RNA below lower limit of detection) do generally not become sustained virologic responders (HCV-RNA below lower limit of detection six months after withdrawal of treatment).

Avirostat MONOTHERAPY

Avirostat monotherapy should be given mainly in case of intolerance or contraindication to ribavirin.

Initial dosage:

Avirostat should be administered at a dose of 3 to 6 million IU by subcutaneous injection three times a week for six months as induction therapy, patient tolerance permitting. In patients who fail to respond after three to four months of treatment, discontinuation of Avirostat should be considered.

Maintenance dosage:

Patients whose serum ALT has normalized and/or HCV RNA has become undetectable require maintenance therapy with 3 million IU Avirostat three times a week for an additional six months or longer to consolidate the complete response. The optimal duration of treatment has not yet been determined but a therapy of at least 12 months is advised.

Note:

The majority of patients who relapse after adequate treatment with Avirostat alone do so within four months of the end of treatment.

- FOLLICULAR NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA

Avirostat prolongs disease-free and progression-free survival when used as adjunctive treatment to CHOP-like chemotherapy regimens in patients with advanced (high tumour burden) follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, the efficacy of adjunctive interferon alfa-2a treatment on overall long-term survival of these patients has not yet been established.

Dosage Recommendation:

Avirostat should be administered concomitantly to a conventional chemotherapy regimen (such as the combination of cyclophosphamide, prednisone, vincristine and doxorubicin) according to a schedule such as 6 million IU/m² given subcutaneously from day 22 to day 26 of each 28-day cycle.

- ADVANCED RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

COMBINATION WITH VINBLASTINE

Therapy with Avirostat in combination with vinblastine induces overall response rates of approximately 17-26%, delays disease progression, and prolongs overall survival in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Dosage recommendation:

Avirostat should be given by subcutaneous injection at a dose of 3 million IU three times weekly for one week, 9 million IU three times weekly for the following week and 18 million IU three times weekly thereafter. Concomitantly, vinblastine should be given intravenously according to the manufacturer's instructions at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg once every 3 weeks.

If the Avirostat dosage of 18 million IU three times per week is not tolerated the dose may be reduced to 9 million IU three times per week.

Treatment should be given for a minimum of three months, up to a maximum of 12 months or until the development of progressive disease. Patients who achieve a complete response may stop treatment three months after the response is established.

COMBINATION WITH BEVACIZUMAB (AVASTIN)

Dosage recommendation:

9 million IU by subcutaneous injection three times weekly until disease progression or up to 12 months. The safety and efficacy of Avirostat therapy after 12 months have not been evaluated.

Avirostat therapy may be initiated with a lower dose (3 or 6 million IU), the recommended dose of 9 million IU should however be reached within the first 2 weeks of treatment.

If the Avirostat dosage of 9 million IU three times per week is not tolerated, the dosage may be reduced to a minimum dosage of 3 million IU three times per week.

Avirostat injections are given after completion of the Avastin infusion. For more information on combination use with Avastin, refer to the Avastin SmPC.

- SURGICALLY RESECTED MALIGNANT MELANOMA.

Adjuvant therapy with a low dose of Avirostat prolongs disease-free interval in patients with no nodal or distant metastases following resection of a melanoma (tumour thickness > 1.5 mm).

Dosage recommendation:

Avirostat should be administered subcutaneously at a dose of 3 million IU three times a week for 18 months, starting no later than six weeks post-surgery. If intolerance develops, the dose should be lowered to 1.5 million IU three times a week.

Avirostat is contraindicated in patients with:

- Patients with severe pre-existing cardiac disease or with any history of cardiac illness. No direct cardiotoxic effect has been demonstrated, but it is likely that acute, self-limiting toxicities (i.e., fever, chills) frequently associated with administration of Avirostat may exacerbate pre-existing cardiac conditions,

- Severe renal, hepatic or myeloid dysfunction,

- Uncontrolled seizure disorders and/or compromised central nervous system function ,

- Chronic hepatitis with advanced, decompensated hepatic disease or cirrhosis of the liver,

- Chronic hepatitis who are being or have recently been treated with immunosuppressive agents,

- Benzyl alcohol, which is an excipient in Avirostat solution for injection has on rare occasions been associated with potentially fatal toxicities and anaphylactoid reactions in children up to 3 years old. Therefore, Avirostat solution for injection should not be used in premature babies, neonates, infants or children up to 3 years old. Avirostat solution contains 10 mg/ml benzyl alcohol.

Combination therapy with ribavirin: Also see ribavirin labelling if interferon alfa-2a is to be administered in combination with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

In order to improve traceability of biological medicinal products, the trade name of the administered product should be clearly recorded (or stated) in the patient file.

Avirostat should be administered under the supervision of a qualified physician experienced in the management of the respective indication. Appropriate management of the therapy and its complications is possible only when adequate diagnostic and treatment facilities are readily available.

Patients should be informed not only of the benefits of therapy but also that they will probably experience adverse reactions.

Hypersensitivity: If a hypersensitivity reaction occurs during treatment with Avirostat or in the combination therapy with ribavirin, treatment has to be discontinued and appropriate medical therapy has to be instituted immediately. Transient rashes do not necessitate interruption of treatment.

In transplant patients (e.g., kidney or bone marrow transplant) therapeutic immunosuppression may be weakened because interferons also exert an immunostimulatory action. As with other alpha interferons, graft rejections have been reported in patients taking Avirostat.

Fever/Infections: While fever may be associated with the flu-like syndrome reported commonly during interferon therapy, other causes of persistent fever, particularly serious infections (bacterial, viral, fungal) must be ruled out, especially in patients with neutropenia. Serious infections (bacterial, viral, fungal) have been reported during treatment with alfa interferons including Avirostat. Appropriate anti-infective therapy should be started immediately and discontinuation of therapy should be considered.

Psychiatric: Severe psychiatric adverse reactions may manifest in patients receiving therapy with interferons, including Avirostat. Depression, suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt, and suicide may occur in patients with and without previous psychiatric illness. Physicians should monitor all patients treated with Avirostat for evidence of depression. Physicians should inform patients of the possible development of depression prior to initiation of therapy, and patients should report any sign or symptom of depression immediately. Psychiatric intervention and/or drug discontinuation should be considered in such cases.

Patients with substance use/abuse: HCV infected patients having a co-occurring substance use disorder (alcohol, cannabis, etc) are at an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders or exacerbation of already existing psychiatric disorders when treated with alpha interferon. If treatment with alpha interferon is judged necessary in these patients, the presence of psychiatric co-morbidities and the potential for other substance use should be carefully assessed and adequately managed before initiating therapy. If necessary, an inter-disciplinary approach including a mental health care provider or addiction specialist should be considered to evaluate, treat and follow the patient. Patients should be closely monitored during therapy and even after treatment discontinuation. Early intervention for re-emergence or development of psychiatric disorders and substance use is recommended.

Ophthalmologic: As with other interferons, retinopathy including retinal haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, papilloedema, retinal artery or vein thrombosis and optic neuropathy which may result in loss of vision, have been reported after treatment with Avirostat. Any patient complaining of decrease or loss of vision must have an eye examination. Because these ocular events may occur in conjunction with other disease states, a visual examination prior to initiation of Avirostat monotherapy or in the combination therapy with ribavirin is recommended in patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Avirostat monotherapy or the combination therapy with ribavirin should be discontinued in patients who develop new or worsening ophthalmologic disorders.

Endocrine: Hyperglycaemia has been observed rarely in patients treated with Avirostat. All patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycaemia should have their blood glucose measured and followed-up accordingly. Patients with diabetes mellitus may require adjustment of their antidiabetic regimen.

When mild to moderate renal, hepatic or myeloid dysfunction is present, close monitoring of these functions is required.

Hepatic function: In rare cases interferon alpha has been suspected of causing an exacerbation of an underlying autoimmune disease in hepatitis patients. Therefore, when treating hepatitis patients with a history of autoimmune disease, caution is recommended. If a deterioration in liver function develops in these patients, a determination of autoimmune antibodies should be considered. If necessary, treatment should be discontinued.

Bone marrow suppression: Extreme caution should be exercised when administering Avirostat to patients with severe myelosuppression as it has a suppressive effect on the bone marrow, leading to a fall in the white blood count, particularly granulocytes, platelet count and, less commonly, haemoglobin concentration. This can lead to an increased risk of infection or of haemorrhage. It is important to monitor closely these events in patients and periodic complete blood counts should be performed during the course of Avirostat treatment, both prior to therapy and at appropriate periods during therapy.

Autoimmune: The development of different auto-antibodies has been reported during treatment with alpha interferons. Clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease during interferon therapy occur more frequently in subjects predisposed to the development of autoimmune disorders. In patients with an underlying or clinical history of auto-immune disorders, monitoring of symptoms suggestive of these disorders, as well as measurement of auto antibodies and TSH level, is recommended.

The use of Avirostat in children is not recommended as the safety and effectiveness of Avirostat in children have not been established.

Efficacy in patients with chronic hepatitis B or C who are on haemodialysis or have haemophilia or are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus has not been demonstrated.

This product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per 0.5 ml, i.e. essentially 'sodium-free'.

Combination therapy with ribavirin: Also see ribavirin labelling if interferon alfa-2a is to be administered in combination with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Patients co-infected with HIV and receiving Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) may be at increased risk of developing lactic acidosis. Caution should be used when adding Avirostat and ribavirin to HAART therapy (see ribavirin SPC).

Co-infected patients with advanced cirrhosis receiving HAART may be at increased risk of hepatic decompensation and death. Adding treatment with alfa interferons alone or in combination with ribavirin may increase the risk in this patient subset.

No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, depending on dose and schedule as well as the sensitivity of the individual patient, Avirostat may have an effect on the speed of reaction which could impair certain operations, e.g., driving, operation of machinery etc.

Combination therapy with ribavirin: Also see ribavirin labelling if interferon alfa-2a is to be administered in combination with ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

The following data on adverse reactions are based on information derived from the treatment of cancer patients with a wide variety of malignancies and often refractory to previous therapy and suffering from advanced disease, patients with chronic hepatitis B, and patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Approximately two thirds of cancer patients experienced anorexia and one half nausea. Cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders were seen in about one fifth of cancer patients and consisted of transient hypotension, hypertension, oedema, cyanosis, arrhythmias, palpitations and chest pain. Most cancer patients received doses that were significantly higher than the dose now recommended and may explain the higher frequency and severity of adverse reactions in this patient group compared with patients with hepatitis B where adverse reactions are usually transient, and patients return to pre-treatment status within 1 to 2 weeks after the end of therapy. Cardiovascular disorders were very rarely seen in patients with hepatitis B. In hepatitis B patients, changes in transaminases usually signal an improvement in the clinical state of the patient.

The majority of the patients experienced flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, pyrexia, rigors, decreased appetite, myalgia, headache, arthralgia and diaphoresis. These acute side-effects can usually be reduced or eliminated by concurrent administration of paracetamol and tend to diminish with continued therapy or dose modification although continuing therapy can lead to lethargy, asthenia and fatigue.

Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness:

¹(including exacerbations of herpes labialis)

²In myelosuppressed patients, thrombocytopenia and decreased haemoglobin occurred more frequently. Recovery of severe haematological deviations to pre-treatment levels usually occurred within seven to ten days after discontinuing Avirostat treatment.

³(e.g. urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm and anaphylaxis)

⁴including atrioventricular block

⁵(reversible upon discontinuation; increased hair loss may continue for several weeks after end of treatment)

⁶exacerbation of, or provocation of psoriasis

⁷(mainly in cancer patients with renal disease)

†Identified in postmarketing experience

*Class label for interferon products, see below Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Rarely, alpha interferons including Avirostat used alone or in combination with ribavirin, may be associated with pancytopenia, and very rarely, aplastic anaemia has been reported.

Neutralizing antibodies to interferons may form in some patients. In certain clinical conditions (cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, herpes zoster) antibodies to human leukocyte interferon may also occur spontaneously in patients who have never received exogenous interferons. The clinical significance of the development of antibodies has not been fully clarified.

In clinical trials where lyophilised Avirostat which had been stored at 25°C was used, neutralizing antibodies to Avirostat have been detected in approximately one fifth of patients. In patients with hepatitis C, a trend for responding patients who develop neutralizing antibodies to lose response while still on treatment and to lose it earlier than patients who do not develop such antibodies, has been seen. No other clinical sequelae of the presence of antibodies to Avirostat have been documented. The clinical significance of the development of antibodies has not been fully clarified.

No data on neutralizing antibodies yet exist from clinical trials in which lyophilized Avirostat or Avirostat solution for injection which is stored at 4°C has been used. In a mouse model, the relative immunogenicity of lyophilized Avirostat increases with time when the material is stored at 25°C - no such increase in immunogenicity is observed when lyophilised Avirostat is stored at 4°C, the recommended storage conditions.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been reported with interferon alfa products, notably in patients with risk factors for PAH (such as portal hypertension, HIV-infection, cirrhosis). Events were reported at various time points typically at several months after starting treatment with interferon alfa.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.

There are no reports of overdosage but repeated large doses of interferon can be associated with profound lethargy, fatigue, prostration and coma. Such patients should be hospitalised for observation and appropriate supportive treatment given.

Patients who experience severe reactions to Avirostat will usually recover within days after discontinuation of therapy, given appropriate supportive care. Coma has been observed in 0.4% of cancer patients in clinical trials.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Immunostimulants, interferons, ATC Code L03AB04

Avirostat has been shown to possess many of the activities of the so-called natural human alpha-interferon preparations. Avirostat exerts its antiviral effects by inducing a state of resistance to viral infections in cells and by modulating the effector arm of the immune system to neutralize viruses or eliminate virus infected cells. The essential mechanism for the antitumour action of Avirostat is not yet known. However, several changes are described in human tumoural cells treated with Avirostat: HT 29 cells show a significant reduction of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Avirostat has been shown to exert antiproliferative activity against a variety of human tumours in vitro and to inhibit the growth of some human tumour xenografts in nude mice. A limited number of human tumour cell lines grown in vivo in immunocompromised nude mice has been tested for the susceptibility to Avirostat. In vivo antiproliferative activity of Avirostat has been studied on tumours including breast mucoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the caecum, colon carcinoma and prostatic carcinoma. The degree of antiproliferative activity is variable.

Unlike other human proteins, many of the effects of interferon alfa-2a are partially or completely suppressed when it is tested in other animal species. However, significant antivaccinia virus activity was induced in rhesus monkeys pre-treated with interferon alfa-2a.

Clinical efficacy and safety

Hairy Cell Leukemia

The therapeutic efficacy of Avirostat in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia has been demonstrated in a large trial of 218 patients, of whom 174 were evaluable for efficacy after 16-24 weeks of therapy. Response was observed in 88% of patients (complete response 33%, partial response 55%).

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

The efficacy of Avirostat was assessed in 226 patients with chronic phase CML ,and compared with 109 patients receiving chemotherapy (hydroxyurea or busulfan). Both groups had favourable features at diagnosis (less than 10% blasts in the blood) and treatment was initiated with interferon within 6 months of diagnosis. Treatment of patients with CML in the chronic phase leads to the same proportion of patients (85-90%) achieving a hematologic response as treatment with the standard chemotherapy regimens. In addition patients treated with Avirostat resulted in 8% complete cytogenetic response and 38% partial cytogenetic response versus 9% partial cytogenetic response during chemotherapy. Time to progression from the chronic phase of leukemia to an accelerated or a blastic phase was longer in the Avirostat group (69 months) than in the conventional chemo-therapy group (46 months) (p < 0.001) as was median overall survival (72.8 months versus 54.5 months, p=0.002).

Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma (CTCL)

The efficacy of Avirostat was assessed in 169 patients with CTCL, the majority of whom (78%) were resistant to, or had relapsed on, standard therapy. Among the 85 patients evaluable, overall response to treatment was 58% (20% complete response, 38% partial response). Patients with all stages of disease responded to therapy. Median duration of complete response from start of treatment was 22 months, with 94% of complete responders remaining in remission at 9 months.

Chronic Hepatitis B

The efficacy of Avirostat in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B was assessed in trials involving over 900 patients. In the pivotal controlled study 238 patients were randomised into four groups: patients received either 2.5 million IU/m², 5.0 million IU/m², 10 million IU/m², 3 times per week of Avirostat or no treatment. Treatment duration was 12-24 weeks depending on response, i.e., clearance of HBeAg and HBV DNA from serum. Patients were followed for up to 12 months after treatment was discontinued. There was a statistically significant difference in sustained response [clearance of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV DNA)] between treated and untreated patients (37% versus 13%). Response differences between various dose groups did not reach statistical significance (33%, 34% and 43% for the 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 million IU/m² groups). Serological and virological responses were associated with marked improvement in liver histology after 12 months of treatment free-follow up.

Chronic Hepatitis C

The efficacy of Avirostat in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C has been assessed in 1701 patients, with 130 untreated or placebo treated controls. At recommended doses, Avirostat induces complete biochemical response in up to 85% of patients, with response rates maintained for at least 6 months after treatment ranging from 11 to 44% depending on pre-treatment disease characteristics, IFN dose and treatment duration. Biochemical response to Avirostat is associated with significant improvement of liver disease as shown by evaluation of pre-and post-liver biopsies. For those patients who have a sustained response 3-6 months after end of therapy, response has been reported to be maintained for up to 4 years.

The therapeutic efficacy of Interferon alfa-2a alone and in combination with ribavirin was compared in a double-blind randomised clinical trial in naive (previously untreated) and relapsed patients with virologically, biochemically and histologically documented chronic hepatitis C. Six months after end of treatment sustained biochemical and virological response as well as histological improvement were assessed.

A statistically significant 10-fold increase (from 4% to 43%; p < 0.01) in sustained virological and biochemical response was observed in relapsed patients. The favourable profile of the combination therapy was also reflected in the response rates relative to HCV genotype or baseline viral load. Although the sustained response rates in patients with HCV genotype-1 were lower than in the overall population (approx. 30% versus 0% in the monotherapy arm) the relative benefit of ribavirin in combination with interferon alfa-2a is particularly significant in this group of patients. In addition the histological improvement favoured the combination therapy.

Supportive favourable results from a small study in naïve patients were reported using interferon alfa-2a (3 million IU 3 times per week) with ribavirin.

For other information on pharmacodynamic properties please refer to the SmPC for Ribavirin.

Follicular Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

The efficacy of Avirostat in addition to cytotoxic chemotherapy (CHOP-like regimen of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone and doxorubicin) was assessed in 122 patients with clinically aggressive low-grade or intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and compared with 127 controls receiving the same chemotherapy regimen. The two regimens produced comparable objective responses, but the regimen including Avirostat had a greater effect in prolonging the time to treatment failure (p < 0.001), the duration of complete response (p < 0.003).

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Combination with vinblastine

The efficacy of Avirostat, given in combination with vinblastine, was compared with vinblastine alone. The combination of Avirostat plus vinblastine is superior to vinblastine alone in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Median survival was 67.8 weeks for the 79 patients receiving Avirostat plus vinblastine and 37.8 weeks for the 81 patients treated with vinblastine (p=0.0049). Overall response rates were 16.5% for patients treated Avirostat plus vinblastine and 2.5% for patients treated with vinblastine alone (p=0.0025).

Combination with bevacizumab (Avastin)

The pivotal phase III study compared bevacizumab in combination with interferon alfa-2a (N=327) to placebo plus interferon alfa-2a (N=322) as first-line therapy of nephrectomised patients with advanced and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Table 1: Efficacy results for study BO17705

α - determined with a 95% CI.

β - p-value was obtained using Log-Rank Test

γ - populations for reference are those patients with measurable disease at baseline [ITT N=289/306]

δ - p-value was obtained using χ2 Test

Surgically Resected Malignant Melanoma

The efficacy of Avirostat in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma thicker than 1.5 mm and without clinically detectable node metastasis was assessed in a large randomised study involving 253 patients receiving Avirostat at a dose of 3 million IU three times a week for 18 months, compared with 246 untreated controls. After a median follow-up of 4.4 years a significant extension of relapse-free interval (p=0.035) but no statistically significant difference in overall survival (p=0.059) in Avirostat treated patients compared with controls have been shown. The overall treatment effect was a 25% reduction in the risk of relapse.

The serum concentrations of interferon alfa-2a reflected a large intersubject variation in both healthy volunteers and patients with disseminated cancer. The pharmacokinetics of Avirostat in animals (monkey, dog and mouse) were similar to those seen in man. The pharmacokinetics of Avirostat in man were linear over a 3 million to 198 million IU dose range. In healthy man, interferon alfa-2a exhibited an elimination half-life of 3.7-8.5 hours (mean: 5.1 hours), a volume of distribution at steady state of 0.223-0.748 l/kg (mean: 0.4 l/kg) and a total body clearance of 2.14-3.62 ml/min/kg (mean: 2.79 ml/min/kg) after a 36 million IU intravenous infusion. After intramuscular administration of 36 million IU, peak serum concentrations ranged from 1,500 to 2,580 pg/ml (mean: 2,020 pg/ml) at a mean time to peak of 3.8 hours, and after subcutaneous administration of 36 million IU from 1,250 to 2,320 pg/ml (mean: 1,730 pg/ml) at a mean time to peak of 7.3 hours.

The apparent fraction of the dose absorbed after intramuscular or subcutaneous injection is greater than 80%.

The pharmacokinetics of interferon alfa-2a after single intramuscular doses to patients with disseminated cancer and chronic hepatitis B were similar to those found in healthy volunteers. Dose-proportional increases in serum concentrations were observed after single doses up to 198 million IU. There were no changes in the distribution or elimination of interferon alfa-2a during twice daily (0.5-36 million IU), once daily (1-54 million IU), or three times weekly (1-136 million IU) dosing regimens up to 28 days of dosing. Renal catabolism is the major pathway for Avirostat elimination. Biliary excretion and liver metabolism are considered to be minor pathways of elimination of Avirostat.

Intramuscular administration of Avirostat one or more times daily for up to 28 days to some patients with disseminated cancer resulted in peak plasma concentrations of two to four times greater than those seen after single doses. However, multiple dosing caused no changes in its distribution or elimination parameters during several dosage regimens studied.

For other information on pharmacokinetic properties please refer to the SmPC for Ribavirin.

Because of species specificity of human interferon, only limited toxicological studies have been carried out with Avirostat. The acute parenteral toxicity of Avirostat has been studied in mice rats, rabbits and ferrets at doses up to 30 million IU/kg intravenously, and 500 million IU/kg intramuscularly. No treatment-related mortality was noted in any species studied given Avirostat by any of the routes of administration. With doses greatly exceeding the recommended clinical dose no significant adverse effects were observed except for an abortifacient effect when administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys in the early to mid-foetal period and transient menstrual cycle irregularities including prolonged menstrual periods in non-pregnant monkeys. The relevance of these findings in man has not been established.

Mutagenic effects of Avirostat have not been observed experimentally.

For other information on preclinical safety data please refer to the SmPC for Ribavirin.

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

For single use only.

Any unused product or waste material, including needles and syringes, should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.